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He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā patu harore i te wā e puāwai ana ngā hua rākau, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakawehi i ngā pepeke whakapūpū. Heoi, he iti noa iho ngā mōhiotanga mō te urupare a ngā pepeke whakapūpū ehara i te pī (hei tauira, ngā pī takitahi, Osmia cornifrons) ki ngā patu harore whakapā me ngā patu harore pūnaha e whakamahia ana i runga i ngā aporo i te wā e puāwai ana. Ka whakawhāitihia e tēnei āputa mōhiotanga ngā whakataunga ture e whakatau ana i ngā kukū haumaru me te wā o te rehu patu harore. I aromatawaihia e mātou ngā pānga o ngā patu harore whakapā e rua (captan me mancozeb) me ngā patu harore ā-papa/pūnaha e whā (ciprocycline, myclobutanil, pyrostrobin me trifloxystrobin). Ngā pānga ki te whakanui i te taumaha o ngā torongū, te oranga, te ōwehenga ira tangata me te kanorau o ngā huakita. I whakahaerehia te aromatawai mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakamātautau koiora ā-waha mau tonu i tukuna ai te hae ki roto i ngā horopeta e toru i runga i te horopeta kua tūtohutia mō te whakamahinga mara (1X), te horopeta haurua (0.5X) me te horopeta iti (0.1X). Ko ngā horopeta katoa o te mancozeb me te pyritisoline i whakaiti nui i te taumaha tinana me te oranga o ngā torongū. Kātahi ka raupapahia e mātou te ira 16S hei whakaahua i te bacteriome torongū o te mancozeb, te patu harore e kawenga ana mō te mate teitei rawa atu. I kitea e mātou kua tino heke te kanorau me te nui o ngā huakita i roto i ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te hae i rongoatia ki te mancozeb. E whakaatu ana ngā hua o ā mātou taiwhanga he tino kino te rehu i ētahi o ēnei patu harore i te wā e puāwai ana ki te hauora o O. cornifrons. He mea nui ēnei mōhiohio mō ngā whakataunga whakahaere ā muri ake nei e pā ana ki te whakamahinga pumau o ngā hua tiaki rākau hua, ā, he pūtake hoki mō ngā tukanga ture e aro ana ki te tiaki i ngā kaiwhakatupu pollinator.
I whakaurua mai te pī mason takitahi, arā, ko Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) ki te Hononga o Amerika mai i Hapani i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970 me te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, ā, he mahi nui tā te momo nei hei kaiwhakapūhui i roto i ngā pūnaha rauropi whakahaeretia mai i taua wā. Ko ngā taupori tūturu o tēnei pī he wāhanga o te 50 momo pī mohoao e tautoko ana i ngā pī e whakapūhui ana i ngā māra aramona me ngā māra aporo i te Hononga o Amerika2,3. He maha ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā pī Mason, tae atu ki te wehewehe i ngā kāinga noho, ngā mate urutā, me ngā patupatu3,4. I roto i ngā patupatu, ka whakaitihia e ngā patupatu te whiwhi pūngao, te kimi kai5 me te whakapakari tinana6,7. Ahakoa e kī ana ngā rangahau hou ko te hauora o ngā pī Mason he pānga tika ki ngā moroiti commensal me ectobactic, 8,9 nā te mea ka taea e ngā huakita me ngā harore te awe i te kai me ngā urupare ārai mate, kei te tīmata noa te ako i ngā pānga o te whakaaturanga patupatu ki te kanorau moroiti o ngā pī Mason.
Ka rehuhia ngā patu harore o ngā pānga rerekē (pā me te pūnaha) ki roto i ngā māra huarākau i mua atu me te wā e puāwai ana hei rongoā i ngā mate pēnei i te pāpaka aporo, te pirau kawa, te pirau parauri me te koriri paura10,11. E kiia ana he kore kino ngā patu harore ki ngā kaiwhakapūhui, nō reira ka tūtohutia ki ngā māra i te wā puāwai; He mōhiotia whānuitia te pānga me te horomitanga o ēnei patu harore e ngā pī, nā te mea he wāhanga o te tukanga rēhita patu pesticide e te US Environmental Protection Agency me te maha atu o ngā tari whakahaere ā-motu12,13,14. Heoi, he iti ake te mōhiotia o ngā pānga o ngā patu harore ki ngā mea ehara i te pī nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia ana i raro i ngā whakaaetanga whakamanatanga hokohoko i te United States15. Hei tāpiri, he tikanga paerewa mō te whakamātautau i ngā pī takitahi16,17, ā, he uaua te pupuri i ngā koroni e whakarato ana i ngā pī hei whakamātautau18. Kei te piki haere te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau o ngā pī whakahaere rerekē i Uropi me te USA hei ako i ngā pānga o ngā patu pesticide ki ngā pī mohoao, ā, kua whakawhanakehia ngā tikanga paerewa mō O. cornifrons19.
He monocyte ngā pī haona, ā, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hua kāpa hei tāpiringa, hei whakakapi rānei mō ngā pī honi. Ka puta mai ēnei pī i waenganui i a Poutū-te-rangi me Āperira, ā, ka puta mai ngā tāne kua pakeke i mua i ngā uwha i ngā rā e toru ki te whā. Whai muri i te moepuku, ka kohi kaha te uwha i te hae me te nekita hei whakarato i tētahi raupapa pūtau uri i roto i te kōhao ngongo (taiao, hangai rānei)1,20. Ka whakatakotoria ngā hua ki runga i te hae i roto i ngā pūtau; kātahi ka hanga e te uwha he pakitara uku i mua i te whakarite i te pūtau e whai ake nei. Ka karapotia ngā torongū tuatahi o te tau rangatahi ki roto i te chorion, ā, ka whāngai i ngā wai kukune. Mai i te tau rangatahi tuarua ki te tau rangatahi tuarima (prepupa), ka whāngai ngā torongū i te hae22. Kia pau rawa te nui o te hae, ka hanga ngā torongū i ngā kōkō, ka huri hei kōpiko, ka puta hei pakeke i roto i te rūma uri kotahi, i te nuinga o te wā i te mutunga o te raumati20,23. Ka puta mai ngā pakeke i te puna e whai ake nei. Ko te oranga o te pakeke e pā ana ki te pikinga pūngao kupenga (te pikinga taumaha) i runga i te kai e kainga ana. Nō reira, ko te kounga kai o te hae, me ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te rangi, te pānga rānei ki ngā patupatu, he mea whakatau i te oranga me te hauora24.
Ka taea e ngā patu pepeke me ngā patu harore i whakamahia i mua i te pua te neke i roto i ngā toto o te tipu ki ngā taumata rerekē, mai i te translaminar (hei tauira, ka taea te neke mai i te mata o runga o ngā rau ki te mata o raro, pērā i ētahi patu harore) 25 ki ngā pānga tino pūnaha. , ka taea te uru ki te karauna mai i ngā pakiaka, ka taea te uru ki te nekita o ngā pua aporo 26, ka taea e rātou te patu i ngā O. cornifrons pakeke 27. Ka uru atu hoki ētahi patu pepeke ki roto i te hae, ka pā ki te whanaketanga o ngā torongū kānga, ā, ka mate rātou 19. Kua whakaatuhia e ētahi atu rangahau ka taea e ētahi patu harore te whakarerekē nui i te whanonga kōhanga o te momo e pā ana ki a O. lignaria 28. Hei tāpiri, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau taiwhanga me ngā rangahau mara e whai ana i ngā āhuatanga whakaeke patu pepeke (tae atu ki ngā patu harore) he pānga kino ngā patu pepeke ki te āhua o te tinana 22 29 me te oranga o ngā pī honi me ētahi pī takitahi. Ko ngā rehu patu harore i whakamahia tika ki ngā pua tuwhera i te wā pua ka poke pea i te hae i kohia e ngā pakeke mō te whanaketanga torongū, ā, me ako tonu ngā pānga o aua mea 30.
E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te whanaketanga o ngā torongū e pāngia ana e te hae me ngā hapori moroiti o te pūnaha nakunaku. Ka pā te moroiti pī honi ki ngā tawhā pēnei i te taumaha tinana31, ngā huringa pākia22 me te ngoikore ki ngā mate32. Kua tirotirohia e ngā rangahau o mua te awe o te wāhanga whanaketanga, ngā matūkai, me te taiao ki ngā moroiti o ngā pī takitahi. I whakaatuhia e ēnei rangahau ngā āhuatanga ōrite o te hanganga me te nui o ngā moroiti torongū me te hae33, tae atu ki ngā momo kitakita tino noa Pseudomonas me Delftia, i roto i ngā momo pī takitahi. Heoi, ahakoa kua honoa ngā harore ki ngā rautaki hei tiaki i te hauora o ngā pī, kāore anō kia tūhuratia ngā pānga o ngā harore ki ngā moroiti torongū mā te pānga tika ki te waha.
I whakamātauhia e tēnei rangahau ngā pānga o ngā horopeta tūturu o ngā patu harore e ono e whakamahia whānuitia ana kua rēhitatia hei whakamahi ki ngā hua rākau i te United States, tae atu ki ngā patu harore whakapā me ngā patu harore pūnaha i tukuna ā-waha ki ngā torongū pūrerehua kutukutu kānga mai i ngā kai poke. I kitea e mātou ko ngā patu harore whakapā me ngā patu harore pūnaha i whakaiti i te pikinga o te taumaha tinana o te pī me te whakanui ake i te mate, me ngā pānga tino kino e pā ana ki te mancozeb me te pyrithiopide. Kātahi ka whakaritea e mātou te kanorau moroiti o ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te kai hae i rongoatia ki te mancozeb ki ērā i whāngaihia ki te kai whakahaere. Ka matapakihia e mātou ngā tikanga pea e pā ana ki te mate me ngā pānga ki ngā kaupapa whakahaere pepeke me ngā kaiwhakapoipoi whakauru (IPPM)36.
I tangohia mai ngā O. cornifron pakeke i noho i roto i ngā kōkō i te takurua mai i te Fruit Research Center, Biglerville, PA, ā, i rongoatia ki te −3 ki te 2°C (±0.3°C). I mua i te whakamātautau (600 kōkō katoa). I te marama o Mei 2022, 100 ngā kōkō O. cornifron i whakawhitia i ia rā ki roto i ngā kapu kirihou (50 kōkō mō ia kapu, DI 5 cm × 15 cm te roa) ā, i whakanohoia he tauera ki roto i ngā kapu hei whakatairanga i te whakatuwheratanga me te whakarato i tētahi papa ngaungau, hei whakaiti i te ahotea ki ngā pī kōhatu37. Whakanohoia kia rua ngā kapu kirihou kei roto ngā kōkō ki roto i tētahi whare pepeke (30 × 30 × 30 cm, BugDorm MegaView Science Co. Ltd., Taiwan) me ngā whāngai 10 ml kei roto te 50% otinga sucrose, ā, rongoatia mō ngā rā e whā hei whakarite i te katinga me te moepuku. 23°C, haumākū whanaunga 60%, wā whakaahua 10 l (kaha iti): 14 rā. I tukuna i ia ata mō ngā rā e ono (100 ia rā) ki roto i ngā kōhanga horihori e rua i te wā e puāwai ana te aporo (kōhanga mahanga: whānui 33.66 × teitei 30.48 × roa 46.99 cm; Pikitia Tāpiri 1). I whakanohoia ki te Pennsylvania State Arboretum, e tata ana ki te cherry (Prunus cerasus 'Eubank' Sweet Cherry Pie™), te pītiti (Prunus persica 'Contender'), te Prunus persica 'PF 27A' Flamin Fury®), te pea (Pyrus perifolia 'Olympic', Pyrus perifolia 'Shinko', Pyrus perifolia 'Shinseiki'), te rākau aporo coronaria (Malus coronaria) me ngā momo rākau aporo maha (Malus coronaria, Malus), te rākau aporo kāinga 'Co-op 30′ Enterprise™, te rākau aporo Malus 'Co-Op 31′ Winecrisp™, te begonia 'Freedom', te Begonia 'Golden Delicious', te Begonia 'Nova Spy'). E rua ngā pouaka rakau e tau ana ki ia whare manu kirihou kikorangi. E 800 ngā ngongo pepa kraft kau i roto i ia pouaka kōhanga (tuwhera porowhita, 0.8 cm te whānui × 15 cm te whānui) (Jonesville Paper Tube Co., Michigan) kua whakaurua ki roto i ngā ngongo cellophane mātotoru (0.7 OD tirohia). Mā ngā mono kirihou (mono T-1X) ka taea te hanga kōhanga.
I anga ngā pouaka kōhanga e rua ki te rawhiti, ā, i hipokina ki te taiapa māra kirihou matomato (tauira Everbilt #889250EB12, rahi whakatuwheratanga 5 × 5 cm, 0.95 m × 100 m) hei ārai i te urunga mai o ngā kiore me ngā manu, ā, i whakatakotoria ki runga i te mata oneone i te taha o ngā pouaka oneone o te pouaka kōhanga. Pouaka kōhanga (Pikitia Tāpiri 1a). I kohia ngā hua manu kānga i ia rā mā te kohikohi i ngā ngongo 30 mai i ngā kōhanga, ā, ka haria ki te taiwhanga. Mā te whakamahi i te kutikuti, tapahia te pito o te ngongo, kātahi ka wetewete i te ngongo porowhita hei whakaatu i ngā pūtau uri. I tangohia ngā hua takitahi me ō rātou hae mā te whakamahi i te spatula piko (kete taputapu Microslide, BioQuip Products Inc., California). I whaowhia ngā hua ki runga i te pepa tātari haukū, ā, i whakatakotoria ki roto i te rihi Petri mō ngā haora e 2 i mua i te whakamahinga i roto i ā mātou whakamātautau (Pikitia Tāpiri 1b-d).
I roto i te taiwhanga, i arotakehia e mātou te paitini ā-waha o ngā patu harore e ono i whakamahia i mua atu, ā, i te wā e puāwai ana te aporo i ngā kukū e toru (0.1X, 0.5X, me te 1X, ko te 1X te tohu i whakamahia mō ia 100 karani wai/eka. Te horopeta nui o te mara = te kukū i te mara). , Ripanga 1). I whakahokia ia kukū 16 ngā wā (n = 16). E rua ngā patu harore whakapā (Ripanga S1: mancozeb 2696.14 ppm me te captan 2875.88 ppm) me ngā patu harore pūnaha e whā (Ripanga S1: pyrithiostrobin 250.14 ppm; trifloxystrobin 110.06 ppm; myclobutanil azole 75 .12 ppm; cyprodinil 280.845 ppm) te paitini ki ngā hua, ki ngā huawhenua me ngā hua whakapaipai. I whakaranua e mātou te hae ki te whakamahi i te mīhini huri, i whakawhitia te 0.20 karamu ki tētahi poka (24-poka Falcon Plate), ā, i tāpirihia, i whakaranua hoki te 1 μL o te otinga harore hei hanga hae piramita me ngā poka hohonu 1 mm hei whakanoho i ngā hua. Whakatakotoria mā te whakamahi i tētahi spatula iti (Pikitia Tāpiri 1c,d). I rongoatia ngā pereti Falcon ki te pāmahana rūma (25°C) me te haumākū whanaunga 70%. I whakaritea e mātou ki ngā torongū mana whakahaere i whāngaihia ki te kai hae ōrite i rongoatia ki te wai parakore. I tuhia e mātou te mate, ā, i ine i te taumaha torongū i ia rā anō tae noa ki te pakeketanga o ngā torongū i mua i te whānautanga mā te whakamahi i tētahi pauna tātari (Fisher Scientific, tika = 0.0001 karamu). Hei whakamutunga, i aromatawaihia te ōwehenga ira tangata mā te whakatuwhera i te kōkō i muri i te 2.5 marama.
I tangohia te DNA mai i ngā torongū O. cornifrons katoa (n = 3 mō ia āhuatanga maimoatanga, te hae i maimoatia ki te mancozeb me te hae kāore i maimoatia) ā, i whakahaerehia e mātou he tātaritanga kanorau moroiti ki ēnei tauira, inā koa nā te mea i roto i te mancozeb te mate teitei rawa i kitea i roto i ngā torongū e whiwhi ana i te MnZn. I whakanuia te DNA, i purea mā te whakamahi i te kete DNA DNAZymoBIOMICS®-96 MagBead (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA), ā, i raupapahia (600 huringa) i runga i te Illumina® MiSeq™ mā te whakamahi i te kete v3. I whakahaerehia te raupapatanga whai take o ngā ira RNA ribosomal 16S huakita mā te whakamahi i te Quick-16S™ NGS Library Prep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA) mā te whakamahi i ngā paraime e aro ana ki te rohe V3-V4 o te ira 16S rRNA. I tua atu, i whakahaerehia te raupapatanga 18S mā te whakamahi i te 10% PhiX inclusion, ā, i whakahaerehia te whakanui ake mā te whakamahi i te takirua paraime 18S001 me NS4.
Kawemai me te tukatuka i ngā pānui takirua39 mā te whakamahi i te paipa QIIME2 (v2022.11.1). I tapahia, i whakakotahihia hoki ēnei pānui, ā, i tangohia ngā raupapa chimeric mā te whakamahi i te mono DADA2 i roto i te QIIME2 (qiime dada2 haruru takirua)40. I mahia ngā mahi tautapa akomanga 16S me 18S mā te whakamahi i te mono whakarōpū mea Classify-sklearn me te artifact silva-138-99-nb-classifier kua whakangungua.
I tirohia ngā raraunga whakamātautau katoa mō te āhua noa (Shapiro-Wilks) me te ōritetanga o ngā rerekētanga (whakamātautau a Levene). Nā te mea kāore i tutuki i te huinga raraunga ngā whakaaro o te tātari tawhā, ā, i rahua te panonitanga ki te whakataurite i ngā toenga, i whakahaerehia e mātou he ANOVA rua-ara kore-tawhā (Kruskal-Wallis) me ngā tauwehe e rua [wā (ngā wā e toru-wāhanga 2, 5, me te 8 rā) me te harore harore] hei aromatawai i te pānga o te maimoatanga ki te taumaha hou o te torongū, kātahi ka whakahaerehia ngā whakataurite takirua kore-tawhā i muri i te hoc mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau Wilcoxon. I whakamahia e mātou he tauira raina whānui (GLM) me te tohatoha Poisson hei whakataurite i ngā pānga o ngā harore harore ki te oranga puta noa i ngā kukū harore harore e toru41,42. Mō te tātari nui rerekētanga, i whakarapopototia te maha o ngā rerekētanga raupapa amplicon (ASV) i te taumata ira. I whakahaerehia ngā whakatairite o te nui rerekētanga i waenga i ngā rōpū mā te whakamahi i te 16S (taumata momo) me te nui whanaunga 18S mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira tāpiri whānui mō te tūranga, te tauine, me te āhua (GAMLSS) me ngā tohatoha whānau beta kore-whakapūmau (BEZI), i whakatauirahia i runga i tētahi macro . i roto i te Microbiome R43 (v1.1). 1). Tangohia ngā momo mitochondrial me ngā momo chloroplast i mua i te tātari rerekētanga. Nā te rerekētanga o ngā taumata whakarōpū o te 18S, ko te taumata iti rawa o ia taxon anake i whakamahia mō ngā tātari rerekētanga. I whakahaerehia ngā tātari tatauranga katoa mā te whakamahi i te R (v. 3.4.3., kaupapa CRAN) (Team 2013).
Nā te pānga ki te mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, me te trifloxystrobin i tino whakaiti te taumaha o te tinana i roto i ngā O. cornifrons (Pikitia 1). I kitea tonutia ēnei pānga mō ngā horopeta e toru i aromatawaitia (Pikitia 1a–c). Kāore i tino whakaitihia e te Cyclostrobin me te myclobutanil te taumaha o ngā torongū.
Te taumaha hou toharite o ngā torongū o te kākano i inehia i ngā wā e toru i raro i ngā maimoatanga kai e whā (whāngai hae ōrite + harore: mana whakahaere, 0.1X, 0.5X me te 1X horopeta). (a) Horomanga iti (0.1X): wā tuatahi (rā 1): χ2: 30.99, DF = 6; P < 0.0001, wā tuarua (rā 5): 22.83, DF = 0.0009; wā tuatoru; wā (rā 8): χ2: 28.39, DF = 6; (b) haurua horopeta (0.5X): wā tuatahi (rā 1): χ2: 35.67, DF = 6; P < 0.0001, wā tuarua (rā tuatahi). ): χ2: 15.98, DF = 6; P = 0.0090; te wā tuatoru (rā 8) χ2: 16.47, DF = 6; (c) Te wāhi, te horopeta katoa rānei (1X): te wā tuatahi (rā 1) χ2: 20.64, P = 6; P = 0.0326, te wā tuarua (rā 5): χ2: 22.83, DF = 6; P = 0.0009; te wā tuatoru (rā 8): χ2: 28.39, DF = 6; te tātaritanga rerekētanga kore-taurite. Ko ngā pae e tohu ana i te toharite ± SE o ngā whakataurite takirua (α = 0.05) (n = 16) *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.001, ***P ≤ 0.0001.
I te horopeta iti rawa (0.1X), i whakaitihia te taumaha tinana o te torongū mā te 60% me te trifloxystrobin, 49% me te mancozeb, 48% me te myclobutanil, me te 46% me te pyrithistrobin (Pikitia 1a). I te wā i tukuna ai ki te haurua o te horopeta mara (0.5X), i whakaitihia te taumaha tinana o ngā torongū mancozeb mā te 86%, te pyrithiostrobin mā te 52% me te trifloxystrobin mā te 50% (Pikitia 1b). Nā te horopeta mara katoa (1X) o te mancozeb i whakaitihia te taumaha torongū mā te 82%, te pyrithiostrobin mā te 70%, me te trifloxystrobin, myclobutanil me te sangard mā te 30% pea (Pikitia 1c).
Ko te mate nui rawa atu i waenga i ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te hae i rongoatia ki te mancozeb, ā, i muri mai ko te pyrithiostrobin me te trifloxystrobin. I piki ake te mate i te pikinga ake o ngā horopeta o te mancozeb me te pyritisoline (Pikitia 2; Ripanga 2). Heoi, he iti noa te pikinga o te mate o te kaipara kānga i te pikinga ake o ngā kukū o te trifloxystrobin; kāore i tino piki ake te mate i te cyprodinil me te captan i whakaritea ki ngā maimoatanga mana.
I whakaritea te matenga o ngā torongū o te ngaru pōro i muri i te horomitanga o te hae i rongoatia takitahi ki ngā patu harore e ono. He tairongo ake a Mancozeb me te pentopyramide ki te pānga ā-waha ki ngā kutukutu kānga (GLM: χ = 29.45, DF = 20, P = 0.0059) (rārangi, pari = 0.29, P < 0.001; pari = 0.24, P <0.00)).
I te toharite, puta noa i ngā maimoatanga katoa, 39.05% o ngā tūroro he wahine, ā, 60.95% he tāne. I roto i ngā maimoatanga whakahaere, ko te ōwehenga o ngā wāhine he 40% i roto i ngā rangahau horopeta iti (0.1X) me te haurua-horopeta (0.5X), me te 30% i roto i ngā rangahau horopeta mara (1X). I te horopeta 0.1X, i roto i ngā torongū whāngai hae i rongoatia ki te mancozeb me te myclobutanil, 33.33% o ngā pakeke he wahine, 22% o ngā pakeke he wahine, 44% o ngā torongū pakeke he wahine, 44% o ngā torongū pakeke he wahine. wahine, 41% o ngā torongū pakeke he wahine, ā, ko ngā mana whakahaere he 31% (Pikitia 3a). I te 0.5 ngā wā o te horopeta, 33% o ngā kutukutu pakeke i roto i te rōpū mancozeb me te pyrithiostrobin he uwha, 36% i roto i te rōpū trifloxystrobin, 41% i roto i te rōpū myclobutanil, me te 46% i roto i te rōpū cyprostrobin. Ko tēnei tatauranga he 53% i roto i te rōpū. i roto i te rōpū captan me te 38% i roto i te rōpū whakahaere (Pikitia 3b). I te horopeta 1X, 30% o te rōpū mancozeb he wāhine, 36% o te rōpū pyrithiostrobin, 44% o te rōpū trifloxystrobin, 38% o te rōpū myclobutanil, 50% o te rōpū whakahaere he wāhine – 38.5% (Pikitia 3c).
Te ōrau o ngā kaiwhao uwha me ngā kaiwhao tāne i muri i te pānga ki te patu harore i te wāhanga torongū. (a) Inenga iti (0.1X). (b) Inenga haurua (0.5X). (c) Inenga mara, inenga katoa rānei (1X).
I whakaatuhia e te tātari raupapatanga 16S he rerekē te rōpū huakita i waenga i ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te hae i maimoatia ki te mancozeb me ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te hae kāore i maimoatia (Pikitia 4a). Ko te taupū moroiti o ngā torongū kāore i maimoatia i whāngaihia ki te hae he teitei ake i tērā o ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te hae i maimoatia ki te mancozeb (Pikitia 4b). Ahakoa kāore i te tino nui te rerekētanga i kitea i roto i te momonatanga i waenga i ngā rōpū, he iti iho i tērā i kitea mō ngā torongū e kai ana i te hae kāore i maimoatia (Pikitia 4c). I whakaatuhia e te nui whanaunga he rerekē ake te microbiota o ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te hae whakahaere i tērā o ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te torongū i maimoatia ki te mancozeb (Pikitia 5a). I whakaatuhia e te tātari whakaahuatanga te aroaro o te 28 ngā momo i roto i ngā tauira whakahaere me ngā tauira i maimoatia ki te mancozeb (Pikitia 5b). c I whakaatuhia e te tātari mā te whakamahi i te raupapatanga 18S kāore he rerekētanga nui (Pikitia Tāpiri 2).
I whakaritea ngā kōtaha SAV i runga i ngā raupapatanga 16S ki te momonatanga o Shannon me te momonatanga i kitea i te taumata phylum. (a) Te tātaritanga taunga matua (PCoA) i runga i te hanganga hapori moroiti whānui i roto i ngā torongū whāngai-hae, mana whakahaere rānei (kikorangi) me te torongū whāngai-mancozeb (karaka) kāore i rongoatia. Ko ia tohu raraunga e tohu ana i tētahi tauira motuhake. I tatauhia te PCoA mā te whakamahi i te tawhiti Bray-Curtis o te tohatoha t maha-taurangi. Ko ngā porowhita e tohu ana i te taumata whakapono 80%. (b) Pouaka pouaka, raraunga taonga Shannon mata (ngā tohu) me te c. Taonga ka kitea. E whakaatu ana ngā pouaka pouaka i ngā pouaka mō te raina waenga, te awhe interquartile (IQR), me te 1.5 × IQR (n = 3).
Te hanganga o ngā hapori moroiti o ngā torongū i whāngaihia ki te hae i maimoatia ki te mancozeb, kāore hoki i maimoatia. (a) Te nui o ngā momo moroiti i roto i ngā torongū. (b) Mahere wera o ngā hapori moroiti kua tautuhia. Delftia (ōwehenga tauwehe (OR) = 0.67, P = 0.0030) me Pseudomonas (OR = 0.3, P = 0.0074), Microbacterium (OR = 0.75, P = 0.0617) (OR = 1.5, P = 0.0060); Ka whakarōpūhia ngā rarangi mahere wera mā te whakamahi i te tawhiti hononga me te hononga toharite.
E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua ko te whakamahinga ā-waha ki ngā patu harore whakapā (mancozeb) me ngā patu harore pūnaha (pyrostrobin me te trifloxystrobin), i whakamahia whānuitia i te wā pua, i tino whakaiti i te pikinga o te taumaha me te pikinga o te mate o ngā torongū kānga. Hei tāpiri, i tino whakaitihia e te mancozeb te kanorau me te momonatanga o te microbiome i te wā o mua i te whānautanga. Ko te Myclobutanil, tētahi atu patu harore pūnaha, i tino whakaiti i te pikinga o te taumaha tinana torongū i ngā horopeta e toru. I kitea tēnei pānga i te wā tuarua (rā 5) me te tuatoru (rā 8). He rerekē, kāore i tino whakaitihia e te cyprodinil me te captan te pikinga o te taumaha, te oranga rānei ki te whakataurite ki te rōpū whakahaere. Ki tā mātou mōhio, ko tēnei mahi te tuatahi ki te whakatau i ngā pānga o ngā reiti mara o ngā patu harore rerekē e whakamahia ana hei tiaki i ngā hua kānga mā te whakaaturanga tika o te hae.
I whakaitihia e ngā maimoatanga harore katoa te pikinga o te taumaha o te tinana i whakaritea ki ngā maimoatanga mana whakahaere. Ko te Mancozeb te pānga nui rawa atu ki te pikinga o te taumaha o te tinana torongū me te whakahekenga toharite o te 51%, ā, i muri mai ko te pyrithiostrobin. Heoi, kāore anō ētahi atu rangahau i kōrero mō ngā pānga kino o ngā horopeta harore parae ki ngā wāhanga torongū44. Ahakoa kua whakaatuhia he iti te paitini o ngā dithiocarbamate biocides45, ka taea e te ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDCS) pērā i te mancozeb te pakaru ki te urea ethylene sulfide. I runga i ōna pānga mutagenic i roto i ētahi atu kararehe, ko tēnei hua pakaru pea te take o ngā pānga i kitea46,47. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua ko te hanganga o te ethylene thiourea ka pāngia e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana teitei48, ngā taumata haumākū49 me te roa o te rokiroki hua50. Ko ngā tikanga rokiroki tika mō ngā biocides ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei pānga taha. Hei tāpiri, kua whakapuaki te Mana Haumaru Kai Pākehā i te āwangawanga mō te paitini o te pyrithiopide, kua whakaatuhia he carcinogenic ki ngā pūnaha nakunaku o ētahi atu kararehe51.
Ko te hoatutanga ā-waha o te mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, me te trifloxystrobin ka piki ake te mate o ngā torongū o te kānga. He rerekē, kāore he pānga o te myclobutanil, te ciprocycline me te captan ki te mate. He rerekē ēnei hua i ērā a Ladurner et al.52, i whakaatu mai i te whakaiti nui a te captan i te oranga o te O. lignaria pakeke me te Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apisidae). Hei tāpiri, kua kitea ko ngā harore patu pērā i te captan me te boscalid ka mate ngā torongū52,53,54, ka whakarerekē rānei i te whanonga kai55. Ka pā pea ēnei huringa ki te kounga kai o te hae, ā, i te mutunga, ki te pikinga pūngao o te wāhanga torongū. Ko te mate i kitea i roto i te rōpū whakahaere he rite ki ētahi atu rangahau 56,57.
Ko te ōwehenga ira tāne e pai ana ki ngā tāne i kitea i roto i tā mātou mahi ka taea te whakamārama mā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te koretake o te moe tahi me ngā āhuatanga kino o te rangi i te wā e pua ana, e ai ki ngā whakaaro o mua mō O. cornuta nā Vicens rāua ko Bosch. Ahakoa e whā ngā rā e moe tahi ai ngā uwha me ngā tāne i roto i tā mātou rangahau (he wā e kiia ana he nui mō te moe tahi angitu), i āta whakaitihia e mātou te kaha o te mārama hei whakaiti i te ahotea. Heoi, ka taea e tēnei whakarerekētanga te whakararuraru i te tukanga moe tahi61. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā rā o te rangi kino e pāngia ana e ngā pī, tae atu ki te ua me te pāmahana iti (<5°C), ka pā kino hoki ki te angitu o te moe tahi4,23.
Ahakoa i arotahi tā mātou rangahau ki te katoa o ngā momo pī, ka whakaratohia e ā mātou hua he māramatanga ki ngā whanaungatanga pea i waenga i ngā hapori huakita he mea nui pea ki te kai pī me te whakaaturanga harore. Hei tauira, ko ngā pī i whāngaihia ki te hae i rongoatia ki te mancozeb he iti ake te hanganga hapori huakita me te nui ki te whakataurite ki ngā pī i whāngaihia ki te hae kāore i rongoatia. I roto i ngā pī e kai ana i te hae kāore i rongoatia, ko ngā rōpū huakita Proteobacteria me Actinobacteria te nuinga, ā, he aerobic, he aerobic rānei te nuinga. Ko ngā huakita Delft, e hono ana ki ngā momo pī takitahi, e mōhiotia ana he mahi paturopi, e tohu ana i te tūranga tiaki pea ki ngā pathogens. Ko tētahi atu momo huakita, ko Pseudomonas, he nui i roto i ngā pī i whāngaihia ki te hae kāore i rongoatia, engari he iti rawa i roto i ngā pī i rongoatia ki te mancozeb. Ka tautoko ā mātou hua i ngā rangahau o mua i tautuhia ko Pseudomonas tētahi o ngā momo tino nui i roto i te O. bicornis35 me ētahi atu wāpi takitahi34. Ahakoa kāore anō kia rangahaua ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau mō te mahi a Pseudomonas ki te hauora o ngā O. cornifrons, kua whakaaturia te kaha o tēnei huakita ki te whakatairanga i te hanga o ngā paitini tiaki i roto i te pītara Paederus fuscipes me te whakatairanga i te pākia o te arginine i roto i te vitro 35, 65. E whakaatu ana ēnei kitenga i tētahi mahi pea i roto i te parenga huaketo me te kitakita i te wā whanaketanga o ngā torongū O. cornifrons. Ko te Microbacterium tētahi atu momo i kitea i roto i tā mātou rangahau e kīia ana he nui te maha o ngā torongū o te namu hōia pango i raro i ngā āhuatanga hemokai66. I roto i ngā torongū O. cornifrons, ka whai wāhi pea ngā microbacteria ki te taurite me te manawanui o te microbiome puku i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea. Hei tāpiri, kei roto i ngā torongū O. cornifrons te Rhodococcus, ā, e mōhiotia ana mō ōna kaha ki te tango paitini67. Kei roto hoki i te puku o A. florea tēnei momo, engari he iti rawa te nui68. E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua i te aroaro o ngā rerekētanga ira maha puta noa i ngā momo microbial maha ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā tukanga pākia i roto i ngā torongū. Heoi, me mārama ake ki te kanorau mahi o O. cornifrons.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, e whakaatu ana ngā hua i whakaitihia e te mancozeb, pyrithiostrobin, me te trifloxystrobin te pikinga o te taumaha o te tinana me te pikinga o te mate o ngā torongū o te kānga. Ahakoa kei te piki haere te āwangawanga mō ngā pānga o ngā patu harore ki ngā kaiwhakapūhui, me mārama ake ngā pānga o ngā matū toenga o ēnei matū. Ka taea te whakauru i ēnei hua ki ngā taunakitanga mō ngā kaupapa whakahaere kaiwhakapūhui whakauru e āwhina ana i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te karo i te whakamahinga o ētahi patu harore i mua me te wā e puāwai ana ngā rākau hua mā te whiriwhiri i ngā patu harore me te whakarerekē i te wā tono, mā te whakatenatena rānei i te whakamahinga o ngā momo rerekē kāore i te kino 36. He mea nui tēnei mōhiohio mō te whakawhanake i ngā taunakitanga. mō te whakamahinga patu harore, pērā i te whakarerekē i ngā kaupapa rehu o nāianei me te whakarerekē i te wā rehu i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā patu harore, te whakatairanga rānei i te whakamahinga o ngā momo rerekē kāore i te tino kino. Me rangahau anō mō ngā pānga kino o ngā patu harore ki te ōwehenga ira tangata, te whanonga kai, te microbiome puku, me ngā tikanga ngota e pā ana ki te whakahekenga taumaha me te mate o te patu harore kānga.
Kua tukuna ngā raraunga pūtake 1, 2 me te 3 i roto i ngā Pikitia 1 me te 2 ki te putunga raraunga figshare DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24996245 me https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.24996233. Kei te wātea ngā raupapatanga i tātarihia i roto i te rangahau o nāianei (Pikitia 4, 5) i roto i te putunga NCBI SRA i raro i te nama urunga PRJNA1023565.
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