Te whakamahinga opermethrin(pyrethroid) he wāhanga nui i roto i te whakahaere i ngā pepeke i roto i ngā kararehe, heihei me ngā taiao tāone nui puta noa i te ao, nā te iti o te paitini ki ngā kararehe whakangote me te tino whai huatanga ki ngā pepeke 13. He whānuitanga te whānuitanga o te permethrinngārara patu pepekekua whakamātauhia he whai hua ki te whawhai ki ngā momo pepeke kino, tae atu ki ngā namu whare. Ka mahi ngā patu pepeke pyrethroid ki ngā pūmua hongere konutai kua āraihia e te ngaohiko, ka whakararuraru i te mahi noa o ngā hongere pore, ka puta te pupuhi tonu, te pararutiki, ā, i te mutunga ka mate ngā io i te wā e pā ana ki te pepeke. Ko te whakamahinga pinepine o te permethrin i roto i ngā kaupapa whakahaere pepeke kua hua ake he ātete whānui i roto i ngā momo pepeke,16,17,18,19, tae atu ki ngā namu whare20,21. Ko te pikinga ake o te whakaaturanga o ngā whākōkī whakakore paitini pērā i te glutathione transferases, te cytochrome P450 rānei, me te kore aro ki te wāhi ūnga kua kitea ko ngā tikanga matua e arahi ana ki te ātete permethrin22.
Mena ka pāngia tētahi momo e ngā utu urutau mā te whakawhanake i te ātete ki ngā pepeke patupatu, ka whakawhāitihia te tipu o ngā ira ātete ina whakanuia te pēhanga kōwhiringa mā te whakamutu wā poto i te whakamahinga o ētahi pepeke patupatu, te whakakapi rānei i ngā pepeke patupatu rerekē. Ka hoki mai te aro o ngā pepeke ātete. Kāore e whakaatu i te ātete whakawhiti27,28. Nō reira, kia angitu ai te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me te ātete patupatu, he mea nui kia mārama ake te ātete patupatu, te ātete whakawhiti, me te whakaaturanga o ngā āhuatanga koiora o ngā pepeke ātete. Kua pūrongohia i mua te ātete me te ātete whakawhiti ki te permethrin i roto i ngā namu whare i Punjab, Pakistan7,29. Heoi, kāore i te rawaka ngā mōhiohio mō te urutau o ngā āhuatanga koiora o ngā namu whare. Ko te kaupapa o tēnei rangahau he tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga koiora me te tātari i ngā ripanga ora hei whakatau mena kei te noho ngā rerekētanga o te hauora i waenga i ngā momo ātete permethrin me ngā momo ngāwari. Ka āwhina ēnei raraunga ki te whakawhānui ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te pānga o te ātete permethrin i te mara me te whakawhanake i ngā mahere whakahaere ātete.
Mā ngā panonitanga o te oranga o ngā āhuatanga koiora takitahi o tētahi taupori ka āwhina i te whakaatu i tā rātou takoha ira me te matapae i te heke mai o te taupori. He maha ngā taumahatanga ka pā ki ngā pepeke i roto i ā rātou mahi o ia rā i te taiao. He taumahatanga te pānga ki ngā matū ahuwhenua, ā, he nui te kaha e whakamahia ana e ngā pepeke hei whakarerekē i ngā tikanga ira, ā-tinana, me ngā whanonga hei whakautu ki ēnei matū, i ētahi wā ka arahi ki te ātete mā te whakaputa i ngā whakarerekētanga ira i ngā wāhi ūnga, te whakaputa rānei i ngā matū whakamate. Whākōkī 26. He maha ngā utu nui o ēnei mahi, ā, ka pā pea ki te oranga o ngā pepeke ātete27. Heoi, ko te korenga o ngā utu oranga i roto i ngā pepeke ātete ki ngā patu pepeke nā te korenga o ngā pānga pleiotropic kino e pā ana ki ngā ira ātete42. Mena kāore he pānga kino o ngā ira ātete ki te āhua o te tinana o te pepeke ātete, kāore te ātete patu pepeke e rite te utu, ā, kāore te pepeke ātete e whakaatu i te tere teitei ake o ngā huihuinga koiora i te momo ngoikore. Mai i te whakaaro kino 24. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā tikanga aukati i ngā whākōkī whakamate43 me/ranei te noho o ngā ira whakarerekē44 i roto i ngā pepeke ātete ki ngā patu pepeke ka whakapai ake i tō rātou oranga.
I whakaatuhia e tēnei rangahau he poto ake te roa o te oranga o ngā momo Perm-R me Perm-F ātete-permethrin i mua i te pakeketanga, he roa ake te roa o te oranga, he poto ake te wā i mua i te whakatō hua, ā, he iti ake ngā rā i mua i te whakatō hua, ki te whakataurite ki te momo Perm-S tairongo-permethrin me te hua roa ake. Ko te hua o ēnei uara he piki ake ngā tere whakaputa uri whakamutunga, ā-roto, me te kupenga, me te poto ake o ngā wā whakaputa uri toharite mō ngā momo Perm-R me Perm-F ki te whakataurite ki te momo Perm-S. Ko te putanga wawe o ngā tihi teitei me te vxj mō ngā momo Perm-R me Perm-F e kī ana ka tere ake te tipu o ngā taupori o ēnei momo i te momo Perm-S. Ki te whakataurite ki ngā momo Perm-S, i whakaatuhia e ngā momo Perm-F me Perm-R he iti, he teitei hoki ngā taumata ātete permethrin, ia.29,30. Ko ngā urutau i kitea i roto i ngā tawhā koiora o ngā momo ātete-permethrin e kī ana he iti te utu o te ātete permethrin, ā, tera pea kāore i te tohatoha rauemi ā-tinana hei wikitoria i te ātete ki ngā pepeke me te whakahaere i ngā mahi koiora. Whakaaetanga 24.
Kua arotakehia ngā tawhā koiora, ngā utu oranga rānei o ngā momo pepeke ātete-patu pepeke i roto i ngā rangahau maha, engari he rerekē ngā hua. Hei tauira, i rangahau a Abbas et al. 45 i te pānga o te kōwhiringa taiwhanga o te imidacloprid patu pepeke ki ngā āhuatanga koiora o ngā ngārara whare. Ko te ātete imidacloprid ka pā ki ngā utu urutau ki ngā momo takitahi, ka pā kino ki te momona o te ngārara whare, te oranga i ngā wāhanga whanaketanga rerekē, te wā whanaketanga, te wā whakatupuranga, te pūmanawa koiora me te tere tipu ā-roto. Kua pūrongohia ngā rerekētanga o ngā utu oranga o ngā ngārara whare nā te ātete ki ngā patu pepeke pyrethroid me te kore e pāngia e ngā patu pepeke46. Ko te kōwhiringa taiwhanga o ngā huakita whare me te spinosad ka pā ki ngā utu oranga ki te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa koiora ki te whakataurite ki ngā momo tairongo, kāore rānei i tīpakohia27. I kōrero a Basit et al24 ko te kōwhiringa taiwhanga o Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) me te acetamiprid i hua ake ai he iti ake ngā utu oranga. Ko ngā momo i tirotirohia mō te acetamiprid i whakaatu i ngā reiti whakaputa uri teitei ake, ngā reiti whakauru, me te pūmanawa koiora i ngā momo tairongo-taiwhanga me ngā momo mara kāore anō kia whakamatautauria. Nō nā tata nei, ko Valmorbida et al. 47 i pūrongohia he pai ake te mahi whakaputa uri a te aphid Matsumura ātete-pyrethroid, ā, he iti ake hoki ngā utu oranga tinana mō ngā huihuinga koiora.
He mea whakamiharo te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga koiora o ngā momo ātete ki te permethrin mō te angitu o te whakahaere i ngā namu whare pumau. Mēnā ka kitea ētahi āhuatanga koiora o ngā namu whare, ka ārahi pea ki te whanaketanga o te ātete permethrin i roto i ngā tāngata kua tino rongoatia. Kāore ngā momo ātete permethrin e ātete whakawhiti ki te propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad me te spinosad-ethyl29,30. I tēnei take, ko te huri i ngā patu pepeke me ngā momo mahi rerekē te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu hei whakaroa i te whanaketanga o te ātete me te whakahaere i ngā pakarutanga o ngā namu whare. Ahakoa i ahu mai ngā raraunga e whakaaturia ana i konei i ngā raraunga taiwhanga, he mea nui te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga koiora o ngā momo ātete permethrin, ā, me aro nui ki te whakahaere i ngā namu whare i te mara. Me mārama ake ki te tohatoha o ngā wāhi ātete permethrin hei whakaroa i te whanaketanga o te ātete me te pupuri i tōna whai huatanga mō ngā wā roa.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-25-2024