Te ahunga whakamua o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid i roto i te whakaranu patu pepeke

Hei taurangi nui mō ngā hua pumau me te nui o ngā hua, he mahi nui tā ngā patu pepeke matū ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke. Ko ngā neonicotinoid ngā patu pepeke matū tino nui o te ao. Kua rēhitatia ēnei hei whakamahi i Haina me te neke atu i te 120 whenua tae atu ki te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, te Hononga o Amerika, me Kānata. Neke atu i te 25% o te ao e whai wāhi ana ki te mākete. Ka whakahaere motuhake i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi nicotinic acetylcholinesterase (nAChRs) i roto i te pūnaha io o ngā pepeke, ka whakararuraru i te pūnaha io matua, ka mate ngā pepeke, ā, he tino pai ngā pānga whakahaere ki ngā Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, tae atu ki ngā pepeke ātete. I te marama o Hepetema 2021, e 12 ngā patupatu neonicotinoid kua rēhitatia ki tōku whenua, arā, ko te imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid. Neke atu i te 3,400 ngā momo hua whakarite tae atu ki te nitrile, piperazine, chlorothiline, cycloploprid me te fluoropyranone, ā, neke atu i te 31% ngā momo whakaritenga matū. Ko te Amine, te dinotefuran, te nitenpyram me ētahi atu.

I te mea kei te nui haere tonu te haumitanga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid ki te taiao ahuwhenua, kua kitea hoki he maha o ngā raruraru pūtaiao pēnei i te ātete ki ngā whāinga, ngā mōrearea taiao, me te hauora tangata. I te tau 2018, i whanake te ātete o te taupori mara aphid miro i te rohe o Xinjiang ki ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid i roto i ngā taumata waenga me te teitei, ā, i roto i ēnei ko te ātete ki te imidacloprid, acetamiprid me te thiamethoxam i piki ake mā te 85.2-412 ngā wā me te 221-777 ngā wā, me te 122 ki te 1,095 ngā wā. I whakaatuhia hoki e ngā rangahau ā-ao mō te ātete rongoā o ngā taupori Bemisia tabaci mai i te tau 2007 ki te 2010, i whakaatu a Bemisia tabaci i te ātete nui ki ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid, inā koa ko te imidacloprid me te thiacloprid. Tuarua, kāore ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid e pā kino ana ki te kiato o te taupori, te whanonga kai, te hihiri ā-wāhi me te whakahaere wera o ngā pī, engari he pānga kino nui anō hoki ki te whanaketanga me te whakaputa uri o ngā noke. Hei tāpiritanga, mai i te tau 1994 ki te tau 2011, i tino piki ake te tere o te kitenga o ngā patupatu neonicotinoid i roto i te mimi tangata, e tohu ana i te pikinga o te whakauru ā-kore me te kohikohinga tinana o ngā patupatu neonicotinoid i ia tau. Mā te microdialysis i roto i te roro kiore, i kitea ko te ahotea clothianidin me te thiamethoxam ka taea te whakaputa i te dopamine i roto i ngā kiore, ā, ka taea e te thiacloprid te whakapiki i ngā taumata homoni tairoi i roto i te plasma kiore. E whakaarohia ana ka taea e ngā patupatu neonicotinoid te pā ki te whāngai ū. Te kino ki ngā pūnaha io me te endocrine o ngā kararehe. I whakaū te rangahau tauira in vitro o ngā pūtau take mesenchymal o te hinu wheua tangata ka taea e te nitenpyram te whakararu i te DNA me ngā hapa ira, ka hua ake te pikinga o ngā momo hāora tauhohenga intracellular, ka pā ki te rerekētanga osteogenic. I runga i tēnei, i tīmata te Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) i tētahi tukanga aromatawai anō mō ​​ētahi patupatu neonicotinoid, ā, i aukatia, i whakawhāitihia hoki e te European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) te imidacloprid, thiamethoxam me te clothianidin.

Mā te whakaranu i ngā momo patu pepeke rerekē, ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakaroa i te ātete o tētahi whāinga patu pepeke kotahi, me te whakapai ake i te mahi a te patu pepeke, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te nui o ngā patu pepeke me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te pānga ki te taiao, ka whakarato i ngā tirohanga whānui mō te whakaiti i ngā raruraru pūtaiao o runga ake nei me te whakamahinga pumau o ngā patu pepeke. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei pepa he whakaahua i te rangahau mō te whakaranu i ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid me ētahi atu patu pepeke e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua, e kapi ana i ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus, ngā patu pepeke carbamate, ngā pyrethroids. Hei whakarato i ngā tohutoro pūtaiao mō te whakamahinga tika me te whakahaere whai hua o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid.

1 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu ki ngā patupatu organophosphorus

Ko ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus he patu pepeke noa i roto i ngā mahi whakahaere pepeke tōmua i tōku whenua. Ka aukati i te mahi a te acetylcholinesterase, ā, ka pā ki te tuku neurotransmission noa, ka mate ai ngā pepeke. He roa te wā e toe ana ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus, ā, he nui ngā raruraru o te paitini taiao me te haumaru o te tangata me te kararehe. Mā te whakakotahi i ēnei me ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid ka taea te whakaiti i ngā raruraru pūtaiao o runga ake nei. Ina 1:40-1:5 te ōwehenga matū o te imidacloprid me ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus noa, te malathion, te chlorpyrifos me te phoxim, ka pai ake te pānga whakahaere ki ngā kutukutu rīki, ā, ka taea e te tauwehenga paitini-tahi te eke ki te 122.6-338.6 (tirohia te Ripanga 1). . I roto i ēnei, ko te pānga whakahaere mara o te imidacloprid me te phoxim ki ngā aphids rape he teitei ki te 90.7% ki te 95.3%, ā, ko te wā whai hua he neke atu i te 7 marama. I taua wā anō, i whakamahia te ranunga imitacloprid me te phoxim (te ingoa hokohoko o Diphimide) i te 900 g/hm2, ā, ko te pānga whakahaere ki ngā aphids rape i te wā tipu katoa neke atu i te 90%. He pai te mahi patu pepeke a te ranunga i thiamethoxam, acephate me te chlorpyrifos ki te kāpeti, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi e eke ana ki te 131.1 ki te 459.0. Hei tāpiri, i te wā i 1:16 te ōwehenga o te thiamethoxam me te chlorpyrifos, ko te kukū haurua-mate (uara LC50) mō S. striatellus he 8.0 mg/L, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi he 201.12; he pānga tino pai. I te wā i 1:30 te ōwehenga o te ranunga o te nitenpyram me te chlorpyrifos, he pai te pānga mahi tahi ki te whakahaere i te pekepeke tuara-mā, ā, ko te uara LC50 he 1.3 mg/L anake. He pai te pānga tahi o te cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, me dichlorvos ki te whakahaere i ngā aphids witi, ngā noke miro me ngā pīrere puruhi, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi ko 134.0-280.0. I te whakaranua o te fluoropyranone me te phoxim i te ōwehenga 1:4, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi ko 176.8, e whakaatu ana i te pānga tahitanga mārama ki te whakahaere i ngā kutukutu rīki 4-tau te pakeke.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid me ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus pērā i te malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, me ētahi atu. Ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te whakahaere, ā, ka tino whakaitihia te pānga ki te taiao. E taunakihia ana kia whakawhanake tonu i te whakaritenga matū o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid, phoxim me te malathion, me te whakamahi anō i ngā painga whakahaere o ngā whakaritenga matū.

2 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu ki ngā patupatu carbamate

He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu carbamate i roto i te ahuwhenua, te ngahere, me te mahi kararehe mā te aukati i ngā mahi a te pepeke acetylcholinease me te carboxylesterase, ka hua ake te kohikohinga o te acetylcholine me te carboxylesterase, ā, ka mate ngā pepeke. He poto te wā, ā, he nui te raruraru o te ātete ki ngā pepeke. Ka taea te whakaroa i te wā whakamahinga o ngā patupatu carbamate mā te whakaranu ki ngā patupatu neonicotinoid. I te whakamahinga o te imidacloprid me te isoprocarb hei whakahaere i te pepeke tuara mā i te ōwehenga o te 7:400, ka eke te tauwehenga paitini tahi ki te teitei rawa, arā, 638.1 (tirohia te Ripanga 1). I te 1:16 te ōwehenga o te imidacloprid me te iprocarb, ko te pānga o te whakahaere i te pepeke raihi te mea tino kitea, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi ko te 178.1, ā, he roa ake te roa o te pānga i te horopeta kotahi. I whakaatuhia hoki e te rangahau he pai te pānga whakahaere me te haumaru o te 13% o te whakatārewatanga microencapsulated o te thiamethoxam me te carbosulfan ki ngā aphids witi i te mara. I piki ake te d mai i te 97.7% ki te 98.6%. I muri i te paninga o te 48% o te acetamiprid me te whakatārewatanga hinu marara carbosulfan i te 36～60 g ai/hm2, ko te pānga whakahaere ki ngā aphids miro he 87.1%～96.9%, ā, ka taea te roa o te wā whai hua ki te 14 rā, ā, kei te haumaru ngā hoariri tūturu o te aphids miro.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, he maha ngā wā ka whakaranua ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid ki te isoprocarb, carbosulfan, me ētahi atu, ka taea te whakaroa i te ātete o ngā pepeke whainga pērā i a Bemisia tabaci me ngā aphids, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaroa i te roa o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke. , he pai ake te pānga whakahaere o te whakaritenga matū i tērā o te kaihoko kotahi, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua. Heoi, me tūpato ki te carbosulfur, te hua pirau o te carbosulfan, he tino paitini, ā, kua rāhuitia i roto i te whakatipu huawhenua.

3 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu ki ngā patupatu piretiroi

Ka pāngia ngā awaawa io e ngā patu pepeke pyrethroid e ngā mate tuku i te pūnaha io mā te pā ki ngā ara ira konutai i roto i ngā kiriuhi io, ā, ka mate ngā pepeke. Nā te nui rawa o te haumi, ka whakanuia te kaha o ngā pepeke ki te tango i ngā paitini me te pākia o te tinana, ka whakaitihia te aro o te ūnga, ā, ka ngāwari te whakaputa i te ātete ki te rongoā. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 1 he pai ake te pānga whakahaere o te whakakotahitanga o te imidacloprid me te fenvalerate ki te aphid rīwai, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi o te 2:3 ka eke ki te 276.8. Ko te whakarite matū o te imidacloprid, te thiamethoxam me te etherethrin he tikanga whai hua hei ārai i te waipuke o te taupori pepeke parauri, ko te mea pai ko te whakaranu i te imidacloprid me te etherethrin i te tauwehenga o te 5:1, te thiamethoxam me te etherethrin i te tauwehenga o te 7:1. Ko te whakaranu te mea pai rawa atu, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ko te 174.3-188.7. He nui te pānga tahi o te matū whakatārewatanga microcapsule o te 13% thiamethoxam me te 9% beta-cyhalothrin, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ko te 232, kei roto i te awhe o te 123.6- I roto i te awhe o te 169.5 g/hm2, ka taea e te pānga whakahaere ki ngā aphids tupeka te eke ki te 90%, ā, koinei te matū matua mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke tupeka. I te wā i whakakotahihia ai te clothianidin me te beta-cyhalothrin i te ōwehenga 1:9, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi mō te pīrere puruhi te mea teitei rawa (210.5), ā, i whakaroa i te putanga mai o te ātete clothianidin. I te wā i 1:2, 1:4 me te 1:4 ngā ōwehenga o te acetamiprid ki te bifenthrin, te beta-cypermethrin me te fenvalerate, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi te mea teitei rawa, mai i te 409.0 ki te 630.6. I te wā i 5:1 ngā ōwehenga o te thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin, ko ngā tauwehenga paitini tahi ko 414.0 me 706.0, ia, ā, ko te pānga whakahaere ngātahi ki ngā aphids te mea tino nui. Ko te pānga whakahaere o te ranunga clothianidin me te beta-cyhalothrin (uara LC50 1.4-4.1 mg/L) ki te aphids merengi he nui ake i tērā o te kaihoko kotahi (uara LC50 42.7 mg/L), ā, ko te pānga whakahaere i ngā rā e 7 i muri i te maimoatanga he teitei ake i te 92%.

I tēnei wā, kua tino pakari te hangarau whakakotahi o ngā patupatu neonicotinoid me ngā patupatu pyrethroid, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga hei ārai me te whakahaere i ngā mate me ngā pepeke riha i tōku whenua, e whakaroa ana i te ātete ūnga o ngā patupatu pyrethroid, ā, e whakaiti ana i te paitini toenga me te paitini kore ūnga o ngā patupatu neonicotinoid. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakamahi ngātahi o ngā patupatu neonicotinoid me te deltamethrin, te butoxide, me ētahi atu ka taea te whakahaere i te Aedes aegypti me te Anopheles gambiae, he ātete ki ngā patupatu pyrethroid, ā, ka whakarato aratohu mō te ārai me te whakahaere i ngā pepeke hauora puta noa i te ao.
4 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu ki ngā patu pepeke amide

Ko te nuinga o ngā patu pepeke amide ka aukati i ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi nitin ika o ngā pepeke, ka meinga ngā pepeke kia tonu te whakawhāiti me te whakapakeke i ō rātou uaua ka mate. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid me ō rātou whakakotahitanga ka taea te whakaiti i te ātete ki ngā pepeke me te whakaroa i tō rātou huringa ora. Mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke ūnga, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi ko 121.0 ki te 183.0 (tirohia te Ripanga 2). I te whakaranua o te thiamethoxam me te chlorantraniliprole ki te 15:11 hei whakahaere i ngā torongū o B. citricarpa, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi teitei rawa ko 157.9; i whakaranua te thiamethoxam, te clothianidin me te nitenpyram ki te snailamide. I te 10:1 te ōwehenga, ka eke te tauwehenga paitini tahi ki te 170.2-194.1, ā, i te 1:1 te ōwehenga o te dinotefuran me te spirulina, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi te mea teitei rawa, ā, he mea whakamiharo te pānga whakahaere ki a N. lugens. I te wā i 5:1, 5:1, 1:5 me te 10:1 ngā ōwehenga o te imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran me te sflufenamid, ia, ko te pānga whakahaere te mea pai rawa atu, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi te mea pai rawa atu. Ko te 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 me te 403.8 ia. Ko te pānga whakahaere ki te miro miro (7 rā) ka eke ki te 92.4% ki te 98.1%, ā, ko te pānga whakahaere ki te pūrerehua taimana (7 rā) ka eke ki te 91.9% ki te 96.8%, ā, he nui te kaha o te tono.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid me te amide ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te ātete rongoā o ngā pepeke ūnga, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te nui o te whakamahinga rongoā, ka whakaiti i te utu ōhanga, ā, ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga hototahi ki te taiao rauropi. He mea nui ngā patu pepeke amide ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke ūnga ātete, ā, he pai te pānga whakakapinga mō ētahi patu pepeke he nui te paitini me te roa o te wā toenga. Kei te piki haere te wāhi mākete, ā, he whānui ngā tūmanako whanaketanga i roto i te whakaputanga ahuwhenua tuturu.

5 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu ki ngā patu pepeke benzoylurea

Ko ngā patu pepeke Benzoylurea he aukati hanga chitinase, e whakangaro ana i ngā pepeke mā te pā ki tō rātou whanaketanga noa. Ehara i te mea ngāwari te whakaputa ātete whakawhiti me ētahi atu momo patu pepeke, ā, ka taea te whakahaere pai i ngā pepeke ūnga e ātete ana ki ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus me pyrethroid. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā hanganga patu pepeke neonicotinoid. Ka kitea i roto i te Ripanga 2: he pai te pānga tahi o te whakakotahitanga o te imidacloprid, thiamethoxam me te diflubenzuron ki te whakahaere i ngā torongū rīki, ā, ko te hua pai rawa atu ina whakakotahihia te thiamethoxam me te diflubenzuron i te 5:1. Ko te tauwehenga paitini he teitei ki te 207.4. I te wā i 2:1 te ōwehenga ranunga o te clothianidin me te flufenoxuron, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi ki ngā torongū o ngā torongū rīki he 176.5, ā, ko te pānga whakahaere i te mara i eke ki te 94.4%. He pai te pānga o te whakakotahitanga o te cyclofenapyr me ngā momo patu pepeke benzoylurea pērā i te polyflubenzuron me te flufenoxuron ki te whakahaere i te pūrerehua taimana me te rōra rau raihi, me te tauwehenga paitini-tahi o te 100.7 ki te 228.9, ka taea ai te whakaiti i te nui o te haumitanga o ngā patu pepeke.

Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā patupatu organophosphorus me te pyrethroid, ko te whakamahinga ngātahi o ngā patupatu neonicotinoid me ngā patupatu benzoylurea he rite tonu ki te ariā whanaketanga o ngā patupatu matomato, ka taea ai te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga whakahaere me te whakaiti i te whakaurunga o ngā patupatu. He haumaru ake hoki te taiao taiao.

6 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu me ngā patu pepeke necrotoxin

Ko ngā patu pepeke neretoxin he aukati i te kaiwhakawhiwhi acetylcholine nicotinic, ka taea te whakapōrearea i ngā pepeke me te mate mā te aukati i te tuku noa o ngā neurotransmitters. Nā te whānui o te whakamahinga, kāore he momi pūnaha me te whakapūngā, he ngāwari te whakawhanake i te ātete. He pai te pānga whakahaere o ngā taupori patu kakau raihi me ngā patu kakau toru kua whakawhanake i te ātete mā te whakakotahi me ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid. E tohu ana te Ripanga 2: ina whakakotahihia te imidacloprid me te patu pepeke takitahi i te ōwehenga o te 2:68, ko te pānga whakahaere ki ngā pepeke o Diploxin te mea pai rawa atu, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ko te 146.7. Ina ko te ōwehenga o te thiamethoxam me te kaihopu patu pepeke takitahi ko te 1:1, he pānga mahi tahi nui ki ngā aphids kānga, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ko te 214.2. Ko te pānga whakahaere o te 40% thiamethoxam·insecticide kotahi te kaiwhakarewa kei te teitei tonu tae noa ki te 15 o ngā rā, 93.0% ~ 97.0% te pānga, he roa te pānga, ā, he haumaru hoki mō te tipu kānga. Ko te paura 50% imidacloprid·insecticide ring wairewa he pānga whakahaere pai rawa atu ki te pūrerehua aporo koura, ā, ko te pānga whakahaere kei te teitei tae atu ki te 79.8% ki te 91.7% i roto i ngā rā 15 i muri i te pua katoa o te pepeke.

Hei patu pepeke i whakawhanakehia motuhaketia e tōku whenua, he tairongo te patu pepeke ki ngā tarutaru, ā, ka whakawhāitihia tōna whakamahinga ki tētahi taumata. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke necrotoxin me ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid ka nui ake ngā otinga whakahaere mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke whainga i roto i te mahi tuturu, ā, he tauira tono pai hoki i roto i te haerenga whanaketanga o te whakaranu patu pepeke.

7 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu me ngā patu pepeke heterocyclic

Ko ngā patupatu heterocyclic te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, ko te nuinga o ēnei he roa te wā e toe ana ki te taiao, ā, he uaua ki te pirau. Mā te whakaranu ki ngā patupatu neonicotinoid ka taea te whakaiti i te horopeta o ngā patupatu heterocyclic me te whakaiti i te paitini o ngā tipu, ā, mā te whakaranu i ngā patupatu iti-horopeta ka taea te whai pānga tahi. Ka kitea i te Ripanga 3: ina 1:3 te ōwehenga o te imidacloprid me te pymetrozine, ka eke te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ki te 616.2 teitei rawa; he tere te mahi a te whakahaere i ngā pepeke tipu, ā, he roa hoki te wā. I whakakotahihia te imidacloprid, te dinotefuran me te thiacloprid me te mesylconazole hei whakahaere i ngā torongū o te pītara pango nui, ngā torongū o te kutukutu iti, me te pītara awaawa. I whakakotahihia te Thiacloprid, te nitenpyram me te chlorothiline me te huinga o te mesylconazole he pānga pai ki te whakahaere i ngā psyllid citrus. He pānga tahi te whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid e whitu pērā i te imidacloprid, te thiamethoxam me te chlorfenapyr ki te whakahaere i ngā kutukutu rīki. Ina ko te ōwehenga whakakotahitanga o te thiamethoxam me te fipronil he 2:1-71:1, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi he 152.2-519.2, ko te ōwehenga whakakotahitanga o te thiamethoxam me te chlorfenapyr he 217:1, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi he 857.4, he pānga whakahaere mārama ki ngā moko. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te thiamethoxam me te fipronil hei rongoā purapura ka taea te whakaiti i te kiato o ngā pepeke witi i te mara, me te tiaki i ngā purapura me ngā tipu kua pihi ake. Ina ko te ōwehenga whakaranu o te acetamiprid me te fipronil he 1:10, ko te whakahaere tahitanga o te namu whare ātete-rongoa te mea tino nui.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko ngā matū patu pepeke heterocyclic he patu harore te nuinga, tae atu ki ngā pyridines, pyrroles me ngā pyrazoles. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua hei whakapaipai i ngā purapura, hei whakapai ake i te tere whakatipu, hei whakaiti i ngā pepeke me ngā mate. He haumaru mō ngā hua me ngā rauropi kāore i te whainga. Ko ngā patu pepeke heterocyclic, hei whakakotahitanga mō te aukati me te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, he mahi pai ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua matomato, e whakaata ana i ngā painga o te penapena wā, te mahi, te ōhanga me te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga.

8 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu i ngā patu pepeke koiora me ngā paturopi ahuwhenua

He puhoi te pānga o ngā patu pepeke koiora me ngā paturopi ahuwhenua, he poto te roa o te pānga, ā, he nui te pānga o te taiao. Mā te whakakotahitanga me ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid, ka taea e rātou te whai pānga pai ki te mahi tahi, te whakawhānui i te whānuitanga whakahaere, me te whakaroa i te whai huatanga me te whakapai ake i te pumau. Ka kitea i roto i te Ripanga 3 ko te whakakotahitanga o te imidacloprid me te Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae rānei i whakapiki ake i te mahi patu pepeke mā te 60.0% me te 50.6% i muri i te 96 hāora, ki te whakatauritea ki te whakamahinga o te Beauveria bassiana me te Metarhizium anisopliae anake. Mā te whakakotahitanga o te thiamethoxam me te Metarhizium anisopliae ka taea te whakanui ake i te mate whānui me te tere mate harore o ngā pepeke moenga. Tuarua, he pānga nui te whakakotahitanga o te imidacloprid me te Metarhizium anisopliae ki te whakahaere i ngā pīrere roa-haona, ahakoa i whakaitihia te nui o ngā conidia harore. Mā te whakamahi whakaranu o te imidacloprid me ngā nematode ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere o te pangia o ngā namu onepu, ā, ka pai ake te pumau o te mara me te kaha whakahaere koiora. He pai te pānga whakahaere o te whakamahinga ngātahi o ngā patupatu neonicotinoid e 7 me te oxymatrine ki te pekepeke raihi, ā, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ko 123.2-173.0. Hei tāpiri, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi o te clothianidin me te abamectin i roto i te ranunga 4:1 ki te Bemisia tabaci ko 171.3, ā, he nui te mahi tahi. I te wā i 1:4 te ōwehenga matū o te nitenpyram me te abamectin, ka taea e te pānga whakahaere ki te N. lugens mō ngā rā e 7 te eke ki te 93.1%. I te wā i 5:44 te ōwehenga o te clothianidin ki te spinosad, ko te pānga whakahaere te mea pai rawa atu ki ngā pakeke o te B. citricarpa, me te tauwehenga paitini-tahi o te 169.8, ā, kāore i whakaaturia he ātete i waenga i te spinosad me te nuinga o ngā neonicotinoid, me te pānga whakahaere pai.

Ko te whakahaere tahi i ngā patu pepeke koiora he wāhi wera i roto i te whanaketanga o te ahuwhenua matomato. He pai ngā pānga whakahaere tahi a Beauveria bassiana me Metarhizium anisopliae noa me ngā matū. Ka pāngia ngāwari te patu pepeke koiora kotahi e te rangi, ā, kāore i te pumau tōna whai huatanga. Mā te whakaranu ki ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid ka wikitoria i tēnei ngoikoretanga. I te whakaiti i te nui o ngā matū, ka whakarite kia tere te mahi me te pumau o ngā whakaritenga whakaranu. Kua whānui ake te whānuitanga o te ārai me te whakahaere, ā, kua whakaitihia te taumahatanga taiao. Mā te whakaranu i ngā patu pepeke koiora me ngā patu pepeke matū ka whakaratohia he whakaaro hou mō te whanaketanga o ngā patu pepeke matomato, ā, he nui te tirohanga tono.

9 Te ahunga whakamua i roto i te whakaranu ki ētahi atu patu pepeke

I whakaatuhia hoki e te whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid me ētahi atu patu pepeke he hua pai rawa atu mō te whakahaere. Ka kitea i roto i te Ripanga 3 i te wā i whakakotahihia ai te imidacloprid me te thiamethoxam me te tebuconazole hei rongoā purapura, he tino pai ngā hua whakahaere ki te aphid witi, ā, kāore i te whai i te kaupapa haumaru koiora, me te whakapai ake i te tere whakatipu purapura. I whakaatuhia e te whakaritenga matū o te imidacloprid, triazolone me te dincolezole he hua pai ki te whakahaere i ngā mate witi me ngā pepeke kino. %～99.1%. He mārama te pānga tahi o te whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid me te syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) ki te aphid miro. Ina ko te ōwehenga papatipu o te thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram me te penpyramid he 50:1-1:50, ko te tauwehenga paitini tahi he 129.0-186.0, ka taea te ārai me te whakahaere i ngā pepeke waha ngote-wero. I te wā i 1:4 te ōwehenga o te epoxifen me te phenoxycarb, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ko te 250.0, ā, ko te pānga whakahaere ki te hūpē raihi te mea pai rawa atu. He mārama te pānga aukati o te whakakotahitanga o te imidacloprid me te amitimidine ki te hūpē miro, ā, ko te tere mahi tahi te mea teitei rawa atu i te wā i iti rawa ai te horopeta o te imidacloprid o te LC10. I te wā i 10:30-30:10 te ōwehenga papatipu o te thiamethoxam me te spirotetramat, ko te tauwehenga paitini-tahi ko te 109.8-246.5, ā, kāore he pānga paitini-tōtō. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā patupatu hinu kohuke tarutaru matomato, te oneone diatomaceous me ētahi atu patupatu, ngā āwhina rānei i honoa ki ngā patupatu neonicotinoid ka taea hoki te whakapai ake i te pānga whakahaere ki ngā pepeke ūnga.

Ko ngā whakamahinga matū o ētahi atu patupatu ko ngā triazole, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanides, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, hinu kohuke me te whenua diatomaceous, me ētahi atu. I te wā e tirotirohia ana ngā patupatu, me tūpato tātou ki te raruraru o te paitini o ngā tipu me te tautuhi tika i ngā tauhohenga i waenga i ngā momo patupatu rerekē. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā tauira matū ka nui haere ngā momo patupatu ka taea te whakakotahi me ngā patupatu neonicotinoid, ka nui ake ngā kōwhiringa mō te whakahaere i ngā patupatu.

10 Whakamutunga me te Tirohanga

Nā te whakamahinga whānui o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid kua piki ake te ātete o ngā pepeke whainga, ā, ko ō rātou ngoikoretanga taiao me ngā mōrearea hauora kua noho hei wāhi rangahau me ngā uauatanga tono o nāianei. Ko te whakakotahitanga whakaaro nui o ngā patu pepeke rerekē, te whakawhanaketanga rānei o ngā kaihoko mahi tahi patu pepeke he mahi nui hei whakaroa i te ātete rongoā, hei whakaiti i te tono me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga, ā, he rautaki nui hoki mō te tono pumau o aua patu pepeke i roto i te mahi ahuwhenua. Ka arotakehia e tēnei pepa te ahunga whakamua o te tono o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid noa me ētahi atu momo patu pepeke, ā, ka whakamāramahia ngā painga o te whakakotahitanga patu pepeke: ① te whakaroa i te ātete rongoā; ② te whakapai ake i te pānga whakahaere; ③ te whakawhānui ake i te whānuitanga whakahaere; ④ te whakanui ake i te roa o te pānga; ⑤ te whakapai ake i te pānga tere ⑥ Te whakahaere i te tipu o te hua; ⑦ Te whakaiti i te whakamahinga patu pepeke; ⑧ Te whakapai ake i ngā mōrearea taiao; ⑨ Te whakaiti i ngā utu ōhanga; ⑩ Te whakapai ake i ngā patu pepeke matū. I taua wā anō, me aro nui ki te pānga o ngā whakatakotoranga ki te taiao, inā koa te haumaru o ngā rauropi kāore i te whainga (hei tauira, ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā pepeke) me ngā hua tairongo i ngā wāhanga tipu rerekē, tae atu ki ngā take pūtaiao pēnei i ngā rerekētanga o ngā pānga whakahaere i puta mai i ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā patu pepeke. He roa te wā me te mahi nui te hanga i ngā patu pepeke tuku iho, he nui ngā utu me te roa o te huringa rangahau me te whanaketanga. Hei huarahi kē atu whai hua, ko te whakaranu patu pepeke, ko tana whakamahinga whaitake, pūtaiao me te paerewa, ehara i te mea ka roa ake te huringa tono patu pepeke, engari ka whakatairanga hoki i te huringa pai o te whakahaere pepeke. Ko te whanaketanga pumau o te taiao taiao e whakarato ana i te tautoko kaha.