Hei tauira, i te tau 2014, ko te hokonga o te ao mō ngā patu taru aryloxyphenoxypropionate he US$1.217 piriona, e 4.6% o te mākete patu taru o te ao he US$26.440 piriona, me te 1.9% o te mākete patu taru o te ao he US$63.212 piriona. Ahakoa kāore i te rite te pai ki ngā patu taru pērā i ngā waikawa amino me ngā sulfonylureas, he tūranga anō tōna i roto i te mākete patu taru (ko te tuaono o ngā hokonga o te ao).
Ko ngā patu taru Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā taru tarutaru. I kitea i te tekau tau atu i 1960 i te wā i whakakapia ai e Hoechst (Tiamana) te rōpū phenyl i roto i te hanganga 2,4-D ki te diphenyl ether, ā, i whakawhanakehia te whakatupuranga tuatahi o ngā patu taru waikawa aryloxyphenoxypropionic. "Grass Ling". I te tau 1971, i whakatauhia ko te hanganga mowhiti matua ko A me B. Ko ngā patu taru i muri mai o tēnei momo i whakarerekētia i runga i tēnei, i te huri i te mowhiti A benzene i tetahi taha ki te mowhiti heterocyclic, ki te mowhiti hanumi rānei, me te whakauru i ngā rōpū hohe pērā i ngā ngota F ki roto i te mowhiti, ka hua ake he raupapa hua he nui ake te mahi. , he patu taru whiriwhiri ake.
Te hanganga o te patu taru APP
Te hītori whanaketanga o ngā patu taru waikawa propionic
Tikanga mahi
Ko ngā patu taru waikawa aryloxyphenoxypropionic te nuinga o ngā aukati kaha o te acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), ā, ka aukati i te hanganga o ngā waikawa ngako, ka hua ake te hanganga o te waikawa oleic, te waikawa linoleic, te waikawa linolenic, me te aukati i ngā paparanga ware pi me ngā tukanga cuticle, ka hua ake te whakangaromanga tere o te hanganga membrane o te tipu, te pikinga o te urunga, ā, i te mutunga ka mate te tipu.
Ko ōna āhuatanga o te tino whai hua, te iti o te paitini, te tino whiriwhiri, te haumaru mō ngā hua me te ngāwari ki te pirau, kua tino whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā patu taru whiriwhiri.
Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga o ngā patu taru AAP ko tōna kaha whatu, e tohuhia ana e ngā isomer rerekē i raro i te hanganga matū kotahi, ā, he rerekē ngā mahi patu taru o ngā isomer rerekē. I roto i ēnei, ka taea e te isomer R(-)-te aukati i te mahi a te whākōkī ūnga, te aukati i te hanganga o te auxin me te gibberellin i roto i ngā taru, me te whakaatu i te mahi patu taru pai, ko te isomer S(+)-te koretake te nuinga. Ko te rerekētanga o te whai huatanga i waenga i ngā mea e rua he 8-12 ngā wā.
Ko ngā patu taru APP arumoni ka tukatukahia hei esters, kia māmā ake ai te mimiti e ngā taru; heoi, he iti ake te wairewa o ngā esters, ā, he kaha ake te mimiti, nō reira kāore e ngāwari te mimiti, ā, he ngāwari ake te mimiti ki roto i ngā taru i roto i te oneone.
Clodinafop-propargyl
Ko te Propargyl he patu taru phenoxypropionate i whakawhanakehia e ciba-Geigy i te tau 1981. Ko tōna ingoa hokohoko ko Topic, ā, ko tōna ingoa matū ko (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
Ko te Propargyl he patu taru aryloxyphenoxypropionate kei roto te fluorine, he kaha te whatu. Ka whakamahia mō te maimoatanga kakau me te rau i muri i te putanga mai hei whakahaere i ngā taru gramineous i roto i te witi, te rai, te triticale me ētahi atu mara witi, inā koa mō te tarutaru witi me te tarutaru witi. He whai hua ki te whakahaere i ngā taru uaua pērā i te ōti mohoao. Ka whakamahia mō te maimoatanga kakau me te rau i muri i te putanga mai hei whakahaere i ngā taru tarutaru ā-tau, pērā i te ōti mohoao, te tarutaru ōti pango, te tarutaru hiku pokiha, te tarutaru mara, me te tarutaru witi. Ko te horopeta he 30~60g/hm2. Ko te tikanga whakamahinga motuhake ko: mai i te wāhanga 2-rau o te witi ki te wāhanga honohono, whakamahia te patu taru ki ngā taru i te wāhanga 2-8 rau. I te takurua, whakamahia te 20-30 karamu o te Maiji (15% paura clofenacetate makuku) mō ia eka. 30-40 karamu o te tino (15% paura clodinafop-propargyl makuku), tāpirihia te 15-30kg o te wai ka rehuhia kia ōrite.
Ko te tikanga mahi me ngā āhuatanga o te clodinafop-propargyl ko ngā aukati acetyl-CoA carboxylase me ngā patu taru ā-pūnaha. Ka mimitihia te rongoā mā roto i ngā rau me ngā pūkahu rau o te tipu, ka tukuna mā roto i te phloem, ka kohia ki roto i te meristem o te tipu, ka aukati i te aukati acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. Ka mutu te hanga waikawa ngako o te Coenzyme A carboxylase, ka ārai i te tipu me te wehenga pūtau noa, ā, ka whakangaro i ngā hanganga kei roto ngā ngako pērā i ngā pūnaha membrane, ka mutu ka mate te tipu. He puhoi te wā mai i te clodinafop-propargyl ki te matenga o ngā taru, ko te tikanga he 1 ki te 3 wiki te roa.
Ko ngā whakatakotoranga matua o te clodinafop-propargyl he 8%, 15%, 20%, me te 30% ngā whakaemulsion wai, 15% me te 24% ngā whakaemulsion moroiti, 15% me te 20% ngā paura mākū, me te 8% me te 14% ngā whakatārewatanga hinu marara. 24% kirīmi.
Te Hanganga
Ka puta tuatahi te waikawa (R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic mā te tauhohenga o te waikawa α-chloropropionic me te hydroquinone, kātahi ka whakaeterihia mā te tāpiri i te 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine me te kore e wehea. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka tauhohe ki te chloropropyne hei whiwhi i te clodinafop-propargyl. I muri i te whakatiotanga, ka eke te ihirangi hua ki te 97% ki te 98%, ā, ka eke te hua katoa ki te 85%.
Āhuatanga kaweake
E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga a te Tari Taake i te tau 2019, i kaweake taku whenua i te katoa o te 35.77 miriona tāra US (ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti, tae atu ki ngā whakaritenga me ngā rongoā hangarau). I roto i ēnei, ko Kazakhstan te whenua kawemai tuatahi, e kawemai ana i ngā whakaritenga matua, me te nui o te 8.6515 miriona tāra US, ā, whai muri ko Rūhia, me ngā whakaritenga. He nui te tono mō ngā rongoā me ngā rauemi mata, me te nui o te kawemai o te US$3.6481 miriona. Ko Netherlands te tuatoru, me te nui o te kawemai o te US$3.582 miriona. Hei tāpiri, ko Kanata, Īnia, Iharaira, Sudan me ētahi atu whenua hoki ngā wāhi kaweake matua o te clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
Ko te Cyhalofop-ethyl he patu taru motuhake ki te raihi i whakawhanakehia, i hangaia hoki e Dow AgroSciences i te United States i te tau 1987. Koinei anake te patu taru waikawa aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic e tino haumaru ana mō te raihi. I te tau 1998, ko Dow AgroSciences o te United States te tuatahi ki te rēhita i te cyhalofop technical i tōku whenua. I pau te mana patent i te tau 2006, ā, ka tīmata ngā rēhitatanga ā-rohe tetahi i muri i tetahi. I te tau 2007, i rēhita tuatahitia tētahi umanga ā-rohe (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.).
Ko Clincher te ingoa hokohoko a Dow, ā, ko (R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate tōna ingoa matū.
I ngā tau tata nei, ko te Qianjin a Dow AgroSciences (te matū hohe: 10% cyhalomefen EC) me te Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), kua rongonui haere i te mākete Haina, he tino whai hua, he haumaru hoki. Kei roto i te mākete matua o ngā patu taru raihi i tōku whenua.
He rite te Cyhalofop-ethyl ki ētahi atu patu taru waikawa aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic, he aukati i te hanga waikawa ngako, ā, ka ārai i te acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Ka mimitia te nuinga mā roto i ngā rau, ā, kāore he mahi oneone. He pūnaha te Cyhalofop-ethyl, ā, ka tere te mimiti mā roto i ngā kiko tipu. I muri i te maimoatanga matū, ka mutu tonu te tipu o ngā taru tarutaru, ka puta te kōwhai i roto i te 2 ki te 7 rā, ā, ka pirau te tipu katoa ka mate i roto i te 2 ki te 3 wiki.
Ka whakamahia te Cyhalofop i muri i te putanga mai o te tipu hei whakahaere i ngā taru kawa i roto i ngā mara raihi. Ko te horopeta mō te raihi toropika he 75-100g/hm2, ā, ko te horopeta mō te raihi ngawari he 180-310g/hm2. He tino whai hua ki te whawhai ki a Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Small chaff grass, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, Heart-leaf millet, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, me ētahi atu.
Hei tauira, whakamahia te 15% cyhalofop-ethyl EC. I te wāhanga rau 1.5-2.5 o te tarutaru pārūrū i roto i ngā māra whakatipu raihi, me te wāhanga rau 2-3 o te stephanotis i roto i ngā māra whakatipu tika, ka rehuhia ngā kakau me ngā rau ki te kohu pai, ka rehuhia kia ōrite. Ringihia te wai i mua i te paninga o te patupatu kia neke atu i te 2/3 o ngā kakau me ngā rau o te taru ka kitea ki te wai. Whakamakukuhia i roto i ngā hāora 24 ki te 72 hāora i muri i te paninga o te patupatu, ā, kia mau tonu te paparanga wai 3-5 cm mō ngā rā 5-7. Kaua e whakamahia neke atu i te kotahi i ia wā whakatipu raihi. Heoi, me mōhio he tino paitini tēnei rongoā ki ngā angaanga wai, nō reira kaua e rere ki ngā wāhi whakatipu ika. Ina konatunatua ki ētahi patupatu rau whānui, tera pea ka puta he pānga whakahē, ka heke te whai huatanga o te cyhalofop.
Ko ōna momo inenga matua ko: te kukū cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), te paura cyhalofop-methyl wettable (20%), te emulsion wai cyhalofop-methyl (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), te microemulsion cyhalofop (10%, 15%, 250g/L), te whakatārewatanga hinu cyhalofop (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), te whakatārewatanga hinu cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); ko ngā kaihoko whakakotahi ko te oxafop-propyl me te penoxsufen. He matū o te amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, me ētahi atu.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-24-2024