I te whakarewatanga o te paraquat e ICI ki te mākete i te tau 1962, kāore rawa i whakaarohia ka pāngia te paraquat e tēnei āhua kino, kino hoki ā muri ake nei. I whakarārangihia tēnei patu taru whānui kore-whiriwhiri pai rawa atu ki te rārangi tuarua o ngā patu taru nui rawa atu o te ao. I whakama te hekenga i mua, engari nā te pikinga tonu o te utu o Shuangcao i tēnei tau, ā, tera pea ka piki tonu, kei te raru ia i te mākete o te ao, engari ko te paraquat utu iti kei te arahi i te ata o te tumanako.
He patu taru whakapā kore-whiriwhiri tino pai
He patu taru bipyridine te Paraquat. He patu taru whakapā kore-whiriwhiri tēnei i whakawhanakehia e ICI i ngā tau 1950. He whānui te whānuitanga o ōna patu taru, he tere te mahi whakapā, he ātete ki te horo ua, ā, kāore e whiriwhiri. Me ētahi atu āhuatanga pai rawa atu.
Ka taea te whakamahi i te paraquat hei whakahaere i ngā taru i mua i te whakatō, i muri rānei i te tupu ake i roto i ngā māra hua rākau, te kānga, te tō, te pīni soya me ētahi atu hua. Ka taea te whakamahi hei whakamaroke i te wā kotinga, hei tango rau hoki.
Ka patua e te paraquat te kiriuhi chloroplast o ngā taru mā te pā atu ki ngā wāhanga matomato o ngā taru, ka pā ki te hanganga o te chlorophyll i roto i ngā taru, ka pā ki te photosynthesis o ngā taru, ā, ka mutu, ka tere te aukati i te tipu o ngā taru. He kaha te pānga kino o te paraquat ki ngā kiko matomato o ngā tipu monocot me dicot. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te huri te tae o ngā taru i roto i te 2 ki te 3 hāora i muri i te paninga.
Te āhua me te āhua kaweake o te paraquat
Nā te paitini o te paraquat ki te tinana tangata, me te kino pea ki te hauora o te tangata ina whakamahia auautia, kua aukatia te paraquat e ngā whenua neke atu i te 30 tae atu ki te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, Haina, Thailand, Switzerland me Brazil.
E ai ki ngā raraunga i tukuna e 360 Research Reports, kua heke te hoko paraquat o te ao i te tau 2020 ki te 100 miriona tāra US. E ai ki te pūrongo a Syngenta mō te paraquat i tukuna i te tau 2021, e 28 ngā whenua e hokona ana e Syngenta i tēnei wā. E 377 ngā kamupene huri noa i te ao kua rēhita i ngā hanganga paraquat whai hua. Tata ki te kotahi o ngā hoko paraquat o te ao e utua ana e Syngenta. Kotahi hauwhā.
I te tau 2018, i kaweake a Haina i te 64,000 tana o te paraquat me te 56,000 tana i te tau 2019. Ko ngā whenua matua e kaweake ana i te paraquat a Haina i te tau 2019 ko Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, te Hononga o Amerika, Mexico, Thailand, Ahitereiria, me ētahi atu.
Ahakoa kua aukatia te paraquat i ngā whenua ahuwhenua nui pērā i te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, Brazil, me Haina, ā, kua iti haere te rahinga kaweake i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, i raro i ngā āhuatanga motuhake e piki tonu ana ngā utu o te glyphosate me te glufosinate-ammonium i tēnei tau, ā, tera pea ka piki tonu, ka puta he oranga hou mai i te Paraquat, he momo tata koretake.
Ko ngā utu nui o Shuangcao e whakatairanga ana i te hiahia o te ao mō te paraquat
I mua, i te wā i 26,000 yuan/tana te utu mō te glyphosate, ko te paraquat he 13,000 yuan/tana. Ko te utu o nāianei mō te glyphosate kei te 80,000 yuan/tana tonu, ā, ko te utu mō te glufosinate kei runga ake i te 350,000 yuan. I mua, ko te tono nui rawa atu mō te paraquat o te ao he tata ki te 260,000 tana (i runga i te 42% o te hua tuturu), arā, tata ki te 80,000 tana. Ko te mākete Haina he tata ki te 15,000 tana, ko Brazil he 10,000 tana, ko Thailand he 10,000 tana, me Indonesia, te Hononga o Amerika, me Thailand, ko Nigeria, ko Īnia me ētahi atu whenua.
Nā te aukati i ngā rongoā tuku iho pērā i Haina, Brazil, me Thailand, i roto i te ariā, neke atu i te 30,000 tana o te wāhi mākete kua wātea. Heoi, i tēnei tau, nā te pikinga tere o ngā utu o "Shuangcao" me Diquat, me te mākete kore tangata i te Hononga o Amerika. Nā te whakawāteatanga o te tono mīhini, kua piki ake te tono i te mākete o Amerika, o Amerika Te Raki rānei, tata ki te 20%, ā, kua whakaoho ake tēnei i te tono mō te paraquat, ā, kua tautokona tōna utu ki tētahi taumata. I tēnei wā, he pai ake te whakataetae o te ōwehenga utu/mahi o te paraquat mēnā kei raro iho i te 40,000.
Hei tāpiritanga, i te nuinga o te wā, i kōrero ngā kaipānui o te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, i ngā rohe pērā i a Vietnam, Mareia, me Brazil, ka tere te tupu o ngā taru i te wā ua, ā, he pai te ātete o te paraquat ki te horo o te ua. Kua tino teitei rawa ngā utu o ētahi atu patu taru whakamate. Kei te kaha tonu te tono a ngā kaipāmu i ēnei rohe. I kī ngā kaihoko o te rohe kei te piki haere te tupono ki te whiwhi paraquat mai i ngā awa hina pēnei i te hokohoko rohe.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te rauemi mata o te paraquat, te pyridine, nō te umanga matū waro o raro. He pumau te utu o nāianei ki te 28,000 yuan/tana, he pikinga nui tēnei mai i te iti o mua o te 21,000 yuan/tana, engari i taua wā kua iti iho te 21,000 yuan/tana i te rārangi utu o te 2.4 Tekau mano yuan/tana. Nō reira, ahakoa kua piki te utu o te pyridine, kei te utu tika tonu, ka whai hua ake ai te pikinga o te tono o te ao mō te paraquat. E matapaetia ana hoki ka whai hua te nuinga o ngā kaihanga paraquat o te kāinga i tēnei.
Te kaha o ngā umanga hanga paraquat nui
I tēnei tau, he iti noa te tukunga o te kaha whakaputa paraquat (mā te 100%), ā, ko Haina te kaihanga matua o te paraquat. E mārama ana ko ngā kamupene o te rohe pēnei i a Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, me Syngenta Nantong kei te whakaputa paraquat. I mua, i te wā e tino pai ana te paraquat, ko Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, me Xianlong ētahi o ngā kaihanga paraquat. E mārama ana kāore ēnei kamupene e whakaputa paraquat i ēnei rā.
E toru ngā wheketere a Red Sun hei hanga paraquat. I roto i ēnei, ko te kaha whakaputa a Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. he 8,000-10,000 tana. Kei roto i te Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park. I te tau kua hipa, 42% o ngā hua ā-tinana he 2,500-3,000 tana te putanga ia marama. I tēnei tau, i mutu katoa te whakaputa. . Ko te kaha whakaputa a te wheketere Anhui Guoxing he 20,000 tana. Ko te kaha whakaputa a te wheketere Shandong Kexin he 2,000 tana. Ko te kaha whakaputa a Red Sun kua tukuna ki te 70%.
Ko te kaha whakaputa o Jiangsu Nuoen he 12,000 tana o te paraquat, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa tuturu he tata ki te 10,000 tana, e tuku ana i te 80% o tōna kaha whakaputa; ko te kaha whakaputa o Shandong Luba he 10,000 tana o te paraquat, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa tuturu he tata ki te 7,000 tana, e tuku ana i te 70% o tōna kaha whakaputa; ko te kaha whakaputa paraquat a Hebei Baofeng he 5,000 tana; ko te kaha whakaputa o Hebei Lingang he 5,000 tana o te paraquat, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa tuturu he tata ki te 3,500 tana; ko te kaha whakaputa o Syngenta Nantong he 10,000 tana o te paraquat, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa tuturu he tata ki te 5,000 tana.
Hei tāpiritanga, kei a Syngenta tētahi whare whakaputa 9,000-tana i te wheketere o Huddersfield i te United Kingdom, me tētahi whare whakaputa 1,000-tana i Brazil. E mōhiotia ana i pāngia hoki tēnei tau e te mate urutā i roto i te āhua o te hekenga nui o te whakaputanga, me te whakaiti i te whakaputanga mā te 50% i te wā kotahi.
whakarāpopototanga
He nui tonu ngā painga o te paraquat i ngā whenua maha o te ao. Hei tāpiri, kei te teitei tonu ngā utu o te glyphosate me te glufosinate hei hoa whakataetae, ā, he iti te tuku, e whakarato ana i te whakaaro nui mō te pikinga o te hiahia mō te paraquat.
Ka tū ngā Olympics Hotoke o Beijing i te marama o Pēpuere o te tau e tū mai nei. Mai i te marama o Hānuere 2022, he maha ngā wheketere nunui i te raki o Haina e tūtaki ana ki te mōrearea o te whakamutu i te hanga mō ngā rā 45. I tēnei wā, he tino tūponotanga, engari kei te noho tonu te koretake. Ko te whakamutu i te hanga ka nui ake te raruraru i waenga i te tuku me te tono o te glyphosate me ētahi atu hua. E matapaetia ana ka whakamahia e te hanga me te hoko paraquat tēnei whai wāhitanga hei whakapiki ake.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 24-2021