I whakahaerehia he raupapa o ngā whakamātautau whakamātautau i roto i ngā whare iti i Khowe, te tonga o Benin, hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga koiora o ngā kupenga waeroa hou me ngā mea kua whakamatautauria i te mara ki ngā kawe malaria ātete-pyrethrin. I tangohia ngā kupenga kua pakeke i te mara mai i ngā whare i muri i te 12, 24 me te 36 marama. I tātarihia ngā wahi tukutuku i tapahia mai i ngā ITN katoa mō te hanganga matū, ā, i whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau koiora ngoikore i roto i ia whakamātautau hei aromatawai i ngā huringa o te ātete ki ngā pepeke whakamate i roto i te taupori kawe Khowe.
I pai ake te mahi a Interceptor® G2 i ētahi atu ITN, ā, i whakaū i te hiranga o ngā kupenga pyrethroid me chlorfenapyr i ētahi atu momo kupenga. I roto i ngā hua hou, i whakaatu ngā ITN o te whakatupuranga hou i te pai ake o te whai huatanga koiora i a Interceptor®; heoi, i whakaitihia te nui o tēnei whakapainga i muri i te koroheketanga o te mara nā te poto o te mau o ngā matū kore-pyrethroid. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua i te hiahia kia whakapai ake i te pumau patu pepeke o ngā ITN o te whakatupuranga hou.
Patupatu pepekeHe mea nui te mahi a ngā kupenga waeroa i rongoatia ki te rongoā (ITN) ki te whakaiti i te mate me te matenga o te malaria i roto i ngā tau 20 kua hipa. Mai i te tau 2004, neke atu i te 3 piriona ITN kua tohatohahia puta noa i te ao, ā, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau tauira kua karohia te 68% o ngā take malaria i Awherika ki te tonga o te Sahara i waenga i te tau 2000 me te tau 2015. Engari, kua tino piki ake te ātete o ngā taupori kawe malaria ki ngā pyrethroids (te momo paerewa o ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ITN), ā, kua mōrearea te whai huatanga o tēnei wawaotanga nui. I taua wā anō, kua puhoi te ahunga whakamua o te whakahaere malaria puta noa i te ao, me te maha o ngā whenua taumaha e pāngia ana e te pikinga o ngā take malaria mai i te tau 2015. Nā ēnei au i akiaki te whanaketanga o tētahi whakatupuranga hou o ngā hua ITN auaha e aro ana ki te aro atu ki te riri o te ātete pyrethroid me te āwhina ki te whakaiti i tēnei taumahatanga me te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga nui o te ao.
E toru ngā ITN whakatipuranga hou kei te mākete i tēnei wā, ia ia e whakakotahi ana i te pyrethroid me tētahi atu patu pepeke, i tētahi atu pūhui rānei e kaha ana ki te wikitoria i te ātete pyrethroid ki ngā kawe malaria. I ngā tau tata nei, he maha ngā whakamātautau whakahaere matapōkere rōpū (RCT) kua whakahaerehia hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ēnei kupenga ki te whakataurite ki ngā kupenga pyrethroid-anake paerewa, me te whakarato i ngā taunakitanga e tika ana hei tautoko i ngā taunakitanga a te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHO). Ko ngā kupenga moenga e whakakotahi ana i ngā pyrethroid me te piperonyl butoxide (PBO), he pūhui e whakarei ake ana i te whai huatanga o ngā pyrethroid mā te aukati i ngā whākōkī whakakore namu, ko ngā mea tuatahi i tūtohutia e te WHO i muri i te whakaatu a ngā hua e rua (Olyset® Plus me PermaNet® 3.0) i te pānga mate urutā pai ake ki te whakataurite ki ngā kupenga moenga pyrethroid-anake i roto i ngā whakamātautau whakahaere matapōkere rōpū i Tanzania me Uganda. Heoi, me nui ake ngā raraunga hei whakatau i te uara hauora tūmatanui o ngā kupenga moenga pyrethroid-PBO i Āwherika ki te Hauāuru, i reira ka whakaitihia pea e te ātete nui o te pyrethroid ō rātou painga ki te whakataurite ki ngā kupenga moenga pyrethroid-anake.
Ko te pumau o ngā ITN ki te patu pepeke ka aromatawaihia mā te kohikohi kupenga mai i ngā hapori i ia wā, me te whakamātautau i roto i ngā whakamātautau koiora taiwhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā momo waeroa i whānau mai i ngā pepeke. Ahakoa he pai ēnei whakamātautau mō te whakaahua i te waatea o te koiora me te whai huatanga o ngā patu pepeke i runga i te mata o ngā kupenga moenga i roto i te wā, he iti noa ngā mōhiohio e whakaratohia ana mō te whai huatanga whakatairite o ngā momo kupenga moenga o muri mai nā te mea me urutau ngā tikanga me ngā momo waeroa e whakamahia ana ki te momo mahi a ngā patu pepeke kei roto. Ko te whakamātautau whare whakamātautau he huarahi kē atu ka taea te whakamahi hei aromatawai whakatairite i te whai huatanga o ngā kupenga i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke i roto i ngā rangahau pakari i raro i ngā āhuatanga e whai ana i ngā taunekeneke taiao i waenga i ngā manaaki waeroa mohoao me ngā kupenga whare i te wā e whakamahia ana. Ina hoki, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau tauira hou e whakamahi ana i ngā whakakapi pepeke mō ngā raraunga mate urutā ka taea te whakamahi i te mate o ngā waeroa me ngā reiti kai i inehia i roto i ēnei whakamātautau hei matapae i te pānga o ngā ITN ki te mate malaria me te horapa i roto i ngā RCT rōpū. Nō reira, mā ngā whakamātautau whakamātautau i hangaia i roto i ngā whare iti, i whakaurua ai ngā kōpū waikura i kohia i te mara i rongoatia ki te patu pepeke ki roto i ngā RCT rōpū, ka taea te whakarato i ngā raraunga whai hua mō te kaha whakataurite o te koiora me te pumau patu pepeke o ngā kōpū waikura i rongoatia ki te patu pepeke puta noa i tō rātou roanga e tumanakohia ana, ā, ka āwhina i te whakamaori i ngā hua mate urutā o ēnei rangahau.
Ko te whakamātautau whare whakamātautau he whare noho tangata whaihanga paerewa e taunakitia ana e te World Health Organization hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā kupenga waeroa i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke. Ka whairite ēnei whakamātautau i ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūturu e pāngia ana e ngā waeroa ina taunekeneke ana ki ngā kupenga moenga o te whare, nō reira he huarahi tino tika mō te aromatawai i te whai huatanga koiora o ngā kupenga moenga kua whakamahia mō te roanga o te wā e tumanakohia ana.
I arotakehia e tēnei rangahau te whai huatanga o ngā momo kupenga waeroa patu pepeke e toru o te whakatupuranga hou (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® me Interceptor® G2) i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te mara i roto i ngā whare whakamātautau, ā, i whakaritea ki tētahi kupenga pyrethrin anake (Interceptor®). Kei roto i te rārangi kua tohua e te WHO mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke te katoa o ēnei kupenga waeroa kua rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke. Kei raro nei ngā āhuatanga taipitopito o ia kupenga waeroa:
I te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 2020, i whakahaerehia he kaupapa tohatoha nui o ngā kupenga namu kua pakeke i te mara i roto i ngā kāinga whare iti i te Rohe o Zou, te tonga o Benin, hei whakamātautau whakamātautau i roto i ngā whare iti. I tīpakohia ngā kupenga moenga Interceptor®, Royal Guard® me Interceptor® G2 mai i ngā rōpū i tīpakohia matapōkeretia i roto i ngā kaunihera o Kove, Zagnanado me Ouinhi hei wāhanga o tētahi rangahau tirotiro pakari i roto i tētahi rōpū RCT hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te mate urutā o ngā kupenga moenga e rua i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke. I kohia ngā kupenga namu PermaNet® 3.0 i te kāinga o Avokanzun e tata ana ki ngā tāone o Jija me Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) ā, i tohatohahia i te wā kotahi me ngā kupenga namu rōpū RCT i te wā o te kaupapa nui o te Kaupapa Whakahaere Malaria ā-Motu i te tau 2020. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 i ngā wāhi o ngā rōpū/kāinga rangahau i kohia ai ngā momo ITN rerekē e pā ana ki ngā wāhi whare whakamātautau.
I whakahaerehia he whakamātautau whare whakamātautau hei whakataurite i te mahi tirotiro pepeke o ngā ITN Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® me Interceptor® G2 i te wā i tangohia ai i ngā whare i te 12, 24 me te 36 marama i muri i te horapa. I ia wā ā-tau, i whakaritea te mahi a ngā ITN tawhito i te mara ki ngā kupenga hou, kāore i whakamahia o ia momo me ngā kupenga kāore i rongoatia hei mana whakahaere kino. I ia wā ā-tau, e 54 ngā tauira tāruarua o ngā ITN tawhito i te mara me te 6 ngā ITN hou o ia momo i whakamatautauria i roto i te 1, e 2 rānei ngā whakamātautau whare tāruarua me te hurihanga o ngā maimoatanga i ia rā. I mua i ia whakamātautau whare, i inehia te taupū porowhita toharite o ngā kupenga tawhito o ia momo ITN e ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te WHO. Hei whakatauira i te pakaru me te haehae mai i te whakamahinga o ia rā, i pokaia ngā ITN hou me ngā kupenga whakahaere kāore i rongoatia ki ngā kōhao e ono 4 x 4 cm: e rua i ia taha roa, kotahi i ia taha poto, e ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te WHO. I tāutahia te kupenga namu ki roto i te whare mā te here i ngā taha o ngā tuanui ki ngā taura ki ngā whao i ngā kokonga o runga o ngā pakitara o te whare. I arotakehia ngā maimoatanga e whai ake nei i roto i ia whakamātautau whare:
I arotakehia ngā kupenga kua pakeke ki te mara i roto i ngā whare whakamātautau i te tau kotahi i tangohia ai ngā kupenga. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau whare i te wāhi kotahi mai i Mei ki Hepetema 2021, mai i Āperira ki Hune 2022, me Mei ki Hūrae 2023, ā, i tangohia ngā kupenga i muri i ngā marama 12, 24, me te 36. Kotahi te huringa maimoatanga katoa o ia whakamātautau (54 pō i roto i te 9 wiki), engari mō ngā marama 12, i te wā i whakahaerehia ai ngā huringa maimoatanga e rua hei whakanui ake i te rahi o te tauira waeroa. I te whai i te hoahoa tapawhā Latina, i hurihia ngā maimoatanga ia wiki i waenga i ngā whare whakamātautau hei whakahaere i ngā pānga o te taunga whare, i ia rā i hurihia ngā tūao hei whakahaere i ngā rerekētanga o te ataahua o ngā waeroa o ia manaaki. I kohia ngā waeroa i ngā rā e 6 o te wiki; i te rā 7, i mua i te huringa hurihuri e whai ake nei, i horoia ngā whare, ā, i whakapūhautia kia kore ai e pangia e te mate.
Ko ngā hua matua mō te maimoatanga whare whakamātautau ki ngā waeroa Anopheles gambiae e ātete ana ki te pyrethroid me te whakatairite i te ITN o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei me te kupenga Interceptor® pyrethroid-anake ko:
Ko ngā whai huatanga tuarua mō te maimoatanga whare whakamātautau ki ngā waeroa Anopheles gambiae e ātete ana ki te pyrethroid ko ēnei e whai ake nei:
Te Pupuri (%) – te whakahekenga o te maha o ngā whakaurunga ki te rōpū i rongoatia ki te rōpū kāore i rongoatia. Ko te tataunga penei:
ko Tu te maha o ngā waeroa kei roto i te rōpū whakahaere kāore i rongoatia, ā, ko Tt te maha o ngā waeroa kei roto i te rōpū i rongoatia.
Te Auau o te Whakakorikori (%) – Te auau o te whakakorikori nā te riri pea mai i te maimoatanga, e whakaatuhia ana hei ōwehenga o ngā waeroa i kohia i runga i te taupee.
Ko te tauwehenga pehi toto (%) ko te whakahekenga o te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa ngote toto i roto i te rōpū i rongoatia ki te rōpū whakahaere kāore i rongoatia. Ko te tikanga tatau penei: ko Bfu te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa ngote toto i roto i te rōpū whakahaere kāore i rongoatia, ā, ko Bft te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa ngote toto i roto i te rōpū i rongoatia.
Te whakaiti i te momonatanga (%) — te whakaiti i te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa momona i roto i te rōpū i rongoatia ki te whakataurite ki te mana whakahaere kāore i rongoatia. Ko te tikanga tatau penei: ko Fu te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa momona i roto i te rōpū whakahaere kāore i rongoatia, ā, ko Ft te ōwehenga o ngā waeroa momona i roto i te rōpū i rongoatia.
Hei aroturuki i ngā panonitanga o te ātete o ngā taupori kawe Covè i roto i te wā, i whakahaerehia e te WHO ngā whakamātautau koiora in vitro me te vial i te tau kotahi o ia whakamātautau hut whakamātautau (2021, 2022, 2023) hei aromatawai i te ngoikore ki te AI i roto i ngā ITN e rangahauhia ana, me te whakamōhio i te whakamaoritanga o ngā hua. I roto i ngā rangahau in vitro, i whakaaturia ngā waeroa ki ngā pepa tātari i rongoatia ki ngā kukū kua tautuhia o te alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) me te deltamethrin (0.05%), me ngā pounamu kua pania ki ngā kukū kua tautuhia o te CFP (100 μg/pounamu) me te PPF (100 μg/pounamu) hei aromatawai i te ngoikore ki ēnei patu pepeke. I tirotirohia te kaha o te ātete pyrethroid mā te whakaatu i ngā waeroa ki ngā kukū rerekētanga 5-ngā (0.25%) me te 10-ngā (0.50%) o te α-cypermethrin me te deltamethrin. Hei whakamutunga, i aromatawaihia te takoha o te PBO synergy me te cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) ki te ātete pyrethroid mā te whakaatu i mua i ngā waeroa ki ngā kukū rerekē o te α-cypermethrin (0.05%) me te deltamethrin (0.05%), me te whakaatu i mua i te PBO (4%). I hokona mai te pepa tātari i whakamahia mō te whakamātautau ngongo WHO mai i Universiti Sains Malaysia. I whakaritea ngā ipu whakamātautau bioassay WHO mā te whakamahi i te CFP me te PPF e ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te WHO.
I kohia ngā waeroa i whakamahia mō ngā whakamātautau koiora i te wā torongū mai i ngā wāhi whakaputa uri tata ki ngā whare whakamātautau, kātahi ka whakatipuria hei pakeke. I ia wā, neke atu i te 100 ngā waeroa i tukuna ki ia maimoatanga mō te 60 meneti, me te 4 ngā tāruarua mō ia ngongo/pounamu, me te tata ki te 25 ngā waeroa mō ia ngongo/pounamu. Mō ngā whakaaturanga pyrethroid me te CFP, i whakamahia ngā waeroa kāore i whāngaihia 3–5 rā te pakeke, engari mō te PPF, i whakamahia ngā waeroa ngote toto 5–7 rā te pakeke hei whakaoho i te oogenesis me te aromatawai i te pānga o te PPF ki te whakaputa uri o ngā waeroa. I whakahaerehia ngā whakaaturanga whakarara mā te whakamahi i te pepa tātari kua whakakiia ki te hinu silicone, te PBO ma (4%), me ngā pounamu kua pania ki te acetone hei mana whakahaere. I te mutunga o te whakaaturanga, i whakawhitia ngā waeroa ki ngā ipu kāore i rongoatia, ā, i tukuna ki te huruhuru miro kua rumakina ki te 10% (w/v) otinga huka. I tuhia te mate 24 hāora i muri i te whakaaturanga pyrethroid, ā, i ia 24 hāora mō te 72 hāora i muri i te whakaaturanga CFP me te PPF. Hei aromatawai i te ngoikore ki te PPF, i tangohia ngā waeroa ora i pāngia e te PPF me ngā mana whakahaere kino e pā ana i muri i te tuhi i te mate whakaroa, i tirohia te whanaketanga o ngā whatukuhu mā te whakamahi i te karuārai matū, ā, i aromatawaihia te momonatanga i runga i te wāhanga whanaketanga hua manu a Christopher [28, 30]. Mena kua tino whanake ngā hua ki te wāhanga V a Christopher, ka whakarōpūtia ngā waeroa he momona, ā, ki te kore ngā hua i tino whanake, ā, i noho tonu i ngā wāhanga I–IV, ka whakarōpūtia ngā waeroa he pakoko.
I ia wā o te tau, i tapahia ngā wahi 30 × 30 cm mai i ngā kupenga hou me ngā kupenga kua pakeke i te parae i ngā wāhi kua tohua i roto i ngā taunakitanga a te WHO [22]. I muri i te tapahi, i tāpirihia he tapanga ki ngā kupenga, i takaihia ki te pepa konumohe, ā, i rongoatia ki roto i te pouaka whakamātao i te 4 ± 2 °C hei ārai i te hekenga o te AI ki roto i te papanga. Kātahi ka tukuna ngā kupenga ki te Walloon Agricultural Research Centre i Belgium mō te tātari matū hei ine i ngā huringa o te ihirangi AI katoa i roto i tō rātou roanga mahi. Kua whakamāramahia i mua ngā tikanga tātari i whakamahia (i runga i ngā tikanga i tūtohutia e te International Cooperative Committee for Pesticide Analysis) [25, 31].
Mō ngā raraunga whakamātautau whare whakamātautau, i whakarapopototia te tapeke o ngā waeroa ora/mate, ngau/kore ngau, me ngā waeroa momona/korekore i roto i ngā wāhanga whare rerekē mō ia maimoatanga i roto i ia whakamātautau hei tatau i ngā putanga taurite (mate 72-hāora, ngau, ectoparasitism, mauhanga kupenga, momonatanga) me ō rātou wā whakawhirinaki 95% (CI). I tātarihia ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā maimoatanga mō ēnei putanga rua taurite mā te whakamahi i te whakatauranga logistic, ko ngā rerekētanga mō ngā putanga tatau i tātarihia mā te whakamahi i te whakatauranga binomial kino. Nā te mea e rua ngā huringa hurihuri maimoatanga i whakahaerehia i ia 12 marama, ā, i whakamatautauria ētahi maimoatanga puta noa i ngā whakamātautau, i whakatikatikaina ngā tātaritanga urunga waeroa mō te maha o ngā rā i whakamatautauria ai ia maimoatanga. I tātarihia hoki te ITN hou mō ia putanga hei whiwhi i tētahi whakatau tata kotahi mō ngā wā katoa. Haunga te taurangi whakamārama matua o te maimoatanga, i roto i ia tauira ko te whare, te moenga, te wā whakamātautau, te taupū whakatuwheratanga ITN, me te rā hei pānga pumau hei whakahaere i te rerekētanga nā ngā rerekētanga o te moenga takitahi me te ataahua o te whare, te wā, te tūnga kupenga waeroa, me te marara nui. Nā ngā tātaritanga whakamuri i whakaputa ngā ōwehenga ōrite kua whakatikatikaina (OR) me ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95% e rite ana hei whakatau tata i te pānga o te ITN o te whakatupuranga hou ki te kupenga pyrethroid-anake, Interceptor®, ki ngā putanga tuatahi o te mate namu me te hua. I whakamahia hoki ngā uara P mai i ngā tauira hei tohu reta kiato e tohu ana i te hiranga tatauranga i te taumata 5% mō ngā whakataurite takirua katoa o ngā putanga tuatahi me te tuarua. I whakahaerehia ngā tātaritanga whakamuri katoa i roto i te Stata putanga 18.
I whakamāramahia te ngoikore o ngā taupori kawe Covese i runga i te mate me te hua i kitea i roto i te vitro me te whakamātautau koiora pounamu e ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te World Health Organization. I whakaratohia e ngā hua tātari matū te ihirangi AI katoa i roto i ngā kongakonga ITN, i whakamahia hei tatau i te reiti pupuri AI i roto i ngā kupenga kua pakeke i te mara, ki te whakataurite ki ngā kupenga hou i ia wā o ia tau. I tuhia ā-ringa ngā raraunga katoa ki ngā puka paerewa, kātahi ka whakaurua rua ki roto i te pātengi raraunga Microsoft Excel.
I whakaaetia e ngā Komiti Matatika o te Manatū Hauora o Benin (Nama 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), te Kura Hauora me te Rongoā Tropika o Rānana (LSHTM) (Nama 16237) me te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (Nama ERC.0003153) te whakahaere i tētahi whakamātautau whare whakamātautau e uru ana ngā tūao. I whiwhi whakaaetanga ā-tuhi mai i ngā tūao katoa i mua i te whai wāhi atu ki te rangahau. I whiwhi ngā tūao katoa i te rongoā ārai mate kore utu hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o te malaria, ā, i mahi tētahi nēhi puta noa i te whakamātautau hei aromatawai i tētahi tūao i puta he tohu o te kirika, he tauhohenga kino rānei ki te hua whakamātautau.
Ko ngā hua katoa mai i ngā whare whakamātautau, e whakarāpopoto ana i te tapeke o ngā waeroa ora/mate, ngā waeroa hiakai/whāngai toto, me ngā waeroa momona/kore hua mō ia rōpū whakamātautau, me ngā tatauranga whakaahuatanga hoki, e whakaatuhia ana hei rauemi tāpiri (Ripanga S1).
I roto i tētahi whare whakamātautau i Kowa, Benin, i pehia te whāngai toto i ngā waeroa Anopheles gambiae e ātete ana ki te pyrethroid. I kohikohia ngā raraunga mai i ngā mana whakahaere kāore i rongoātia me ngā kupenga hou puta noa i ngā whakamātautau hei whakarato i tētahi whakatau tata whai huatanga kotahi. Mā te tātaritanga whakatauranga logistic, kāore i tino rerekē ngā pou me ngā reta noa i te taumata 5% (p > 0.05). Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95%.
Te matenga o ngā waeroa Anopheles gambiae ātete-pyrethroid e tomo ana ki tētahi whare whakamātautau i Kowa, Benin. I kohikohia ngā raraunga mai i ngā mana whakahaere kāore i rongoātia me ngā kupenga hou puta noa i ngā whakamātautau hei whakarato i tētahi whakatau tata kotahi mō te whai huatanga. Mā te tātaritanga whakatauranga logistic, kāore i tino rerekē ngā pou me ngā reta noa i te taumata 5% (p > 0.05). Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95%.
E whakaahua ana te ōwehenga tūponotanga i te rerekētanga o te mate me ngā kupenga waeroa o te whakatupuranga hou ki te whakataurite ki ngā kupenga waeroa pyrethroid anake. Ko te rārangi iraira e tohu ana i te ōwehenga tūponotanga o te 1, e tohu ana kāore he rerekētanga o te mate. Ko te ōwehenga tūponotanga > 1 e tohu ana i te mate teitei ake me ngā kupenga waeroa o te whakatupuranga hou. I kohikohia ngā raraunga mō ngā kupenga waeroa o te whakatupuranga hou puta noa i ngā whakamātautau hei whakaputa i tētahi whakatau tata kotahi mō te whai huatanga. Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95%.
Ahakoa i whakaatuhia e Interceptor® te mate iti rawa o ngā ITN katoa i whakamatautauria, kāore te koroheketanga o te mara i pā kino ki te mate o ngā kaipatu. Inaa, i hua ake i te Interceptor® hou te 12% o te mate, engari ko ngā kupenga kua pakeketia i te mara i whakaatu i te whakapainga iti i te 12 marama (17%, p=0.006) me te 24 marama (17%, p=0.004), i mua i te hokinga ki ngā taumata rite ki ngā kupenga hou i te 36 marama (11%, p=0.05). He rerekē, ka heke haere ngā reiti mate mō te whakatupuranga hou o ngā kupenga i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke i roto i te wā i muri i te whakatinanatanga. Ko te whakahekenga i tino kitea ki te Interceptor® G2, i reira ka heke te mate mai i te 58% me ngā mata hou ki te 36% i te 12 marama (p< 0.001), 31% i te 24 marama (p< 0.001), me te 20% i te 36 marama (p< 0.001). Nā te PermaNet® 3.0 hou i heke te mate ki te 37%, ā, i heke nui hoki ki te 20% i te 12 marama (p< 0.001), 16% i te 24 marama (p< 0.001), me te 18% i te 36 marama (p< 0.001). I kitea tētahi ia āhua rite ki a Royal Guard®, ā, nā te whatunga hou i heke te mate mā te 33%, ā, i muri mai ka heke nui ki te 21% i te 12 marama (p< 0.001), 17% i te 24 marama (p< 0.001) me te 15% i te 36 marama (p< 0.001).
Te whakahekenga o te hua o ngā waeroa Anopheles gambiae ātete-pyrethroid e tomo ana ki tētahi whare whakamātautau i Kwa, Benin. I kohikohia ngā raraunga mai i ngā mana whakahaere kāore i te rongoātia me ngā kupenga hou puta noa i ngā whakamātautau hei whakarato i tētahi whakatau tata kotahi mō te whai huatanga. Kāore i tino rerekē ngā pae me ngā reta noa i te taumata 5% (p > 0.05) mā te tātaritanga whakatauranga logistic. Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95%.
E whakaahua ana ngā ōwehenga tūpono i te rerekētanga o te momonatanga o ngā kupenga waeroa o te whakatupuranga hou ki te whakataurite ki ngā kupenga waeroa pyrethroid anake. Ko te rārangi iraira he ōwehenga 1, e tohu ana kāore he rerekētanga o te momonatanga. Ngā ōwehenga tūponoKo te < 1 e tohu ana i te hekenga nui ake o te momonatanga me ngā kupenga namu o te whakatupuranga hou. I kohikohia ngā raraunga mō ngā kupenga namu o te whakatupuranga hou puta noa i ngā whakamātautau hei whakaputa i tētahi whakatau tata kotahi mō te whai huatanga. Ko ngā pae hapa e tohu ana i ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95%.
Wā tuku: 17-Pepuere-2025