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Tērā pea ka whakaatuhia e ngā huinga o ngā matū patu pepeke i ahu mai i ngā tipu he taunekeneke tahi, he taunekeneke taupatupatu rānei ki ngā pepeke. I te tere o te horapa o ngā mate e haria ana e ngā waeroa Aedes me te pikinga ake o te ātete o ngā taupori waeroa Aedes ki ngā patu pepeke tuku iho, e rua tekau mā waru ngā huinga o ngā matū terpene i ahu mai i ngā hinu kakara tipu i hangaia, ā, i whakamatautauria ki ngā wāhanga torongū me ngā wāhanga pakeke o Aedes aegypti. I arotakehia tuatahitia e rima ngā hinu kakara tipu (EO) mō tō rātou whai huatanga patu torongū me te whakamahinga pakeke, ā, e rua ngā matū nui i tautuhia i roto i ia EO i runga i ngā hua GC-MS. I hokona ngā matū matua i tautuhia, arā, ko te diallyl disulfide, te diallyl trisulfide, te carvone, te limonene, te eugenol, te methyl eugenol, te eucalyptol, te eudesmol me te waeroa alpha-pinene. Kātahi ka whakaritea ngā huinga rua o ēnei matū mā te whakamahi i ngā horopeta iti rawa, ā, i whakamatautauria, i whakatauhia hoki ō rātou pānga tahi me te pānga taupatupatu. Ko ngā hanganga patu pepeke pai rawa atu ka whiwhi mā te whakaranu i te limonene me te diallyl disulfide, ā, ko ngā hanganga patu pepeke pakeke pai rawa atu ka whiwhi mā te whakaranu i te carvone me te limonene. Ko te patu pepeke hangai arumoni Temphos me te rongoā pakeke Malathion i whakamatautauria motuhaketia, ā, i roto i ngā huinga takirua me ngā terpenoids. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te huinga o te temephos me te diallyl disulfide me te malathion me te eudesmol te huinga tino whai hua. He kaha te whakamahi i ēnei huinga kaha ki te whawhai ki a Aedes aegypti.
Ko ngā hinu kakara tipu (EO) he matū matū tuarua kei roto ngā momo matū koiora, ā, kei te piki haere te hiranga hei whakakapi i ngā patu pepeke hangai. Ehara i te mea he pai mō te taiao me te ngāwari ki te whakamahi, engari he ranunga hoki o ngā momo matū koiora, e whakaiti ana i te tūponotanga o te whakawhanake i te ātete rongoā1. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau GC-MS, i tirotirohia e ngā kairangahau ngā wāhanga o ngā hinu kakara tipu, ā, i kitea neke atu i te 3,000 ngā matū mai i te 17,500 tipu kakara2, ko te nuinga o ēnei i whakamatautauria mō ngā āhuatanga patu pepeke, ā, e kīia ana he pānga patu pepeke3,4. E whakaatu ana ētahi rangahau ko te paitini o te wāhanga matua o te matū he rite, he nui ake rānei i te paitini o tōna waikura ethylene mata. Engari ko te whakamahinga o ngā matū takitahi ka waiho anō he wāhi mō te whanaketanga o te ātete, pērā i te take me ngā patu pepeke matū5,6. Nō reira, ko te arotahi o nāianei ko te whakarite i ngā ranunga o ngā matū e hangai ana ki te waikura ethylene hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga patu pepeke me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te ātete i roto i ngā taupori pepeke e whaia ana. Tērā pea ka whakaatuhia e ngā matū hohe takitahi kei roto i ngā EO he pānga honohono, he pānga whakahē rānei i roto i ngā huinga e whakaata ana i te mahi whānui o te EO, he mea kua tino whakanuia i roto i ngā rangahau i mahia e ngā kairangahau o mua7,8. Kei roto hoki i te kaupapa whakahaere ira te EO me ōna wāhanga. Kua rangahaua whānuitia te mahi whakamate namu o ngā hinu kakara ki ngā namu Culex me Anopheles. He maha ngā rangahau kua ngana ki te whakawhanake i ngā patu pepeke whai hua mā te whakakotahi i ngā tipu me ngā patu pepeke hangai e whakamahia ana hei whakanui ake i te paitini whānui me te whakaiti i ngā pānga taha9. Engari he onge tonu ngā rangahau mō ēnei matū ki a Aedes aegypti. Kua āwhina ngā whanaketanga o te pūtaiao hauora me te whanaketanga o ngā rongoā me ngā kano kano ki te whawhai ki ētahi mate kano kano. Engari ko te noho mai o ngā momo momo huaketo rerekē, e tukuna ana e te namu Aedes aegypti, kua arahi ki te korenga o ngā kaupapa werohanga. Nō reira, ina puta aua mate, ko ngā kaupapa whakahaere ira kano anake te huarahi hei aukati i te horapa o te mate. I tēnei wā, he mea tino nui te whakahaere i te Aedes aegypti nā te mea he kawe matua ia o ngā momo huaketo me ō rātou momo momo huaketo e puta ai te kirika dengue, te Zika, te kirika toto dengue, te kirika kōwhai, me ētahi atu. Ko te mea tino hira ko te pikinga o te maha o ngā mate Aedes katoa e kawehia ana e te kawe i ia tau i Ihipa, ā, kei te piki haere hoki puta noa i te ao. Nō reira, i roto i tēnei horopaki, he hiahia nui kia whakawhanakehia he tikanga whakahaere taiao, whai hua hoki mō ngā taupori Aedes aegypti. Ko ngā kaitono pea mō tēnei whakaaro ko ngā EO, ō rātou matū whakauru, me ō rātou huinga. Nō reira, i ngana tēnei rangahau ki te tautuhi i ngā huinga mahi tahi whai hua o ngā matū EO tipu matua mai i ngā tipu e rima he āhuatanga patu pepeke (arā, te miniti, te pēpara tapu, te Eucalyptus spotted, te Allium sulfur me te melaleuca) ki te whawhai ki a Aedes aegypti.
I whakaatuhia e ngā EO katoa i tīpakohia he kaha patu moro ki a Aedes aegypti me te LC50 24-hāora mai i te 0.42 ki te 163.65 ppm. Ko te kaha patu moro teitei rawa i tuhia mō te EO pepa mīti (Mp) me te uara LC50 o te 0.42 ppm i te 24 hāora, ā, i muri mai ko te kāriki (As) me te uara LC50 o te 16.19 ppm i te 24 hāora (Ripanga 1).
Haunga te Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, ko ngā EO e whā i tirotirohia i whakaatu i ngā pānga mate pāwera mārama, me ngā uara LC50 mai i te 23.37 ki te 120.16 ppm i roto i te wā whakaaturanga 24-hāora. Ko te Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO te mea tino whai hua ki te patu i ngā pakeke me te uara LC50 o te 23.37 ppm i roto i ngā haora 24 o te whakaaturanga, ā, whai muri ko te Eucalyptus maculata (Em) he uara LC50 o te 101.91 ppm (Ripanga 1). I tētahi atu taha, kāore anō kia whakatauhia te uara LC50 mō te Os i te mea ko te reiti mate teitei rawa atu o te 53% i tuhia i te horopeta teitei rawa (Pikitia Tāpiri 3).
I tautuhia, i tīpakohia hoki ngā matū matua e rua o ia EO i runga i ngā hua o te pātengi raraunga whare pukapuka NIST, te ōrau horahanga chromatogram GC, me ngā hua o ngā hihi MS (Ripanga 2). Mō EO As, ko ngā matū matua i tautuhia ko te diallyl disulfide me te diallyl trisulfide; mō EO Mp ko ngā matū matua i tautuhia ko te carvone me te limonene, mō EO Em ko ngā matū matua i tautuhia ko te eudesmol me te eucalyptol; mō EO Os, ko ngā matū matua i tautuhia ko te eugenol me te methyl eugenol, ā, mō EO Cl, ko ngā matū matua i tautuhia ko te eugenol me te α-pinene (Pikitia 1, Ngā Pikitia Tāpiri 5–8, Ripanga Tāpiri 1–5).
Ngā hua o te ine i te papatipu o ngā terpenoid matua o ngā hinu kakara kua tīpakohia (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole; R-eudamol).
E iwa ngā matū katoa (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) i tautuhia hei matū whai hua, ko rātou ngā wāhanga matua o te EO, ā, i tirotirohia takitahitia ki ngā taumata torongū o Aedes aegypti. Ko te matū eudesmol te mea i kaha rawa ki te patu i ngā torongū me te uara LC50 o te 2.25 ppm i muri i ngā haora 24 o te pānga. Kua kitea hoki he pānga patu torongū pea ngā matū diallyl disulfide me te diallyl trisulfide, me ngā horopeta iti rawa i te awhe o te 10–20 ppm. I kitea anō he kaha patu torongū ngawari mō ngā matū eugenol, limonene me te eucalyptol me ngā uara LC50 o te 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm. me te 181.33 ppm i muri i ngā hāora 24, ia (Ripanga 3). Heoi, kāore i kitea he kaha whakamate nui o te methyl eugenol me te carvone ahakoa i ngā horopeta teitei rawa, nō reira kāore i tatauhia ngā uara LC50 (Ripanga 3). Ko te kukū whakamate toharite o te patu pepeke hangai a Temephos he 0.43 ppm ki a Aedes aegypti i roto i ngā hāora 24 o te pānga (Ripanga 3, Ripanga Tāpiri 6).
E whitu ngā matū (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene me te carvone) i tautuhia hei matū matua o te EO whai hua, ā, i whakamatautauria takitahitia ki ngā waeroa Aedes Ihipiana pakeke. E ai ki te tātaritanga whakatauira Probit, i kitea ko Eudesmol te mea tino kaha me te uara LC50 o te 1.82 ppm, ā, i muri mai ko Eucalyptol me te uara LC50 o te 17.60 ppm i te wā whakaaturanga 24-hāora. Ko ngā matū e rima i whakamatautauria i te toenga he kino noa ki ngā pakeke me ngā LC50 mai i te 140.79 ki te 737.01 ppm (Ripanga 3). Ko te organophosphorus malathion hangai he iti ake te kaha i te eudesmol, ā, he teitei ake i ngā matū e ono kē atu, me te uara LC50 o te 5.44 ppm i roto i te wā whakaaturanga 24-hāora (Ripanga 3, Ripanga Tāpiri 6).
E whitu ngā matū mata kaha me te organophosphorus tamephosate i tīpakohia hei hanga i ngā huinga rua o ā rātou horopeta LC50 i te ōwehenga 1:1. E 28 katoa ngā huinga rua i whakaritea, ā, i whakamatautauria mō tō rātou whai huatanga patu pepeke ki a Aedes aegypti. E iwa ngā huinga i kitea he mahi tahi, 14 ngā huinga i whawhai, ā, e rima ngā huinga kāore i te patu pepeke. I roto i ngā huinga mahi tahi, ko te huinga o te diallyl disulfide me te temofol te mea tino whai hua, me te 100% te mate i kitea i muri i ngā haora 24 (Ripanga 4). Waihoki, ko ngā ranunga o te limonene me te diallyl disulfide me te eugenol me te thymetphos i whakaatu i te kaha pai me te mate pepeke i kitea o te 98.3% (Ripanga 5). Ko ngā huinga e 4 e toe ana, arā, ko te eudesmol me te eucalyptol, te eudesmol me te limonene, te eucalyptol me te alpha-pinene, te alpha-pinene me te temephos, i whakaatu hoki i te whai huatanga nui ki te patu i ngā pepeke, me ngā reiti mate i kitea neke atu i te 90%. Ko te reiti mate e tumanakohia ana e tata ana ki te 60-75%. (Ripanga 4). Heoi, ko te huinga o te limonene me te α-pinene, te eucalyptus rānei i whakaatu i ngā tauhohenga whakahē. Waihoki, kua kitea he pānga whakahē ngā ranunga o Temephos me te eugenol, te eucalyptus rānei, te eudesmol, te diallyl trisulfide rānei. Waihoki, ko te huinga o te diallyl disulfide me te diallyl trisulfide me te huinga o tētahi o ēnei pūhui me te eudesmol, te eugenol rānei he whakahē i roto i tā rātou mahi patu pepeke. Kua pūrongohia hoki te whakahē me te huinga o te eudesmol me te eugenol, te α-pinene rānei.
O ngā ranunga rua e 28 katoa i whakamatautauria mō te mahi waikawa pakeke, e 7 ngā huinga i mahi tahi, e 6 kāore he pānga, ā, e 15 i mahi tahi. I kitea he pai ake te whai huatanga o ngā ranunga o te eudesmol me te eucalyptus me te limonene me te carvone i ētahi atu huinga mahi tahi, me ngā reiti mate i roto i ngā haora 24 o te 76% me te 100%, ia (Ripanga 5). Kua kitea te whakaatu a te malathion i tētahi pānga mahi tahi me ngā huinga katoa o ngā matū engari ko te limonene me te diallyl trisulfide. I tētahi atu taha, kua kitea te mahi tahi i waenga i te diallyl disulfide me te diallyl trisulfide me te huinga o tētahi o rātou me te eucalyptus, te eucalyptol rānei, te carvone rānei, te limonene rānei. Waihoki, ko ngā huinga o te α-pinene me te eudesmol, te limonene rānei, te eucalyptol me te carvone, te limonene rānei, me te limonene me te eudesmol, te malathion rānei i whakaatu i ngā pānga patu rara mahi tahi. Mō ngā huinga e ono e toe ana, kāore he rerekētanga nui i waenga i te mate e tumanakohia ana me te mate i kitea (Ripanga 5).
I runga i ngā pānga honohono me ngā horopeta iti iho i te whakamate, i tīpakohia te paitini whakamate pepeke ki te tini o ngā waeroa Aedes aegypti, ā, i whakamatautauria anō. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te mate pepeke i kitea mā te whakamahi i ngā huinga rua eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene me te diallyl disulfide-timephos he 100%, ko te mate pepeke i tumanakohia he 76.48%, 72.16% me te 63.4%, ia (Ripanga 6). . Ko te huinga o te limonene me te eudesmol he iti ake te whai hua, me te 88% o te mate pepeke i kitea i roto i te wā whakaaturanga 24-hāora (Ripanga 6). Hei whakarāpopototanga, i whakaatuhia hoki e ngā huinga rua e whā i tīpakohia he pānga whakamate pepeke i te whakaekenga ki a Aedes aegypti ina whakamahia i runga i te tauine nui (Ripanga 6).
E toru ngā huinga mahi tahi i tīpakohia mō te whakamātautau koiora pakeke hei whakahaere i ngā taupori nui o ngā Aedes aegypti pakeke. Hei tīpako i ngā huinga hei whakamātautau i ngā koroni pepeke nui, i arotahi tuatahi mātou ki ngā huinga terpene mahi tahi e rua pai rawa atu, arā, ko te carvone me te limonene me te eucalyptol me te eudesmol. Tuarua, ko te huinga mahi tahi pai rawa atu i tīpakohia mai i te huinga o te organophosphate malathion hangai me ngā terpenoids. E whakapono ana mātou ko te huinga o te malathion me te eudesmol te huinga pai rawa atu mō te whakamātautau i ngā koroni pepeke nui nā te mea he nui rawa te mate i kitea me te iti rawa o ngā uara LC50 o ngā kai e hiahiatia ana. Ka whakaatuhia e te malathion te mahi tahi i te wā e honoa ana ki te α-pinene, te diallyl disulfide, te eucalyptus, te carvone me te eudesmol. Engari ki te titiro tātou ki ngā uara LC50, ko te Eudesmol te uara iti rawa (2.25 ppm). Ko ngā uara LC50 i tatauhia mō te malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol me te carvone he 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 me te 140.79 ppm. E whakaatu ana ēnei uara ko te huinga o te malathion me te eudesmol te huinga tino pai mō te horopeta. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te huinga o te carvone me te limonene me te eudesmol me te malathion he 100% te mate i kitea, ki te whakataurite ki te mate e tumanakohia ana o te 61% ki te 65%. Ko tētahi atu huinga, ko te eudesmol me te eucalyptol, i whakaatu i te reiti mate o te 78.66% i muri i te 24 hāora o te pānga, ki te whakataurite ki te reiti mate e tumanakohia ana o te 60%. I whakaatuhia e ngā huinga e toru i tīpakohia he pānga mahi tahi ahakoa i whakamahia i runga i te tauine nui ki te Aedes aegypti pakeke (Ripanga 6).
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakaatuhia e ngā momo EO tipu kua tohua pērā i te Mp, As, Os, Em me te Cl he pānga whakamate pai ki ngā wāhanga torongū me ngā wāhanga pakeke o Aedes aegypti. Ko te Mp EO te kaha whakamate torongū teitei rawa atu me te uara LC50 o te 0.42 ppm, ā, i muri mai ko ngā As, Os me Em EO me te uara LC50 iti iho i te 50 ppm i muri i te 24 hāora. He rite ēnei hua ki ngā rangahau o mua mō ngā waeroa me ētahi atu ngārara dipterous10,11,12,13,14. Ahakoa he iti ake te kaha whakamate torongū o te Cl i ētahi atu hinu kakara, me te uara LC50 o te 163.65 ppm i muri i te 24 hāora, ko tōna kaha pakeke te mea teitei rawa atu me te uara LC50 o te 23.37 ppm i muri i te 24 hāora. I whakaatuhia hoki e ngā EO Mp, As me Em he kaha pai ki te patu mate pāwera me ngā uara LC50 i te awhe o te 100–120 ppm i te 24 hāora o te whakaaturanga, engari he iti iho i tō rātou kaha patu i ngā pepeke. I tētahi atu taha, he iti noa te pānga o ngā EO Os ki te patu mate pāwera ahakoa te horopeta rongoā teitei rawa. Nō reira, e whakaatu ana ngā hua ka rerekē pea te paitini o te ethylene oxide ki ngā tipu i runga i te wāhanga whanaketanga o ngā waeroa15. Ka whakawhirinaki hoki ki te tere o te urunga o ngā EO ki roto i te tinana o te pepeke, tā rātou taunekeneke ki ngā whākōkī ūnga motuhake, me te kaha tango paitini o te waeroa i ia wāhanga whanaketanga16. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu ko te matū matua he mea nui ki te mahi koiora o te ethylene oxide, nā te mea ko ia te nuinga o ngā matū katoa3,12,17,18. Nō reira, i whakaarohia e mātou kia rua ngā matū matua i roto i ia EO. I runga i ngā hua o te GC-MS, i tautuhia ko te diallyl disulfide me te diallyl trisulfide ngā matū matua o te EO As, he rite tonu ki ngā pūrongo o mua19,20,21. Ahakoa i tohuhia e ngā pūrongo o mua ko te menthol tētahi o ōna matū matua, i tautuhia anō te carvone me te limonene ngā matū matua o te Mp EO22,23. I whakaatuhia e te kōtaha hanganga o te Os EO ko te eugenol me te methyl eugenol ngā matū matua, he rite tonu ki ngā kitenga a ngā kairangahau o mua16,24. Kua pūrongohia te Eucalyptol me te eucalyptol hei matū matua kei roto i te hinu rau Em, he rite tonu ki ngā kitenga a ētahi kairangahau25,26 engari he rerekē ki ngā kitenga a Olalade et al.27. I kitea te mana o te cineole me te α-pinene i roto i te hinu kakara melaleuca, he rite tonu ki ngā rangahau o mua28,29. Kua pūrongohia ngā rerekētanga ā-roto-motuhake o te hanganga me te kukū o ngā hinu kakara i tangohia mai i te momo tipu kotahi i ngā wāhi rerekē, ā, i kitea anō hoki i roto i tēnei rangahau, e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga tipu whenua, te wā kotinga, te wāhanga whanaketanga, te tau tipu rānei. te āhua o ngā momo matū, me ētahi atu.22,30,31,32. Kātahi ka hokona ngā matū matua kua tautuhia, ā, ka whakamatautauria mō ō rātou pānga patu pepeke me ngā pānga ki ngā waeroa Aedes aegypti pakeke. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he rite te mahi patu pepeke o te diallyl disulfide ki te EO As mata. Engari he teitei ake te mahi a te diallyl trisulfide i te EO As. He rite ēnei hua ki ngā mea i whiwhihia e Kimbaris et al. 33 i runga i te Culex philippines. Heoi, kāore ēnei matū e rua i whakaatu i te mahi patu pepeke pai ki ngā waeroa ūnga, he rite ki ngā hua o Plata-Rueda et al 34 i runga i te Tenebrio molitor. He whai hua te Os EO ki te wāhanga pepeke o Aedes aegypti, engari kāore ki te wāhanga pakeke. Kua whakaūtia ko te kaha patu pepeke o ngā matū matua he iti iho i te kaha patu pepeke mata o te Os EO. E tohu ana tēnei i te mahi a ētahi atu matū me ā rātou taunekeneke i roto i te ethylene oxide mata. He iti noa te kaha o te Methyl eugenol anake, engari he ngawari te kaha patu pepeke o te eugenol anake. E whakaū ana tēnei whakatau, i tētahi taha,35,36, ā, i tētahi taha, e whakahē ana i ngā whakatau a ngā kairangahau o mua37,38. Tērā pea ka rerekē ngā paitini o ngā rōpū mahi o te eugenol me te methyleugenol ki te pepeke whainga kotahi39. I kitea he ngawari te kaha patu pepeke o te Limonene, engari he iti noa te pānga o te carvone. Waihoki, ko te iti o te paitini o te limonene ki ngā pepeke pakeke me te nui o te paitini o te carvone e tautoko ana i ngā hua o ētahi rangahau o mua40 engari e whakahē ana i ētahi atu41. Mā te noho mai o ngā hononga takirua i ngā tūranga intracyclic me exocyclic ka nui ake pea ngā painga o ēnei pūhui hei patu pepeke3,41, ko te carvone, he ketone me ngā waro alpha me beta kāore i te mātotoru, ka nui ake pea te kaha mō te paitini i roto i ngā pakeke42. Heoi, he iti iho ngā āhuatanga takitahi o te limonene me te carvone i te EO Mp katoa (Ripanga 1, Ripanga 3). I roto i ngā terpenoids i whakamatautauria, i kitea ko te eudesmol te mea nui rawa atu hei patu pepeke me te pakeke me te uara LC50 i raro i te 2.5 ppm, ka waiho hei pūhui whai hua mō te whakahaere i ngā waeroa Aedes. He pai ake tana mahi i tērā o te EO Em katoa, ahakoa kāore tēnei e rite ki ngā kitenga a Cheng et al.40. Ko te Eudesmol he sesquiterpene me ngā waeine isoprene e rua he iti ake te tere o te rere i ngā monoterpenes whai hāora pērā i te eucalyptus, nō reira he nui ake te kaha hei patu pepeke. He nui ake te mahi patu pepeke a te Eucalyptol i te pakeke i te patu pepeke, ā, ko ngā hua o ngā rangahau o mua e tautoko ana, e whakahē ana hoki i tēnei37,43,44. He tata rite te mahi ki te mahi a te EO Cl katoa. Ko tētahi atu monoterpene bicyclic, ko te α-pinene, he iti ake te pānga pakeke ki a Aedes aegypti i te pānga patu pepeke, he rerekē tēnei i te pānga o te EO Cl katoa. Ko te mahi patu pepeke whānui o ngā terpenoids e pāngia ana e tō rātou lipophilicity, te volatility, te peka waro, te horahanga whakaata, te horahanga mata, ngā rōpū mahi me ō rātou tūranga45,46. Ka taea e ēnei pūhui te mahi mā te whakangaro i ngā kohikohinga pūtau, te aukati i te mahi manawa, te whakakore i te tuku i ngā nekehanga io, me ētahi atu. 47 I kitea ko te organophosphate hangai Temephos te mahi patu pepeke teitei rawa atu me te uara LC50 o te 0.43 ppm, e rite ana ki ngā raraunga a Lek -Utala48. Ko te mahi pakeke o te organophosphorus malathion hangai i pūrongohia i te 5.44 ppm. Ahakoa kua whakaatuhia e ēnei organophosphates e rua ngā urupare pai ki ngā momo taiwhanga o Aedes aegypti, kua pūrongohia te ātete o ngā waeroa ki ēnei matū i ngā wāhi rerekē o te ao49. Heoi, kāore anō kia kitea he pūrongo rite mō te whanaketanga o te ātete ki ngā rongoā otaota50. Nō reira, e whakaarohia ana ngā otaota hei huarahi kē atu ki ngā patupatu matū i roto i ngā kaupapa whakahaere i ngā pepeke.
I whakamātauria te pānga patu-pūkahukahu ki runga i ngā huinga rua e 28 (1:1) i hangaia mai i ngā terpenoid kaha me ngā terpenoid me te thymetphos, ā, e 9 ngā huinga i kitea he mahi tahi, 14 he mahi whakahē, ā, e 5 he mahi whakahē. Kāore he pānga. I tētahi atu taha, i roto i te whakamātautau koiora kaha pakeke, e 7 ngā huinga i kitea he mahi tahi, 15 ngā huinga i mahi whakahē, ā, e 6 ngā huinga i kīia kāore he pānga. Ko te take i puta ai he pānga tahi i ētahi huinga, tērā pea nā te taunekeneke ngātahi o ngā matū kaitono i roto i ngā ara nui rerekē, nā te aukati raupapa rānei o ngā whākōkī matua rerekē o tētahi ara koiora motuhake51. I kitea he mahi tahi te whakakotahitanga o te limonene me te diallyl disulfide, te eucalyptus, te eugenol rānei i roto i ngā tono iti me te rahi (Ripanga 6), ko tōna whakakotahitanga me te eucalyptus, te α-pinene rānei i kitea he pānga whakahē ki ngā pūkahukahu. I te nuinga o te wā, te āhua nei he pai te mahi tahi a te limonene, nā te mea pea kei reira ngā rōpū methyl, te pai o te urunga ki roto i te stratum corneum, me te rerekētanga o te tikanga mahi52,53. Kua pūrongohia i mua ko te limonene ka pāngia e ngā pānga paitini mā te uru ki ngā kiriuhi pepeke (te paitini whakapā), te pā ki te pūnaha nakunaku (te ārai kai), te pā rānei ki te pūnaha manawa (te mahi whakapūkara), 54 ko ngā phenylpropanoids pērā i te eugenol ka pā ki ngā whākōkī pākia 55. Nō reira, ko ngā huinga o ngā matū me ngā tikanga mahi rerekē ka whakanui ake i te pānga whakamate whānui o te ranunga. I kitea he mahi tahi a te Eucalyptol me te diallyl disulfide, te eucalyptus, te α-pinene rānei, engari ko ētahi atu huinga me ētahi atu matū he kore-whakamate i ngā pepeke, he hoariri rānei. I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua he mahi aukati a te eucalyptol ki te acetylcholinesterase (AChE), me ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi octaamine me te GABA56. I te mea he rite tonu te tikanga mahi a ngā monoterpene cyclic, eucalyptol, eugenol, me ētahi atu ki tā rātou mahi neurotoxic, 57 nā reira ka whakaitihia ō rātou pānga whakakotahi mā te aukati tahi. Waihoki, i kitea he mahi tahi te whakakotahitanga o Temephos me te diallyl disulfide, α-pinene me te limonene, e tautoko ana i ngā pūrongo o mua mō te pānga tahi i waenga i ngā hua otaota me ngā organophosphates hangai58.
I kitea he pānga tahi te whakakotahitanga o te eudesmol me te eucalyptol ki ngā wāhanga torongū me ngā wāhanga pakeke o Aedes aegypti, nā te rerekētanga pea o ā rāua momo mahi nā te rerekētanga o ō rāua hanganga matū. Tērā pea ka pā te Eudesmol (he sesquiterpene) ki te pūnaha manawa 59, ā, ka pā te eucalyptol (he monoterpene) ki te acetylcholinesterase 60. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā kai ki ngā wāhi ūnga e rua, neke atu rānei, ka whakanui ake i te pānga whakamate whānui o te whakakotahitanga. I roto i ngā whakamātautau koiora matū pakeke, i kitea he mahi tahi te malathion me te carvone, te eucalyptol rānei, te eucalyptol rānei, te diallyl disulfide rānei, te α-pinene rānei, e tohu ana he mahi tahi me te tāpiri o te limonene me te di. He pai ngā kaitono mate pāwera mahi tahi mō te kohinga katoa o ngā pūhui terpene, engari ko te allyl trisulfide. I kōrero anō hoki a Thangam rāua ko Kathiresan61 mō ngā hua ōrite o te pānga tahi o te malathion me ngā tango otaota. Tērā pea nā ngā pānga paitini o te malathion me ngā matū tipu i runga i ngā whākōkī whakakore pepeke tēnei urupare tahi. Ko ngā organophosphates pērā i te malathion te tikanga mahi mā te aukati i ngā cytochrome P450 esterases me ngā monooxygenases62,63,64. Nō reira, ko te whakakotahi i te malathion me ēnei tikanga mahi me ngā terpenes me ngā tikanga mahi rerekē ka whakarei ake i te pānga whakamate whānui ki ngā waeroa.
I tētahi atu taha, ko te whakahē i te matū e tohu ana he iti ake te kaha o ngā matū kua tohua i roto i te whakakotahitanga i ia matū takitahi. Ko te take o te whakahē i roto i ētahi whakakotahitanga pea ko te whakarerekētanga o tētahi matū i te whanonga o tētahi atu matū mā te whakarerekē i te tere o te mimiti, te tohatoha, te pākia, te tukunga rānei. I whakaarohia e ngā kairangahau o mua koinei te take o te whakahē i roto i ngā whakakotahitanga rongoā. Ngā Ngota Tikanga Pea 65. Waihoki, ko ngā take pea o te whakahē i te matū e pā ana ki ngā tikanga mahi rite, te whakataetae o ngā matū whakauru mō te kaiwhiwhi kotahi, te wāhi ūnga rānei. I ētahi wā, ka puta pea te aukati kore-whakataetae o te pūmua ūnga. I roto i tēnei rangahau, e rua ngā matū organosulfur, te diallyl disulfide me te diallyl trisulfide, i whakaatu i ngā pānga whakahē, nā te whakataetae pea mō te wāhi ūnga kotahi. Waihoki, i whakaatu ēnei matū whanariki e rua i ngā pānga whakahē, ā, kāore he pānga i te wā i honoa ai ki te eudesmol me te α-pinene. He āhua porowhita te Eudesmol me te alpha-pinene, ko te diallyl disulfide me te diallyl trisulfide he āhua aliphatic. I runga i te hanganga matū, ko te whakakotahitanga o ēnei pūhui me whakanui ake i te mahi whakamate whānui nā te mea he rerekē te nuinga o ō rātou wāhi ūnga34,47, engari i roto i ngā whakamātautau i kitea e mātou te ātete, e pā ana pea ki te mahi a ēnei pūhui i roto i ētahi rauropi kāore i te mōhiotia i roto i te tinana ora. ngā pūnaha hei hua o te taunekeneke. Waihoki, ko te whakakotahitanga o te cineole me te α-pinene i whakaputa i ngā urupare ātete, ahakoa i kōrerohia i mua e ngā kairangahau he rerekē ngā whāinga mahi a ngā pūhui e rua47,60. I te mea he monoterpenes hurihuri ngā pūhui e rua, tera pea ētahi wāhi ūnga noa ka whakataetae pea mō te here me te awe i te paitini whānui o ngā takirua whakakotahi i rangahauhia.
I runga i ngā uara LC50 me te mate i kitea, i tīpakohia ngā huinga terpene pai rawa atu e rua, arā, ko ngā takirua o te carvone + limonene me te eucalyptol + eudesmol, me te organophosphorus malathion hangai me ngā terpene. I whakamātauria te huinga pai rawa atu o ngā matū malathion + Eudesmol i roto i te whakamātautau koiora pepeke pakeke. Whaia ngā koroni pepeke nui hei whakaū mēnā ka taea e ēnei huinga whai hua te mahi ki te tini o ngā tāngata i runga i ngā wāhi whakaaturanga nui. E whakaatu ana ēnei huinga katoa i te pānga mahi tahi ki ngā kahui pepeke nui. I whiwhihia ngā hua ōrite mō te huinga pai rawa atu o te patu pepeke i whakamātauria ki ngā taupori nui o ngā torongū Aedes aegypti. Nō reira, ka taea te kī ko te huinga pai rawa atu o te patu pepeke me te patu pakeke o ngā matū EO tipu he kaitono kaha ki ngā matū hangai o nāianei, ā, ka taea te whakamahi anō hei whakahaere i ngā taupori Aedes aegypti. Waihoki, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā huinga whai hua o ngā patu pepeke hangai, patu pakeke rānei me ngā terpene hei whakaiti i ngā horopeta o te thymetphos, te malathion rānei e tukuna ana ki ngā waeroa. Tērā pea ka whakaratohia e ēnei huinga kaha mahi tahi ngā otinga mō ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei mō te whanaketanga o te ātete rongoā i roto i ngā waeroa Aedes.
I kohia ngā hua o Aedes aegypti mai i te Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Indian Council of Medical Research, ā, i puritia i raro i te pāmahana whakahaere (28 ± 1 °C) me te haumākū (85 ± 5%) i te Tari Kararehe, Te Whare Wānanga o Gauhati i raro i ngā tikanga e whai ake nei: I whakaahuatia a Arivoli me ētahi atu. I muri i te pao, i whāngaihia ngā torongū ki te kai torongū (paura pihikete kuri me te rewena i te ōwehenga 3:1) ā, i whāngaihia ngā pakeke ki te otinga huka 10%. Mai i te rā tuatoru i muri i te putanga mai, i tukuna ngā waeroa uwha pakeke ki te ngote i te toto o ngā kiore albino. Whakatōkia te pepa tātari ki te wai i roto i te karāhe ka whakanoho ki roto i te whare manu e whānau ana.
Ngā tauira tipu kua tīpakohia, arā, ngā rau eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), te basil tapu (Lamiaceae), te miniti (Lamiaceae), te melaleuca (Myrtaceae) me ngā puku allium (Amaryllidaceae). I kohia mai i Guwahati, ā, i tautuhia e te Tari Botanika, Te Whare Wānanga o Gauhati. Ko ngā tauira tipu i kohia (500 g) i tukuna ki te hydrodistillation mā te whakamahi i te taputapu Clevenger mō ngā haora e 6. Ko te EO i tangohia i kohia ki roto i ngā ipu karāhe ma, ā, i rongoatia ki te 4°C mō ētahi atu rangahau.
I rangahauhia te paitini whakamate i ngā torongū mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga paerewa kua whakarerekētia e te World Health Organization 67. Whakamahia te DMSO hei emulsifier. I whakamatautauria tuatahitia ia kukū EO i te 100 me te 1000 ppm, e whakaatu ana i te 20 torongū i roto i ia tauira. I runga i ngā hua, i whakamahia he whānuitanga kukū, ā, i tuhia te mate mai i te 1 hāora ki te 6 hāora (i ia wā 1 hāora), ā, i te 24 hāora, 48 hāora me te 72 hāora i muri i te maimoatanga. I whakatauhia ngā kukū sublethal (LC50) i muri i te 24, 48 me te 72 hāora o te whakaaturanga. I whakamatautauria ia kukū i roto i te toru tauira me te mana whakahaere kino kotahi (wai anake) me te mana whakahaere pai kotahi (wai i rongoatia ki te DMSO). Mena ka puta he pupation, ā, neke atu i te 10% o ngā torongū o te rōpū whakahaere ka mate, ka tuaruatia te whakamātautau. Mena kei waenga i te 5-10% te reiti mate i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, whakamahia te tātai whakatikatika Abbott 68.
Ko te tikanga i whakaahuahia e Ramar et al. 69 i whakamahia mō te whakamātautau koiora pakeke ki te Aedes aegypti mā te whakamahi i te acetone hei whakarewa. I whakamatautauria tuatahitia ia EO ki ngā waeroa pakeke Aedes aegypti i ngā kukū o te 100 me te 1000 ppm. Tāpirihia te 2 ml o ia otinga kua whakaritea ki te tau Whatman. 1 wahi pepa tātari (rahi 12 x 15 cm2) ā, waiho kia mimiti te acetone mō te 10 meneti. I whakamahia te pepa tātari i rongoatia ki te 2 ml anake o te acetone hei mana whakahaere. I muri i te mimiti o te acetone, ka whakanohoia te pepa tātari kua rongoatia me te pepa tātari whakahaere ki roto i te ngongo porotaka (10 cm te hohonu). Tekau ngā waeroa kāore i te kai toto, 3 ki te 4 rā te pakeke, i whakawhitia ki ngā tāruarua e toru o ia kukū. I runga i ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau tuatahi, i whakamatautauria ngā kukū rerekē o ngā hinu kua tohua. I tuhia te mate i te 1 hāora, 2 hāora, 3 hāora, 4 hāora, 5 hāora, 6 hāora, 24 hāora, 48 hāora me te 72 hāora i muri i te tukunga o te waeroa. Tātaihia ngā uara LC50 mō ngā wā whakaaturanga o te 24 hāora, 48 hāora me te 72 hāora. Mena ka neke atu i te 20% te auau mate o te rōpū whakahaere, me whakahoki anō te whakamātautau katoa. Waihoki, ki te nui ake i te 5% te auau mate i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, whakatikatikahia ngā hua mō ngā tauira i rongoatia mā te whakamahi i te tātai a Abbott68.
I whakahaerehia te chromatography hau (Agilent 7890A) me te ine papatipu (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) hei tātari i ngā matū whakauru o ngā hinu kakara kua tīpakohia. I whakauruhia te GC ki tētahi taputapu kite FID me tētahi pou capillary (HP5-MS). Ko te hau kawe he herium, ko te tere rere he 1 ml/min. Mā te kaupapa GC ka whakatakotoria te Allium sativum ki te 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M me te Ocimum Sainttum ki te 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, mō te miniti 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, mō te eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, ā, mō te whero. Mō ngā paparanga mano, koia ēnei: 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
I tautuhia ngā matū matua o ia EO i runga i te ōrau horahanga i tatauhia mai i te chromatogram GC me ngā hua o te ine papatipu (e tohutoro ana ki te pātengi raraunga paerewa NIST 70).
I tīpakohia ngā matū matua e rua o ia EO i runga i ngā hua o te GC-MS, ā, i hokona mai i Sigma-Aldrich i te 98–99% te parakore mō ētahi atu whakamātautau koiora. I whakamātauria ngā matū mō te whai huatanga patu pepeke me te pakeke ki a Aedes aegypti e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ake nei. Ko ngā pepeke hangai tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) me te rongoā pakeke malathion (Sigma Aldrich) i tātarihia hei whakataurite i tō rātou whai huatanga ki ngā matū EO kua tīpakohia, me te whai i te tukanga kotahi.
I whakaritea ngā ranunga rua o ngā matū terpene kua tīpakohia me ngā matū terpene me ngā organophosphate arumoni (tilephos me te malathion) mā te whakaranu i te horopeta LC50 o ia matū kaitono i te ōwehenga 1:1. I whakamatautauria ngā ranunga kua whakaritea ki ngā wāhanga torongū me ngā wāhanga pakeke o Aedes aegypti e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i runga ake nei. I whakahaerehia ia whakamātautau koiora i roto i ngā tāruarua e toru mō ia ranunga, ā, i roto i ngā tāruarua e toru mō ngā matū takitahi kei roto i ia ranunga. I tuhia te matenga o ngā pepeke ūnga i muri i ngā haora 24. Tātaihia te reiti mate e tumanakohia ana mō tētahi ranunga rua mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei.
ko E = te reiti mate e tumanakohia ana mō ngā waeroa Aedes aegypti hei whakautu ki tētahi huinga rua, arā, te hononga (A + B).
I tapaina te pānga o ia ranunga rua hei pānga mahi tahi, hei pānga whakahē, hei pānga kore rānei, i runga i te uara χ2 i tatauhia e te tikanga i whakaahuahia e Pavla52. Tātaihia te uara χ2 mō ia huinga mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei.
I tautuhia te pānga o tētahi huinga hei mahi tahi ina nui ake te uara χ2 i tatauhia i te uara ripanga mō ngā nekehanga herekore e rite ana (95% te wā whakawhirinaki) ā, mēnā i kitea te nui ake o te mate i kitea i te mate e tumanakohia ana. Waihoki, mēnā ka nui ake te uara χ2 i tatauhia mō tētahi huinga i te uara ripanga me ētahi nekehanga herekore, engari he iti iho te mate i kitea i te mate e tumanakohia ana, ka kiia te maimoatanga he taupatupatu. Ā, mēnā i roto i tētahi huinga he iti iho te uara i tatauhia o χ2 i te uara ripanga i roto i ngā nekehanga herekore e rite ana, ka kiia kāore he pānga o te huinga.
E toru ki te whā ngā huinga pea e mahi tahi ana (100 torongū me te 50 ngā pepeke patu torongū me ngā pepeke pakeke) i tīpakohia hei whakamātautau ki te tini o ngā pepeke. Ko ngā pakeke) ka haere tonu i runga ake nei. Haunga ngā ranunga, i whakamātautauhia hoki ngā matū takitahi kei roto i ngā ranunga i tīpakohia ki runga i te maha ōrite o ngā torongū me ngā pakeke Aedes aegypti. Ko te ōwehenga whakakotahitanga he wāhanga kotahi o te horopeta LC50 o tētahi matū kaitono me te wāhanga o te horopeta LC50 o tētahi atu matū whakauru. I roto i te whakamātautau koiora ngohe pakeke, i whakarewahia ngā matū i tīpakohia ki roto i te acetone whakarewa, ā, i pania ki te pepa tātari i takaihia ki roto i tētahi ipu kirihou porotaka 1300 cm3. I mimitihia te acetone mō te 10 meneti, ā, i tukuna ngā pakeke. Waihoki, i roto i te whakamātautau koiora patu torongū, i whakarewahia tuatahitia ngā horopeta o ngā matū kaitono LC50 ki roto i ngā rahinga ōrite o te DMSO, kātahi ka konatunatua ki te 1 rita wai kua rongoatia ki roto i ngā ipu kirihou 1300 cc, ā, i tukuna ngā torongū.
I whakahaerea te tātaritanga tūponotanga o ngā raraunga mate e 71 i tuhia mā te whakamahi i te SPSS (putanga 16) me te pūmanawa Minitab hei tatau i ngā uara LC50.
Te wā tuku: Hōngongoi-01-2024