Ko te nuinga o ngā pūrongo e pā ana ki ngā pepeke Lepidoptera tino nui e toru, arā,Chilo suppressalis,Ngā incertulas o te Scirpophaga, meCnaphalocrocis medinalis(ngā Crambidae katoa), koinei ngā whāinga oBtte raihi, me ngā pepeke Hemiptera nui e rua, arā,Sogatella furciferameNilaparvata lugens(ngā Delphacidae e rua).
E ai ki ngā tuhinga, ko ngā kaipahua matua o ngā pepeke raihi lepidoptera nō ngā whānau tekau o Araneae, ā, kei reira anō ētahi atu momo kaipahua nō ngā Coleoptera, Hemiptera, me Neuroptera. Ko ngā pirinoa o ngā pepeke raihi lepidoptera nō ngā whānau e ono o Hymenoptera te nuinga, me ētahi momo nō ngā whānau e rua o Diptera (arā, ko Tachinidae me Sarcophagidae). Haunga ngā momo pepeke matua e toru o ngā pepeke lepidoptera, ko ngā LepidopteraNaranga aenescens(Ngā Noctuidae),Parnara guttata(Hesperiidae),Mycalesis gotama(Ngā Nymphalidae), mePseudaletia wehea(Noctuidae) kua tuhia hoki hei pepeke raihi. Heoi, nā te mea kāore e nui te mate o te raihi i a rātou, he onge te rangahau i a rātou, ā, he iti noa ngā kōrero e wātea ana mō ō rātou hoariri tūturu.
Ko ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā pepeke nui e rua o te hemiptera,S. furciferameN. lugens, kua rangahaua whānuitia. Ko te nuinga o ngā momo kaipahua e kīia ana ka whakaeke i ngā kararehe kai otaota hemipteran ko ngā momo kotahi e whakaeke ana i ngā kararehe kai otaota lepidopteran , nā te mea he whānui te nuinga o rātou. Ko ngā parasitoid o ngā pepeke hemipteran nō ngā Delphacidae nō ngā whānau hymenopteran Trichogrammatidae, Mymaridae, me Dryinidae te nuinga. Waihoki, e mōhiotia ana ngā parasitoid hymenopteran mō te pepeke tipu.Nezara viridula(Pentatomidae). Ngā thripsStenchaetothrips biformis(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) he pepeke raihi noa i te tonga o Haina, ā, ko ōna kaipahua he Coleoptera me Hemiptera te nuinga, kāore anō kia kitea he parasitoid. Ngā momo Orthoptera pēnei iOxya chinensis(Acrididae) ka kitea nuitia hoki i ngā mara raihi, ā, ko te nuinga o ā rātou kaipahua ko ngā momo Araneae, Coleoptera, me Mantodea.Oulema oryzae(Chrysomelidae), he pepeke nui o te Coleoptera i Haina, e whakaekea ana e ngā kaipahua coleopteran me ngā parasitoid hymenopteran. Ko ngā hoariri tūturu matua o ngā pepeke dipteran ko ngā parasitoid hymenopteran.
Hei aromatawai i te taumata o te pānga o ngā pūmua Cry ki ngā angaangaBtI roto i ngā mara raihi, i whakahaerehia he whakamātautau mara kua tāruatia tata ki Xiaogan (Porowini o Hubei, Haina) i ngā tau 2011 me 2012.
He rite tonu ngā kukū o Cry2A i kitea i roto i ngā kiko raihi i kohia i te tau 2011 me te tau 2012. Ko ngā rau raihi te kukū teitei rawa o Cry2A (mai i te 54 ki te 115 μg/g DW), ā, whai muri ko te hae raihi (mai i te 33 ki te 46 μg/g DW). Ko ngā kakau te kukū iti rawa (mai i te 22 ki te 32 μg/g DW).
I whakamahia ngā tikanga tauira rerekē (tae atu ki te tauira momi, te pepa patu me te rapu tirohanga) hei kohi i ngā momo angaanga tipu e 29 e kitea nuitia ana i roto i teBtme te whakahaere i ngā māra raihi i te wā o te pua me muri i te pua i te tau 2011, me mua atu hoki, i te wā o te pua me muri i te pua i te tau 2012. Kua tohua ngā kukū teitei rawa o Cry2A i inehia i roto i ngā angaanga i kohia i tētahi o ngā rā tauira.
I kohia, ā, i tātarihia te katoa o ngā kararehe kai kore-whainga 13 mai i ngā whānau 11 nō ngā Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, me Thysanoptera. I roto i te raupapa Hemiptera pakeke oS. furciferame ngā nimfa me ngā pakeke oN. lugenshe iti noa iho te nui o Cry2A (<0.06 μg/g DW) engari kāore i kitea te pūmua i roto i ētahi atu momo. He rerekē, he nui ake te nui o Cry2A (mai i te 0.15 ki te 50.7 μg/g DW) i kitea i roto i ngā tauira katoa o Diptera, Thysanoptera, me Orthoptera engari kotahi. Ko ngā thripsS. biformisi roto i ngā kukū teitei rawa o Cry2A o ngā angaanga katoa i kohia, he tata ki ngā kukū i roto i ngā kiko raihi. I te wā o te pua,S. biformiskei roto ko te Cry2A i te 51 μg/g DW, he nui ake i te kukū i roto i ngā tauira i kohia i mua i te pua (35 μg/g DW). Waihoki, ko te taumata pūmua i roto iAgromyzasp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) he nui ake i te 2 ngā wā i roto i ngā tauira i kohia i te wā o te pua raihi i mua atu, i muri rānei i te pua raihi. He rerekē, ko te taumata i roto iEuconocephalus thunbergii(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) e tata ana ki te 2.5 ngā wā teitei ake i roto i ngā tauira i kohia i muri i te pua i tērā i te wā i kohia ai.
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-06-2021