Hei whai huawhakahaere i ngā waeroame te whakaiti i te maha o ngā mate e mau ana i a rātou, me whakamahi he rautaki, he tauwhiro, he hoa hoki ki te taiao hei whakakapi i ngā patupatu matū. I arotakehia e mātou ngā kai purapura mai i ētahi Brassicaceae (whānau Brassica) hei pūtake o ngā isothiocyanates i ahu mai i te tipu i hangaia e te hydrolysis whākōkī o ngā glucosinolates kore mahi koiora hei whakamahi i roto i te whakahaere i ngā Aedes Ihipiana (L., 1762). Paraoa purapura e rima-whakakorenga ngako (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 me Thlaspi arvense – e toru ngā momo matua o te whakakorenga wera me te whakahekenga whākōkī Ngā hua matū Hei whakatau i te paitini (LC50) o te allyl isothiocyanate, te benzyl isothiocyanate me te 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate ki ngā torongū Aedes aegypti i te wā e pāngia ana mō te 24 hāora = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Ngā uara LC50 mō te māti, te māti mā me te hiku hōiho. Ko te paraoa purapura he 0.05, 0.08 me te 0.05 ia, i whakaritea ki te allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) me te 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) he paitini ake ki ngā torongū i roto i ngā haora 24 i muri i te maimoatanga i te 0.1 g/120 ml dH2O ia. He rite ēnei hua ki te hanga paraoa purapura alfalfa. Ko te whai huatanga teitei ake o ngā benzyl esters e rite ana ki ngā uara LC50 kua tatauhia. Mā te whakamahi i te paraoa purapura ka taea te whakarato i tētahi tikanga whai hua mō te whakahaere namu. te whai huatanga o te paura purapura cruciferous me ōna wāhanga matū matua ki ngā torongū namu me te whakaatu me pēhea te mahi a ngā matū taiao i roto i te paura purapura cruciferous hei patu namu pai mō te taiao mō te whakahaere namu.
Ko ngā mate kawe-pūkoro e hua mai ana i ngā waeroa Aedes he raruraru nui tonu mō te hauora tūmatanui o te ao. Ka horapa haere ngā mate kawe-pūkoro i ngā wāhi katoa1,2,3 ka puta anō, ka arahi ki ngā pakarutanga o ngā mate kino4,5,6,7. Kāore i kitea i mua te horapa o ngā mate i waenga i te tangata me ngā kararehe (hei tauira, te chikungunya, te dengue, te kirika Rift Valley, te kirika kōwhai me te huaketo Zika). Nā te kirika dengue anake ka tūpono te 3.6 piriona tāngata ki te pangia i ngā rohe wera, me te tata ki te 390 miriona mate e puta ana i ia tau, ka hua ake he 6,100–24,300 mate i ia tau8. Ko te putanga mai anō me te pakarutanga o te huaketo Zika i Amerika ki te Tonga kua arohia e te ao katoa nā te kino o te roro e pā ana ki ngā tamariki i whānau mai i ngā wāhine pangia2. E matapaetia ana e Kremer me ētahi atu 3 ka haere tonu te horapa whenua o ngā waeroa Aedes, ā, i te tau 2050, ka tūpono te haurua o te taupori o te ao ki te pangia e ngā huaketo arbo e kawe-pūkoro ana.
Haunga ngā kano ārai mate dengue me te kirika kōwhai kua whakawhanakehia tata nei, kāore anō kia whakawhanakehia ngā kano ārai mate mō te nuinga o ngā mate e kawea mai ana e te waeroa9,10,11. He iti noa ngā rahinga e wātea ana ngā kano ārai mate, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whakamātautau haumanu anake. Ko te whakahaere i ngā kawe waeroa mā te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke hangai he rautaki matua hei whakahaere i te horapa o ngā mate e kawea mai ana e te waeroa12,13. Ahakoa he whai hua ngā patu pepeke hangai ki te patu i ngā waeroa, ko te whakamahi tonu i ngā patu pepeke hangai ka pā kino ki ngā rauropi kāore i te whainga, ā, ka poke i te taiao14,15,16. He mea whakamataku ake ko te ia o te pikinga ake o te ātete o ngā waeroa ki ngā patu pepeke matū17,18,19. Nā ēnei raruraru e pā ana ki ngā patu pepeke kua tere ake te rapu huarahi whai hua me te pai ki te taiao hei whakahaere i ngā kawe mate.
Kua whakawhanakehia ngā tipu maha hei pūtake o ngā patu pepeke tipu hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke20,21. He pai te taiao mō ngā matū tipu nā te mea he pirau-ora, ā, he iti, he iti rānei te paitini ki ngā rauropi kāore i te whāngaihia pērā i ngā kararehe whakangote, ngā ika me ngā amphibian20,22. E mōhiotia ana ka puta i ngā otaota he maha ngā matū koiora me ngā tikanga mahi rerekē hei whakahaere pai i ngā wāhanga oranga rerekē o ngā waeroa23,24,25,26. Kua arohia ngā matū i ahu mai i ngā tipu pērā i ngā hinu kakara me ētahi atu kai tipu kaha, ā, kua whakatakoto i te ara mō ngā taputapu auaha hei whakahaere i ngā kawe waeroa. Ko ngā hinu kakara, ngā monoterpene me ngā sesquiterpene he ārai, he ārai kai me ngā patu pepeke27,28,29,30,31,32,33. He maha ngā hinu huawhenua e mate ai ngā torongū waeroa, ngā pupa me ngā pakeke34,35,36, e pā ana ki te pūnaha io, te manawa, te endocrine me ētahi atu pūnaha nui o ngā pepeke37.
Kua whakaratohia e ngā rangahau hou he māramatanga ki te whakamahinga pea o ngā tipu māti me ō rātou purapura hei puna o ngā matū koiora. Kua whakamatautauria te paraoa purapura māti hei matū koiora38,39,40,41, ā, kua whakamahia hei whakatikatika oneone mō te pehi i ngā taru42,43,44 me te whakahaere i ngā mate tipu e ahu mai ana i te oneone45,46,47,48,49,50, te kai o ngā tipu. ngā nematode 41,51, 52, 53, 54 me ngā pepeke 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Ko te mahi patu harore o ēnei paura purapura e pā ana ki ngā matū tiaki tipu e kiia nei ko te isothiocyanates38,42,60. I roto i ngā tipu, ka rongoatia ēnei matū tiaki i roto i ngā pūtau tipu i roto i te ahua o ngā glucosinolates kore-koiora. Heoi, ina pakaru ngā tipu i te kai pepeke, i te mate huaketo rānei, ka waikurahia ngā glucosinolates e te myrosinase hei isothiocyanates koiora55,61. He matū pūngāwerewere ngā isothiocyanates e mōhiotia ana he whānui te whānuitanga o te mahi patu huakita me te patu pepeke, ā, he rerekē te hanganga, te mahi koiora me te ihirangi i waenga i ngā momo Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Ahakoa e mōhiotia ana he mahi patu pepeke ngā isothiocyanates i ahu mai i te paraoa purapura māti, kāore i te nui ngā raraunga mō te mahi koiora ki ngā kaikawe arthropod nui ki te hauora. I tirotirohia e tā mātou rangahau te mahi patu pepeke o ngā paura purapura e whā kua tangohia te ngako ki ngā waeroa Aedes. Ngā torongū o Aedes aegypti. Ko te whāinga o te rangahau he aromatawai i tō rātou whakamahinga pea hei patu pepeke koiora e pai ana ki te taiao mō te whakahaere i ngā waeroa. E toru ngā wāhanga matū matua o te paraoa purapura, te allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), te benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), me te 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) i whakamatautauria hoki hei whakamātautau i te mahi koiora o ēnei wāhanga matū ki ngā torongū waeroa. Koinei te pūrongo tuatahi hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā paura purapura kāpeti e whā me ō rātou wāhanga matū matua ki ngā torongū waeroa.
I puritia ngā koroni taiwhanga o Aedes aegypti (momo Rockefeller) ki te 26°C, 70% te haumākū whanaunga (RH) me te 10:14 h (wā whakaahua L:D). I whakanohoia ngā uwha kua moe ki roto i ngā whare herehere kirihou (te teitei 11 cm me te whānui 9.5 cm) ā, i whāngaihia mā te pūnaha whāngai pounamu mā te whakamahi i te toto kau citrated (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA). I whakahaerehia te whāngai toto pērā i te tikanga mā te whakamahi i te whāngai karāhe maha-kirihou (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) i honoa ki te ngongo kaukau wai e rere ana (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) me te whakahaere pāmahana 37 °C. Totorohia he kiriata Parafilm M ki raro o ia rūma whāngai karāhe (rohe 154 mm2). Kātahi ka whakanohoia ia whāngai ki runga i te kupenga o runga e kapi ana i te whare herehere kei reira te uwha kua moe. I tāpirihia te tata ki te 350–400 μl o te toto kau ki roto i te awa whāngai karāhe mā te whakamahi i te pipette Pasteur (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) ā, i tukuna kia ringihia ngā noke pakeke mō te iti rawa i te kotahi hāora. Kātahi ka hoatu he otinga sucrose 10% ki ngā uwha hapu, ā, i tukuna kia whānau hua ki runga i te pepa tātari maku kua whakarārangihia ki roto i ngā kapu soufflé tino mārama (rahi 1.25 fl oz, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA). Whakanohoia te pepa tātari kei roto ngā hua ki roto i tētahi putea hiri (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) ā, rongoatia ki te 26°C. I paohia ngā hua, ā, i whakatipuria te tata ki te 200–250 ngā torongū ki roto i ngā paepae kirihou kei roto he ranunga o te kai rāpeti (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) me te paura ate (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA). me te ika (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Tiamana) i te ōwehenga o te 2:1:1. I whakamahia ngā torongū o te mutunga o te tuatoru o ngā tau i roto i ā mātou whakamātautau koiora.
Ko ngā rauemi purapura tipu i whakamahia i tēnei rangahau i riro mai i ngā puna arumoni me ngā puna kāwanatanga e whai ake nei: Brassica juncea (māti parauri-Pacific Gold) me Brassica juncea (māti mā-Ida Gold) mai i te Pacific Northwest Farmers' Co., Washington State, USA; (Garden Cress) mai i Kelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA me Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) mai i USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA; Kāore i rongoatia ngā purapura katoa i whakamahia i roto i te rangahau ki ngā patu pepeke. I tukatukahia, ā, i whakamahia ngā rauemi purapura katoa i roto i tēnei rangahau i runga anō i ngā ture ā-rohe me ā-motu, me te whai anō hoki i ngā ture ā-rohe me ā-motu katoa e tika ana. Kāore tēnei rangahau i tirotiro i ngā momo tipu whakawhiti ira.
I hurihia ngā kākano Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), Māti Ma (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) kia paura rawa mā te whakamahi i te mira Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal (Retsch, Haan, Tiamana) he mata 0.75 mm me te rotor maitai kore waikura, 12 niho, 10,000 rpm (Ripanga 1). I whakawhitia te paura kākano whenua ki tētahi tīmi pepa, ā, i tangohia te ngako ki te hexane i roto i te taputapu Soxhlet mō te 24 hāora. I whakamahanahia tētahi tauira iti o te māti mara kua tangohia te ngako ki te 100 °C mō te 1 hāora hei whakakore i te myrosinase me te ārai i te hydrolysis o ngā glucosinolates hei hanga i ngā isothiocyanates kaha koiora. I whakamahia te paura kākano hiku hōiho i whakamahanahia (DFP-HT) hei mana whakahaere kino mā te whakakore i te myrosinase.
I whakatauhia te nui o te glucosinolate o te paraoa purapura kua tangohia te ngako i roto i ngā tāruatanga e toru mā te whakamahi i te chromatography wai mahi-teitei (HPLC) e ai ki tētahi kawa i whakaputaina i mua 64. I roto i te poto, i tāpirihia te 3 mL o te methanol ki tētahi tauira 250 mg o te paura purapura kua tangohia te ngako. I whakamātauria ia tauira ki roto i te kaukau wai mō te 30 meneti, ā, i waiho ki te pōuri i te 23°C mō te 16 hāora. Kātahi ka tātarihia he 1 mL o te paparanga rauropi mā roto i tētahi tātari 0.45 μm ki roto i tētahi autosampler. I runga i tētahi pūnaha Shimadzu HPLC (e rua ngā papu LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector mō te aroturuki i te 237 nm; me te kōwae pahi whakawhitiwhiti CBM-20A), i whakatauhia te nui o te glucosinolate o te paraoa purapura i roto i ngā tāruatanga e toru. mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Shimadzu LC Solution putanga 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA). He pou C18 Inertsil whakamuri te pou (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA). I whakatakotoria ngā āhuatanga tīmatanga o te wāhanga neke ki te 12% methanol/88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide i roto i te wai (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) me te tere rere o te 1 mL/min. I muri i te werohanga o te 15 μl o te tauira, i puritia ngā āhuatanga tīmatanga mō te 20 meneti, kātahi ka whakatikatikaina te ōwehenga whakarewa ki te 100% methanol, me te wā tātari tauira katoa o te 65 meneti. I hangaia he pihi paerewa (nM/mAb) mā te whakaranu raupapa o ngā paerewa sinapine, glucosinolate me myrosin hou (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) hei whakatau tata i te ihirangi whanariki o te paraoa purapura kua tangohia te ngako. glucosinolates. I whakamātauria ngā kukū o te glucosinolate i roto i ngā tauira ki runga i te Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) mā te whakamahi i te putanga OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) kua rite ki te pou kotahi, ā, mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga kua whakamāramahia i mua. I whakatauhia ngā kukū o te glucosinolate; kia rite i waenga i ngā pūnaha HPLC.
I hokona mai i Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) te allyl isothiocyanate (94%, pumau) me te benzyl isothiocyanate (98%). I hokona mai i ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA) te 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate. Ina whakahāngaihia mā te whākōkī e te myrosinase, ka hangaia e ngā glucosinolates, ngā glucosinolates, me ngā glucosinolates te allyl isothiocyanate, te benzyl isothiocyanate, me te 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate.
I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau koiora taiwhanga i runga anō i te tikanga a Muturi et al. 32 me ngā whakarerekētanga. E rima ngā whāngai purapura iti-ngako i whakamahia i roto i te rangahau: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG me Ls. E rua tekau ngā torongū i whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi kapu toru-ara 400 mL (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) kei roto ko te 120 mL wai whakakore iona (dH2O). E whitu ngā kukū paraoa purapura i whakamatautauria mō te paitini o ngā torongū namu: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 me te 0.12 karamu paraoa purapura/120 ml dH2O mō te paraoa purapura DFP, DFP-HT, IG me PG. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau koiora tuatahi he paitini ake te paraoa purapura Ls kua tangohia te ngako i ngā paraoa purapura e whā i whakamatautauria. Nō reira, i whakarerekētia e mātou ngā kukū maimoatanga e whitu o te paraoa purapura Ls ki ngā kukū e whai ake nei: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, me te 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
I whakaurua he rōpū whakahaere kāore i rongoātia (dH20, kāore he tāpiringa kai purapura) hei aromatawai i te mate pepeke noa i raro i ngā tikanga whakamātautau. Ko ngā whakamātautau koiora paitini mō ia kai purapura i whakaurua kia toru ngā kapu toru-piki (20 ngā torongū tuatoru o te mutunga o te tīmatanga mō ia kapu), mō te katoa o ngā ipu 108. I rongoatia ngā ipu i rongoātia ki te pāmahana rūma (20-21°C) ā, i tuhia te mate torongū i roto i ngā haora 24 me te 72 o te whakakī tonu ki ngā kukū maimoatanga. Mena kāore te tinana me ngā āputa o te waeroa e neke ina werohia, ina pāngia rānei ki te spatula maitai kore waikura angiangi, ka kiia kua mate ngā torongū waeroa. Ko ngā torongū mate ka noho kore nekeneke i te nuinga o te wā i te tūranga tuara, i te taha puku rānei i raro i te ipu, i runga rānei i te mata o te wai. I whakahokia te whakamātautau e toru ngā wā i ngā rā rerekē mā te whakamahi i ngā rōpū torongū rerekē, mō te katoa o ngā torongū 180 i whakakīia ki ia kukū maimoatanga.
I aromatawaihia te paitini o te AITC, BITC, me te 4-HBITC ki ngā torongū waeroa mā te whakamahi i te tukanga whakamātautau koiora kotahi engari me ngā maimoatanga rerekē. Whakaritea he 100,000 ppm otinga rakau mō ia matū mā te tāpiri i te 100 µL o te matū ki te 900 µL o te etanoru tino i roto i te ngongo centrifuge 2-mL me te rūrū mō te 30 hēkona kia pai ai te whakaranu. I whakatauhia ngā kukū maimoatanga i runga i ā mātou whakamātautau koiora tuatahi, i kitea ai he nui ake te paitini o te BITC i te AITC me te 4-HBITC. Hei whakatau i te paitini, e 5 ngā kukū o te BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 me te 12 ppm), e 7 ngā kukū o te AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 me te 35 ppm) me te 6 ngā kukū o te 4-HBITC (15, 15, 20, 25, 30 me te 35 ppm). (30, 45, 60, 75 me te 90 ppm). I werohia te maimoatanga whakahaere ki te 108 μL o te etanoru tino, he rite ki te rahinga mōrahi o te maimoatanga matū. I whakahokia ngā whakamātautau koiora pērā i runga ake nei, ā, i kitea he 180 ngā torongū katoa mō ia kukū maimoatanga. I tuhia te mate torongū mō ia kukū o te AITC, BITC, me te 4-HBITC i muri i te 24 hāora o te whakaaturanga tonu.
I whakahaerehia te tātaritanga probit o ngā raraunga mate e pā ana ki te horopeta 65 mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, putanga 1.0) hei tatau i te 50% kukū whakamate (LC50), te 90% kukū whakamate (LC90), te pikinga, te tauwehenga horopeta whakamate, me te 95% kukū whakamate. i runga i ngā wā whakawhirinaki mō ngā ōwehenga horopeta whakamate mō te kukū kua hurihia te log me ngā ānau horopeta-mate. Ko ngā raraunga mate e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga tāruarua whakakotahi o ngā torongū 180 i whakaatuhia ki ia kukū maimoatanga. I whakahaerehia motuhake ngā tātaritanga tūponotanga mō ia kai purapura me ia wāhanga matū. I runga i te wā whakawhirinaki 95% o te ōwehenga horopeta whakamate, i kiia he tino rerekē te paitini o te kai purapura me ngā wāhanga matū ki ngā torongū namu, nō reira kāore i tino rerekē te wā whakawhirinaki kei roto he uara 1, P = 0.0566.
Kei te Ripanga 1 ngā hua HPLC mō te whakatau i ngā glucosinolates matua i roto i ngā paraoa purapura kua tangohia te ngako, arā, DFP, IG, PG me Ls. He rerekē ngā glucosinolates matua i roto i ngā paraoa purapura i whakamatautauria, engari ko te DFP me te PG, i roto i ēnei paraoa e rua ngā glucosinolates myrosinase. He nui ake te ihirangi myrosinin i roto i te PG i te DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 me te 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g. Ko te paura purapura Ls he 36.6 ± 1.2 mg/g glucoglycone, ko te paura purapura IG he 38.0 ± 0.5 mg/g sinapine.
I mate ngā torongū o ngā waeroa Ae. Aedes aegypti i te wā i rongoātia ai ki te paraoa purapura kua tangohia te ngako, ahakoa i rerekē te whai huatanga o te rongoā i runga i te momo tipu. Ko te DFP-NT anake kāore i paitini ki ngā torongū waeroa i muri i te 24 me te 72 hāora o te pānga (Ripanga 2). I piki ake te paitini o te paura purapura hohe i te pikinga o te kukū (Pikitia 1A, B). I rerekē te paitini o te paraoa purapura ki ngā torongū waeroa i runga i te 95% CI o te ōwehenga horopeta whakamate o ngā uara LC50 i ngā aromatawai 24-hāora me te 72-hāora (Ripanga 3). I muri i te 24 hāora, he nui ake te pānga paitini o te paraoa purapura Ls i ētahi atu maimoatanga paraoa purapura, me te mahi teitei rawa me te paitini mōrahi ki ngā torongū (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Kāore i tino pāngia ngā torongū e te DFP i ngā hāora 24, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā maimoatanga paura purapura IG, Ls me PG, me ngā uara LC50 o te 0.115, 0.04 me te 0.08 g/120 ml dH2O, he nui ake i te uara LC50 i runga i te tatauranga. 0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Ripanga 3). Ko ngā uara LC90 o te DFP, IG, PG me Ls ko te 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 me te 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, ia (Ripanga 2). Ko te kukū teitei rawa o te DPP ko te 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O. I muri i ngā hāora 24 o te aromatawai, ko te toharite o te mate torongū he 12% noa iho, ko te toharite o te mate o ngā torongū IG me PG i eke ki te 51% me te 82%. I muri i ngā haora 24 o te aromatawai, ko te toharite o te mate torongū mō te kukū teitei rawa o te maimoatanga paraoa purapura Ls (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) he 99% (Pikitia 1A).
I whakatauhia ngā ānau mate mai i te urupare horopeta (Probit) o ngā torongū Ae. Ihipiana (torongū tuatoru o ngā tau) ki te kukū o te paraoa purapura i roto i ngā hāora 24 (A) me ngā hāora 72 (B) i muri i te maimoatanga. Ko te rārangi iraira e tohu ana i te LC50 o te maimoatanga paraoa purapura. DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
I te aromatawai 72-hāora, ko ngā uara LC50 o te paraoa purapura DFP, IG me te PG he 0.111, 0.085 me te 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, ia. Tata ki ngā torongū katoa i pāngia e te paraoa purapura Ls i mate i muri i te 72 hāora o te pānga, nō reira kāore i te ōrite ngā raraunga mate ki te tātaritanga Probit. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu paraoa purapura, he iti ake te aro o ngā torongū ki te maimoatanga paraoa purapura DFP, ā, he teitei ake ngā uara LC50 i roto i ngā tatauranga (Ripanga 2 me te 3). I muri i ngā hāora 72, ko ngā uara LC50 mō ngā maimoatanga paraoa purapura DFP, IG me te PG i whakatau tata ko te 0.111, 0.085 me te 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, ia. I muri i ngā hāora 72 o te aromatawai, ko ngā uara LC90 o ngā paura purapura DFP, IG me te PG he 0.215, 0.254 me te 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, ia. I muri i te 72 hāora o te aromatawai, ko te toharite o te mate torongū mō ngā maimoatanga paraoa purapura DFP, IG me te PG i te kukū mōrahi o te 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O he 58%, 66% me te 96%, ia (Pikitia 1B). I muri i te aromatawai 72-hāora, i kitea he paitini ake te paraoa purapura PG i te paraoa purapura IG me te DFP.
Ka taea e ngā isothiocyanates hangai, te allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), te benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) me te 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) te patu i ngā torongū namu. I te 24 hāora i muri i te maimoatanga, he nui ake te paitini o te BITC ki ngā torongū me te uara LC50 o te 5.29 ppm ki te 19.35 ppm mō te AITC me te 55.41 ppm mō te 4-HBITC (Ripanga 4). Ki te whakataurite ki te AITC me te BITC, he iti ake te paitini o te 4-HBITC, ā, he teitei ake te uara LC50. He rerekētanga nui kei roto i te paitini o ngā torongū namu o ngā isothiocyanates matua e rua (Ls me PG) i roto i te paraoa purapura tino kaha. I whakaatuhia e te paitini i runga i te ōwehenga horopeta whakamate o ngā uara LC50 i waenga i te AITC, BITC, me te 4-HBITC he rerekētanga tatauranga, arā, kāore i uru te uara 1 ki te 95% CI o te ōwehenga horopeta whakamate LC50 (P = 0.05, Ripanga 4). I whakatauhia ko ngā kukū teitei rawa o te BITC me te AITC ka patu i te 100% o ngā torongū i whakamatautauria (Pikitia 2).
I whakatauhia ngā ānau mate mai i te urupare horopeta (Probit) o Ae. 24 hāora i muri i te maimoatanga, ka tae ngā torongū o Īhipa (ngā torongū o te tuatoru o ngā tau) ki ngā kukū isothiocyanate hangai. Ko te rārangi iraira e tohu ana i te LC50 mō te maimoatanga isothiocyanate. Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC me te 4-HBITC.
Kua roa te rangahau i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke koiora o ngā tipu hei whakahaere i ngā namu. He maha ngā tipu e whakaputa ana i ngā matū taiao he kaha patu pepeke37. Ko ō rātou matū koiora he huarahi kē atu hei whakakapi i ngā patu pepeke hangai me te kaha nui ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke, tae atu ki ngā namu.
Ka whakatipuhia ngā tipu māti hei hua mō ā rātou purapura, hei mea kakara, hei puna hinu hoki. Ina tangohia te hinu māti mai i ngā purapura, ina tangohia rānei te māti hei whakamahi hei wahie koiora, 69 ko te hua taha ko te paraoa purapura kua tangohia te ngako. Kei roto i tēnei paraoa purapura te nuinga o ōna wāhanga matū koiora me ngā whākōkī waiora. Ko te paitini o tēnei paraoa purapura e pā ana ki te hanga o ngā isothiocyanates55,60,61. Ka hangaia ngā isothiocyanates mā te wairākau o ngā glucosinolates e te whākōkī myrosinase i te wā e whakamakuku ana te paraoa purapura38,55,70, ā, e mōhiotia ana he pānga patu harore, patu huakita, patu nematicidal me te patu pepeke, me ētahi atu āhuatanga tae atu ki ngā pānga matū me ngā āhuatanga chemotherapeutic61,62,70. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu he pai te mahi a ngā tipu māti me te paraoa purapura hei patu i te oneone me ngā pepeke kai kua rongoatia57,59,71,72. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i arotakehia e mātou te paitini o te paraoa purapura-whā me ōna hua koiora e toru AITC, BITC, me te 4-HBITC ki ngā torongū waeroa Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Mā te tāpiri tika i te paraoa purapura ki te wai kei roto ngā torongū waeroa e tūmanakohia ana ka whakahohe i ngā tukanga whākōkī e whakaputa ana i ngā isothiocyanates he paitini ki ngā torongū waeroa. I whakaaturia tēnei huringa koiora i tētahi wāhanga e te mahi whakamate pepeke i kitea o te paraoa purapura me te ngaronga o te mahi whakamate pepeke i te wā i whakamahanahia ai te paraoa purapura māti iti i mua i te whakamahinga. E tūmanakohia ana ka whakangaromia e te maimoatanga wera ngā whākōkī hydrolytic e whakahohe ana i ngā glucosinolates, ā, ka ārai i te hanganga o ngā isothiocyanates koiora. Koinei te rangahau tuatahi hei whakaū i ngā āhuatanga whakamate pepeke o te paura purapura kāpeti ki ngā waeroa i roto i te taiao wai.
I roto i ngā paura purapura i whakamatautauria, ko te paura purapura wātakirihi (Ls) te mea tino paitini, i nui ai te mate o Aedes albopictus. I tukatukahia tonutia ngā torongū Aedes aegypti mō ngā hāora 24. Ko ngā paura purapura e toru i toe (PG, IG me te DFP) he puhoi ake te mahi, ā, i nui tonu te mate i muri i te 72 hāora o te maimoatanga tonu. Ko te paraoa purapura Ls anake i nui te nui o ngā glucosinolates, ko te PG me te DFP ia i roto te myrosinase, ā, ko te IG i roto te glucosinolate hei glucosinolate matua (Ripanga 1). Ka waikurahia te Glucotropaeolin ki te BITC, ā, ka waikurahia te sinalbine ki te 4-HBITC61,62. E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua koiora he tino paitini te paraoa purapura Ls me te BITC hangai ki ngā torongū waeroa. Ko te wāhanga matua o te paraoa purapura PG me te DFP ko te myrosinase glucosinolate, ka waikurahia ki te AITC. He whai hua te AITC ki te patu i ngā torongū waeroa me te uara LC50 o te 19.35 ppm. Ki te whakatauritea ki te AITC me te BITC, ko te 4-HBITC isothiocyanate te mea iti rawa te paitini ki ngā torongū. Ahakoa he iti ake te paitini o te AITC i te BITC, he iti iho ōna uara LC50 i te maha o ngā hinu kakara i whakamatautauria ki ngā torongū waeroa32,73,74,75.
Kei roto i tā mātou paura purapura ripeka hei whakamahi mō ngā torongū waeroa tētahi glucosinolate matua, neke atu i te 98-99% o ngā glucosinolate katoa e ai ki te HPLC. I kitea he iti noa iho ngā rahinga o ētahi atu glucosinolate, engari he iti iho i te 0.3% o ngā glucosinolate katoa ō rātou taumata. Kei roto i te paura purapura wātakirihi (L. sativum) ngā glucosinolate tuarua (sinigrin), engari ko tō rātou ōwehenga he 1% o ngā glucosinolate katoa, ā, he iti tonu te nui o ō rātou ihirangi (tata ki te 0.4 mg/g paura purapura). Ahakoa kei roto i te PG me te DFP te glucosinolate matua kotahi (myrosin), he rerekē te mahi patu torongū o ā rātou kai purapura nā ō rātou uara LC50. He rerekē te paitini ki te harore paura. Ko te putanga mai o ngā torongū Aedes aegypti pea nā te rerekētanga o te mahi myrosinase, te pumau rānei i waenga i ngā whāngai purapura e rua. He mea nui te mahi a te myrosinase ki te bioavailability o ngā hua hydrolysis pērā i te isothiocyanates i roto i ngā tipu Brassicaceae76. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā pūrongo o mua nā Pocock et al.77 me Wilkinson et al.78 ko ngā huringa o te mahi myrosinase me te pumau ka hono pea ki ngā āhuatanga ira me te taiao.
I tatauhia te ihirangi isothiocyanate bioactive e tumanakohia ana i runga i ngā uara LC50 o ia paraoa purapura i te 24 me te 72 hāora (Ripanga 5) hei whakataurite ki ngā tono matū e rite ana. I muri i te 24 hāora, he paitini ake ngā isothiocyanates i roto i te paraoa purapura i ngā matū parakore. Ko ngā uara LC50 i tatauhia i runga i ngā wāhanga mō ia miriona (ppm) o ngā maimoatanga purapura isothiocyanate he iti iho i ngā uara LC50 mō ngā tono BITC, AITC, me te 4-HBITC. I kite mātou i ngā torongū e kai ana i ngā pirepire paraoa purapura (Pikitia 3A). Nō reira, ka nui ake te kukū o ngā torongū ki ngā isothiocyanates paitini mā te kai i ngā pirepire paraoa purapura. I tino kitea tēnei i roto i ngā maimoatanga paraoa purapura IG me PG i te 24 hāora te kukū, i reira ko ngā kukū LC50 he 75% me te 72% te iti iho i ngā maimoatanga AITC me te 4-HBITC parakore. He nui ake te paitini o ngā maimoatanga Ls me DFP i te isothiocyanate parakore, ā, he 24% me te 41% te iti iho o ngā uara LC50. I angitu te whakaputa uri o ngā torongū i roto i te maimoatanga mana (Pikitia 3B), engari ko te nuinga o ngā torongū i roto i te maimoatanga kai purapura kāore i whakaputa uri, ā, i tino whakaroa te whanaketanga o ngā torongū (Pikitia 3B,D). I roto i te Spodopteralitura, e pā ana ngā isothiocyanates ki te whakaroa o te tipu me te whakaroa o te whanaketanga79.
I tukuna tonutia ngā torongū o ngā waeroa Ae. Aedes aegypti ki te paura purapura Brassica mō ngā hāora 24–72. (A) Ngā torongū mate me ngā matūriki paraoa purapura i roto i ngā waha (kua porowhitahia); (B) Ko te maimoatanga whakahaere (dH20 kāore he paraoa purapura tāpiri) e whakaatu ana ka tipu noa ngā torongū, ā, ka tīmata te huri hei punua i muri i ngā hāora 72 (C, D) Ngā torongū i rongoatia ki te paraoa purapura; i whakaatuhia he rerekētanga o te whanaketanga o te paraoa purapura, ā, kāore i huri hei punua.
Kāore anō mātou kia rangahau i te tikanga o ngā pānga paitini o ngā isothiocyanates ki ngā torongū waeroa. Heoi, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua i roto i ngā pōpokorua ahi whero (Solenopsis invicta) ko te aukati i te glutathione S-transferase (GST) me te esterase (EST) te tikanga matua o te mahi koiora isothiocyanate, ā, ahakoa he iti te mahi, ka taea hoki e te AITC te aukati i te mahi GST. ngā pōpokorua ahi kawemai whero i roto i ngā kukū iti. Ko te horopeta he 0.5 µg/ml80. He rerekē, ka aukati te AITC i te acetylcholinesterase i roto i ngā pepeke kānga pakeke (Sitophilus zeamais)81. Me whakahaere ngā rangahau rite hei whakamārama i te tikanga o te mahi isothiocyanate i roto i ngā torongū waeroa.
Ka whakamahia e mātou te maimoatanga DFP kua whakakorengia e te wera hei tautoko i te whakaaro ko te waikura o ngā glucosinolates tipu hei hanga i ngā isothiocyanates tauhohe hei tikanga mō te whakahaere i ngā torongū namu mā te paraoa purapura māti. Kāore i paitini te paraoa purapura DFP-HT i ngā reiti tono i whakamatautauria. I kōrero a Lafarga et al. 82 he tairongo ngā glucosinolates ki te pirau i ngā pāmahana teitei. E matapaetia ana hoki ka whakakorengia e te maimoatanga wera te whākōkī myrosinase i roto i te paraoa purapura, ā, ka ārai i te waikura o ngā glucosinolates hei hanga i ngā isothiocyanates tauhohe. I whakaūtia hoki tēnei e Okunade et al. 75 i whakaatu he tairongo te myrosinase ki te pāmahana, e whakaatu ana i te korenga o te mahi myrosinase i te wā i tukuna ai te māti, te māti pango, me ngā purapura toto ki ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 80°C. Tērā pea ka ngaro te mahi patu pepeke o te paraoa purapura DFP kua tukinotia ki te wera i ēnei tikanga.
Nō reira, he paitini te paraoa purapura māti me ōna isothiocyanates matua e toru ki ngā torongū waeroa. I runga i ēnei rerekētanga i waenga i te paraoa purapura me ngā maimoatanga matū, ko te whakamahinga o te paraoa purapura he tikanga whai hua pea mō te whakahaere waeroa. Me tautuhi i ngā whakatakotoranga tika me ngā pūnaha tuku whai hua hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga me te pumau o te whakamahinga o ngā paura purapura. E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua i te whakamahinga pea o te paraoa purapura māti hei whakakapi i ngā patupatu hangai. Tērā pea ka noho tēnei hangarau hei taputapu auaha mō te whakahaere i ngā kawe waeroa. Nā te mea ka tupu pai ngā torongū waeroa i roto i ngā taiao wai, ā, ka hurihia ngā glucosinolates paraoa purapura mā te whākōkī hei isothiocyanates hohe i te wā e whakamakukuhia ana, ka nui te kaha whakahaere o te whakamahinga o te paraoa purapura māti i roto i te wai kua kapihia e te waeroa. Ahakoa he rerekē te mahi patu ngārara o ngā isothiocyanates (BITC > AITC > 4-HBITC), me nui ake ngā rangahau hei whakatau mēnā ka whakanuia te paitini mā te whakakotahi i te paraoa purapura me ngā glucosinolates maha. Koinei te rangahau tuatahi hei whakaatu i ngā pānga patu ngārara o te paraoa purapura cruciferous kua tangohia te ngako me ngā isothiocyanates bioactive e toru ki ngā waeroa. Mā ngā hua o tēnei rangahau ka puta he huarahi hou mā te whakaatu ko te paraoa kāpeti kua tangohia te ngako, he hua o te tango hinu mai i ngā kākano, ka taea te whakamahi hei patu namu mō te whakahaere namu. Ka taea e ēnei mōhiohio te āwhina i te kitenga o ngā patu namu koiora me tō rātou whanaketanga hei patu namu koiora iti te utu, whai hua, ā, he pai hoki mō te taiao.
Kei te wātea mai i te kaituhi e pā ana ngā huinga raraunga i hangaia mō tēnei rangahau me ngā tātaritanga i puta mai mēnā he tono tika. I te mutunga o te rangahau, i whakangaromia ngā rauemi katoa i whakamahia i roto i te rangahau (ngā pepeke me te paraoa purapura).
Wā tuku: Hurae-29-2024