Ngā Utu Pai rawa atu mō te Hormone Tipu, te Waikawa Indole-3-Acetic Iaa
Nātiure
He matū rauropi te waikawa Indoleacetic. Ko ngā hua parakore he tioata rau kore tae, he paura tioata rānei. Ka huri hei whero mā te māramatanga. Ko te ine rewa 165-166℃ (168-170℃). Ka wairewa ki te etanoru kore wai, te etilasetati, te dikloroetana, ka wairewa ki te etera me te acetone. Kāore e wairewa ki te benzene, te toluene, te penehīni me te chloroform. Kāore e wairewa ki te wai, ka taea te pirau i tōna wairewa wai e te mārama ultraviolet, engari he pumau ki te māramatanga e kitea ana. He pumau ake te tote konutai me te tote pāhare pāporo i te waikawa tonu, ā, he ngāwari te wairewa ki te wai. He ngāwari te wetewete i te warowaihā ki te 3-methylindole (skatine). He takirua tōna ki te tipu o te tipu, ā, he rerekē te aro o ngā wāhanga rerekē o te tipu ki a ia, ko te nuinga o te wā he nui ake te pakiaka i te puku i te kakau. He rerekē te aro o ngā tipu rerekē ki a ia.
Tikanga whakarite
Ka hangaia te 3-indole acetonitrile mā te tauhohenga o te indole, te formaldehyde me te potassium cyanide i te 150℃, 0.9~1MPa, kātahi ka waikurahia e te potassium hydroxide. Mā te tauhohenga rānei o te indole me te waikawa glycolic. I roto i te autoclave maitai kore waikura 3L, i tāpirihia he 270g (4.1mol)85% potassium hydroxide, 351g (3mol) indole, kātahi ka tāpirihia mārire te 360g (3.3mol)70% hydroxy acetic acid solution. Whakamahanatia ki te 250℃, me te whakaoho mō te 18h. Whakamataohia ki raro iho i te 50℃, tāpirihia he 500ml wai, ka whakaoho i te 100℃ mō te 30min hei whakarewa i te potassium indole-3-acetate. Whakamataohia ki te 25℃, ringihia te rauemi autoclave ki roto i te wai, ka tāpirihia he wai kia tae rā anō te rōrahi katoa ki te 3L. I tangohia te paparanga wai ki te 500ml o te ethyl ether, i whakawaikawahia ki te waikawa hauwaiora i te 20-30℃, ā, i whakapūpūhia ki te waikawa indole-3-acetic. Tātarihia, horoia ki te wai matao, whakamarokehia kia kore e kitea te mārama, ko te hua 455-490g.
Te hiranga o te matū koiora
Taonga
He ngāwari te pirau i roto i te mārama me te hau, kāore e roa te rokiroki. He haumaru mō te tangata me ngā kararehe. Ka wairewa i roto i te wai wera, te etanoru, te acetone, te ether me te ethyl acetate, he paku wairewa i roto i te wai, te benzene, te chloroform; He pumau i roto i te otinga kawakore, ā, ka wairewahia tuatahitia ki roto i te iti o te waipiro 95%, kātahi ka wairewahia ki te wai kia tae ki te nui e tika ana ina whakaritea me te whakatiotanga hua parakore.
Whakamahia
Whakamahia hei whakaoho tipu tipu me te matū tātari. Kei te taiao te waikawa acetic 3-indole me ētahi atu matū auxin pērā i te 3-indole acetaldehyde, te 3-indole acetonitrile me te waikawa ascorbic. Ko te matū matua o te hanga waikawa acetic 3-indole i roto i ngā tipu ko te tryptophan. Ko te mahi matua o te auxin he whakahaere i te tipu o te tipu, ehara i te mea hei whakatairanga i te tipu anake, engari hei aukati hoki i te tipu me te hanga okana. Kāore te auxin e noho noa i roto i ngā pūtau tipu, engari kei roto hoki i te auxin kua herea e herea kaha ana ki te waikawa biopolymeric, me ētahi atu. Ka hanga hononga anō hoki te auxin me ngā matū motuhake, pērā i te indole-acetyl asparagine, te apentose indole-acetyl glucose, me ētahi atu. He tikanga rokiroki pea tēnei o te auxin i roto i te pūtau, he tikanga tango paitini hoki hei tango i te paitini o te auxin nui rawa.
Pānga
Auxin tipu. Ko te homoni tipu tūturu tino kitea i roto i ngā tipu ko te waikawa indoleacetic. Ka taea e te waikawa indoleacetic te whakatairanga i te hanganga o te pito puku o runga o ngā wana tipu, ngā wana, ngā tipu, me ētahi atu. Ko tōna matū mua ko te tryptophan. Ko te waikawa indoleacetic hehomoni tipu tipuHe maha ngā pānga ā-tinana o te somatin, e pā ana ki tōna kukū. Ka taea e te kukū iti te whakatairanga i te tipu, ka ārai te kukū teitei i te tipu, ā, ka mate te tipu, e pā ana tēnei aukati ki te āheinga ki te whakaoho i te hanganga o te ethylene. E rua ngā taumata e kitea ai ngā pānga ā-tinana o te auxin. I te taumata pūtau, ka taea e te auxin te whakaoho i te wehenga pūtau cambium; te whakaoho i te roa o te pūtau peka me te aukati i te tipu o te pūtau pakiaka; te whakatairanga i te rerekētanga o ngā pūtau xylem me te phloem, te whakatairanga i te tapahi makawe o ngā pakiaka me te whakahaere i te morphogenesis callus. I te taumata okana me te tipu katoa, ka mahi te auxin mai i te tipu ki te pakeketanga o te hua. Ka whakahaerehia e te auxin te roa o te mesocotyl tipu me te aukati rama whero whakahurihuri; Ina whakawhitia te waikawa indoleacetic ki te taha o raro o te peka, ka puta te geotropism i te peka. Ka puta te phototropism ina whakawhitia te waikawa indoleacetic ki te taha whakamārama o ngā manga. Ka puta te mana o te tihi i te waikawa indoleacetic. Ka whakaroa i te koroheketanga o te rau; Ko te auxin i pania ki ngā rau i aukati i te ngaronga o ngā rau, ko te auxin i pania ki te pito tata o te ngaronga i whakatairanga i te ngaronga o ngā rau. Ka whakatairanga te auxin i te pua, ka whakaoho i te whanaketanga o te parthenocarpy, ā, ka whakaroa i te maoa o ngā hua.
Tono
He whānui te whānuitanga o te waikawa indoleacetic, ā, he maha ngā whakamahinga, engari kāore i te whakamahia whānuitia nā te mea he ngāwari te pirau i roto, i waho hoki i ngā tipu. I te wā tōmua, i whakamahia hei whakaoho i te tōmato parthenocarpous me te whakatakoto hua. I te wā pua, i rumakina ngā putiputi ki te 3000 mg/l wai hei hanga hua tōmato kore purapura, hei whakapai ake i te tere whakatakoto hua. Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tōmua ko te whakatairanga i te pakiaka o ngā tapahi. Mā te rumakina o te pūtake o ngā tapahi ki te 100 ki te 1000 mg/l o te wai rongoā ka taea te whakatairanga i te hanganga o ngā pakiaka hou o te rākau tī, te rākau kapia, te rākau ōki, te metasequoia, te pepa me ētahi atu hua, ā, ka tere ake te tere o te whakaputa uri kai. I whakamahia te 1~10 mg/l waikawa indoleacetic me te 10 mg/L oxamyline hei whakatairanga i te pakiaka o ngā tipu raihi. 25 ki te 400 mg/l o te wai i ruia ki te chrysanthemum kotahi (i roto i te 9 hāora o te photoperiod), ka taea te aukati i te putanga mai o ngā puku putiputi, te whakaroa i te pua. Mā te whakatipu i te rā roa ki te 10 -5 mol/rita te kukū, ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā pua uwha. Mā te rongoā i ngā purapura pīti ka whakatairanga i te whakatipu me te whakanui ake i te hua o ngā kōpura pakiaka me te nui o te huka.
He kupu whakataki ki te auxin
Kupu Whakataki
Ko te Auxin (auxin) he momo homoni taketake kei roto he mowhiti kakara kore-mākū me te mekameka taha waikawa acetic. Ko te whakarāpopototanga Ingarihi IAA, ko te ingoa whānui o te ao, ko te waikawa indole acetic (IAA). I te tau 1934, i tautuhia e Guo Ge me ētahi atu ko te waikawa indole acetic, nō reira he tikanga te whakamahi i te waikawa indole acetic hei kupu taurite mō te auxin. Ka hangaia te auxin i roto i ngā rau taitamariki kua toronga me te meristem apical, ā, ka kohia mai i runga ki te turanga mā te kawe tawhiti o te phloem. Ka whakaputahia hoki e ngā pakiaka te auxin, ka haria mai i raro ki runga. Ka hangaia te auxin i roto i ngā tipu mai i te tryptophan mā roto i te raupapa o ngā takawaenga. Ko te huarahi matua ko te indoleacetaldehyde. Ka taea te hanga i te inole acetaldehyde mā te whakakōkī me te tango i te tryptophan ki te indole pyruvate, kātahi ka tangohia te carboxylation, ka taea rānei te hanga mā te whakakōkī me te tango i te tryptophan ki te tryptamine. Kātahi ka whakahāngaihia anō te indole acetaldehyde ki te waikawa indole acetic. Ko tētahi atu huarahi hanga pea ko te hurihanga o te tryptophan mai i te indole acetonitrile ki te waikawa indole acetic. Ka taea te whakakore i te waikawa indoleacetic mā te herea ki te waikawa aspartic ki te waikawa indoleacetylaspartic, te inositol ki te waikawa indoleacetic ki te inositol, te hukahuka ki te glucoside, me te pūmua ki te waikawa indoleacetic-pūmua matatini i roto i ngā tipu. Ko te waikawa indoleacetic kua herea te nuinga o te wā e 50-90% o te waikawa indoleacetic i roto i ngā tipu, he momo rokiroki pea o te auxin i roto i ngā kiko tipu. Ka taea te wehewehe i te waikawa indoleacetic mā te whakahāngai i te waikawa indoleacetic, he mea noa i roto i ngā kiko tipu. He maha ngā pānga ā-tinana o ngā auxin, e pā ana ki tō rātou kukū. Ka taea e te kukū iti te whakatairanga i te tipu, ka aukati te kukū teitei i te tipu, ka mate pea te tipu, e pā ana tēnei aukati ki te taea e ia te whakaoho i te hanganga o te ethylene. E rua ngā taumata e whakaatuhia ai ngā pānga ā-tinana o te auxin. I te taumata pūtau, ka taea e te auxin te whakaoho i te wehenga pūtau cambium; te whakaoho i te roa o te pūtau peka me te aukati i te tipu o te pūtau pakiaka; te whakatairanga i te rerekētanga o ngā pūtau xylem me te phloem, te whakatairanga i te tapahi makawe o ngā pakiaka me te whakahaere i te morphogenesis callus. I te taumata okana me te tipu katoa, ka mahi te auxin mai i te tipu ki te pakeketanga o te hua. Ka whakahaerehia e te auxin te roa o te mesocotyl tipu me te aukati i te rama whero whakahurihuri; Ina whakawhitia te waikawa indoleacetic ki te taha o raro o te manga, ka puta te geotropism i te manga. Ka puta te phototropism ina whakawhitia te waikawa indoleacetic ki te taha whakamārama o ngā manga. Ka puta te mana o te tihi i te waikawa indoleacetic. Ka whakaroa te koroheketanga o te rau; Ka aukati te auxin i te wehenga o ngā rau, ko te auxin i te pito tata o te wehenga ka whakatairanga i te wehenga. Ka whakatairanga te auxin i te pua, ka whakaoho i te whanaketanga parthenocarpy, ā, ka whakaroa i te maoa o ngā hua. I puta mai te ariā o ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi homoni. Ko te kaiwhakawhiwhi homoni he wāhanga pūtau ngota nui e herea ana ki te homoni e rite ana, kātahi ka tīmata i te raupapa o ngā tauhohenga. E rua ngā pānga o te matatini o te waikawa indoleacetic me te kaiwhakawhiwhi: tuatahi, ka mahi ki ngā pūmua membrane, ka pā ki te waikawa o te reo, te kawe papu katote me te huringa kukū, he tauhohenga tere tēnei (< 10 meneti); Ko te tuarua ko te mahi ki ngā waikawa karihi, ka puta he huringa o te pakitara pūtau me te hanganga pūmua, he tauhohenga puhoi (10 meneti). He āhuatanga nui te waikawa waenga mō te tipu pūtau. Ka taea e te waikawa Indoleacetic te whakahohe i te whākōkī ATP (adenosine triphosphate) i runga i te kiriuhi plasma, te whakaoho i ngā katote hauwai kia rere ki waho o te pūtau, te whakaiti i te uara pH o te reo, kia whakahohehia ai te whākōkī, te whakawhaiti i te polysaccharide o te pakitara pūtau, kia ngawari ai te pakitara pūtau, kia whānui ai te pūtau. Nā te whakahaerenga o te waikawa indoleacetic i puta ai ngā raupapa RNA karere (mRNA) motuhake, i whakarerekē i te hanganga pūmua. I whakarerekētia hoki e te maimoatanga waikawa Indoleacetic te ngāwari o te pakitara pūtau, kia haere tonu ai te tipu o te pūtau. Ko te pānga whakatairanga tipu o te auxin ko te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā pūtau, inā koa te roa o ngā pūtau, ā, kāore he pānga ki te wehenga pūtau. Kei te pito o te kakau te wāhanga o te tipu e rongo ana i te whakaohooho mārama, engari kei te pito o raro o te pito te wāhanga piko, nā te mea kei te tipu haere, kei te whānui haere hoki ngā pūtau i raro i te pito, ā, koinei te wā tino pāngia e te auxin, nō reira ko te auxin te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki tōna tipu. Kāore e mahi te homoni tipu kiko kua koroheke. Ko te take e taea ai e te auxin te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā hua me te pakiaka o ngā tapahi, he mea ka taea e te auxin te whakarerekē i te tohatoha o ngā matūkai i roto i te tipu, ā, ka nui ake ngā matūkai ka riro mai i te wāhanga he nui te tohatoha o te auxin, ka hanga he pokapū tohatoha. Ka taea e te auxin te whakaoho i te hanganga o ngā tōmato kore purapura nā te mea i muri i te rongoā i ngā puku tōmato kāore i whakatōkia ki te auxin, ka noho te ovary o te puku tōmato hei pokapū tohatoha o ngā matūkai, ā, ka haria tonutia ngā matūkai i hangaia e te photosynthesis o ngā rau ki te ovary, ā, ka whanake te ovary.
Te whakaputa, te kawe me te tohatoha
Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te hanga auxin ko ngā kiko honohono, ko ngā puku taitamariki, ngā rau, me ngā purapura e tipu haere ana. Ka horapa te auxin ki ngā okana katoa o te tinana tipu, engari he nui te kohikohinga ki ngā wāhanga e tipu kaha ana, pērā i te coleopedia, ngā puku, te meristem o te pito pakiaka, te cambium, ngā purapura e tipu haere ana me ngā hua. E toru ngā huarahi kawe auxin i roto i ngā tipu: te kawe taha, te kawe porowhita me te kawe kore-porowhita. Te kawe taha (te kawe i te auxin i te pito o te coleoptile nā te mārama kotahi, te kawe taha tata-whenua o te auxin i roto i ngā pakiaka me ngā kakau o ngā tipu ina whakawhiti). Te kawe porowhita (mai i te pito o runga o te āhua ki te pito o raro o te āhua). Te kawe kore-porowhita (i roto i ngā kiko pakeke, ka taea te kawe kore-porowhita i te auxin mā roto i te phloem).
Te takirua o te mahi ā-tinana
Ka whakatairangahia te tipu e te kukū iti, ka āraihia te tipu e te kukū teitei. He rerekē ngā whakaritenga a ngā okana tipu rerekē mō te kukū pai rawa atu o te auxin. Ko te kukū pai rawa atu he 10E-10mol/L mō ngā pakiaka, 10E-8mol/L mō ngā puku me te 10E-5mol/L mō ngā kakau. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā momo auxin (pērā i te waikawa naphthalene acetic, 2, 4-D, me ētahi atu) i roto i te mahi whakaputa hei whakahaere i te tipu o te tipu. Hei tauira, ina puta he pihi pīni, ka whakamahia te kukū e tika ana mō te tipu o te kakau hei rongoā i ngā pihi pīni. Nō reira, ka āraihia ngā pakiaka me ngā puku, ā, ka tino whanake ngā kakau i whakawhanakehia mai i te hypocotyl. Ko te painga nui o te tipu o te kakau tipu ka whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga kawe o ngā tipu mō te auxin me te takirua o ngā pānga ā-tinana o te auxin. Ko te puku pito o te kakau tipu te wāhanga tino kaha o te whakaputanga auxin, engari ko te kukū o te auxin i puta i te puku pito ka haria tonutia ki te kakau mā te kawe kaha, nō reira kāore te kukū o te auxin i roto i te puku pito i teitei, engari ko te kukū i roto i te kakau taitamariki he teitei ake. He tino pai mō te tipu o te kakau, engari he pānga aukati ki ngā puku. Ko te teitei ake o te kukū o te auxin i te tūranga e tata atu ana ki te puku o runga, ka kaha ake te pānga aukati ki te puku taha, koia te take he maha ngā tipu teitei e hanga ana i te āhua pagoda. Heoi, ehara i te mea he kaha te mana o te tihi o ngā tipu katoa, ā, ka tīmata ētahi rakau iti ki te heke, ki te whakaiti rānei i muri i te whanaketanga o te puku pito mō tētahi wā, ka ngaro te mana o te tihi taketake, nō reira ehara te āhua rākau o te rakau iti i te pagoda. Nā te mea he pānga aukati te kukū nui o te auxin i te tipu o te tipu, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te whakaputanga o te kukū nui o ngā rite o te auxin hei patu taru, inā koa mō ngā taru dicotyledonous.
Ngā momo Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Nā te mea he iti noa te auxin i roto i ngā tipu, ā, he uaua ki te tiaki. Hei whakahaere i te tipu o ngā tipu, mā te hanga matū, kua kitea e te tangata ngā momo auxin, he rite tonu ngā pānga, ā, ka taea te whakaputa papatipu, ā, kua whānuitia te whakamahi i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua. Ko te pānga o te kaha ā-papa ki te tohatoha o te auxin: ko te tipu papamuri o ngā kakau me te tipu o ngā pakiaka i te whenua nā te kaha ā-papa o te whenua i hua mai, ko te take he kore taurite te tohatoha o te auxin nā te kaha ā-papa, he nui ake te tohatoha ki te taha tata o te kakau, ā, he iti ake te tohatoha ki te taha muri. Nā te mea he teitei te kukū pai o te auxin i roto i te kakau, he nui ake te auxin i te taha tata o te kakau i whakatairanga i a ia, nō reira ka tere ake te tipu o te taha tata o te kakau i te taha muri, ā, ka mau tonu te tipu o te kakau ki runga. Mō ngā pakiaka, nā te mea he iti rawa te kukū pai o te auxin i roto i ngā pakiaka, he nui ake te auxin e tata ana ki te taha whenua ka ārai i te tipu o ngā pūtau pakiaka, nō reira he puhoi ake te tipu o te taha whenua e tata ana ki te taha o muri, ā, ka mau tonu te tipu ā-whenua o ngā pakiaka. Ki te kore he kaha ā-papa, kāore e tipu ngā pakiaka ki raro. Ko te pānga o te kore taumaha ki te tipu o ngā tipu: ko te tipu o te pakiaka ki te whenua me te tipu o te kakau i tawhiti atu i te whenua ka puta mai i te kaha ā-papa o te whenua, e puta mai ana i te tohatoha kore taurite o te auxin i raro i te whakaoho o te kaha ā-papa o te whenua. I roto i te āhua kore taumaha o te wāhi, nā te ngaronga o te kaha ā-papa, ka ngaro te tipu o te kakau i tōna whakamuri, ā, ka ngaro hoki ngā āhuatanga o te tipu o te whenua i ngā pakiaka. Heoi, kei te mau tonu te painga o te tipu o te kakau, ā, kāore te kawe porowhita o te auxin e pāngia e te kaha ā-papa.
