He tirohanga whānui mō te reo InitonīhiaMākete Patupatu
He whenua ahuwhenua whai mana nui a Initonīhia i te ao, he pakari tōna turanga i roto i teumanga ahuwhenuame ngā painga nui o ngā hua. I tēnei wā, ko Indonesia te kaihanga hinu nikau nui rawa atu o te ao, te tuawhā o ngā kaihanga raihi nui rawa atu, te tuarua o ngā kaihanga rapa nui rawa atu, me te kaihanga koroka nui rawa atu. Ko te putanga o ētahi hua matua kei roto i ngā mea tino pai o te ao.
Mō te whānuitanga o te whakatipu hua matua, he mārama te whakatakotoranga me te rahinga o ngā hua ōhanga me ngā hua kai i Initonīhia. I roto i ēnei, kua neke atu i te 10 miriona heketea te rahi o ngā whenua whakato o ngā hua matua e rua, te raihi me te nikau, ā, koinei ngā pou matua o te ahuwhenua o Initonīhia.
I te tau 2024, i eke te rohe whakato kokonati ki Indonesia ki tua atu i ngā rohe o Philippines, koia te tuatahi o te ao. Neke atu i te 2 miriona heketea te rahi o ngā rohe whakato rapa me te kānga. Neke atu i te 1 miriona heketea te rahi o ngā rohe whakato koko, kawhe, me ngā hua me ngā huawhenua.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia ko te rohe whakato o te korōhia Initonīhia he 500,000 heketea noa iho, heoi e 80% o te putanga o te ao koinei te rahi, ā, he tino nui te painga o te mana pupuri i tēnei ahumahi.
Ko te katoa, ko te whenua ahuwhenua katoa o Indonesia he 55 miriona heketea, ā, ko te tokomaha o te hunga e mahi ana i te ahuwhenua e tata ana ki te 30% o te taupori katoa o te whenua. Ko te rahi o te whenua me te rahui rauemi tangata e tautoko ana i tētahi pūnaha ahumahi ahuwhenua nui. I taua wā anō, kei roto a Indonesia i ngā rohe wera, he wera, he ua hoki te rangi i te tau katoa, kāore he wā motuhake. Ka tipu tonu ngā hua puta noa i te tau, ā, kāore he take mō te whakatipu whare kati kōtuhi hei mahi ahuwhenua puta noa i te tau. Heoi, he nui te auau o ngā whakaekenga pepeke me ngā mate me te tipu o ngā taru, ā, koia hoki te take e hiahiatia ai ngā patupatu pepeke ā-rohe kia mau tonu, kia kaha hoki puta noa i te tau.
Ki te titiro ki te mākete patupatu o te ao, ko te nui o te whakamahinga patupatu a Indonesia kei roto i ngā whenua tino nui. Ko Brazil te whenua e whakamahi nui ana i ngā patupatu o te ao, he nui te tono nā te nui o te umanga whakatipu pīni soya kua whakarerekētia te ira.
Nā te pai o ngā āhuatanga whakato ahuwhenua, tata ki te 300,000 tana te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu a Indonesia i ia tau, koia te tuatoru o ngā whenua o te ao. I roto i ngā raraunga matua, ko te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu kotahi i Indonesia e eke ana ki te 6.68, he taumata teitei tēnei i roto i ngā whenua ahuwhenua nui o te ao. He taunakitanga nui anō hoki tēnei e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te ora me te hiahia nui i roto i te mākete patupatu a Indonesia.
I roto i te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu i ia tau e tata ana ki te 300,000 tana, he tino motuhake te hanganga o te kāwai.
Nā te tipu nui o ngā taru i puta mai i te āhuarangi pārūrū, kua riro ngā patu taru hei wāhanga nui rawa atu o te tono, e 45% o te whakamahinga katoa. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā hua matua e rua, ko te glyphosate me te paraquat, ngā mea nui rawa atu. Ko te whakamahinga katoa o ēnei e rua e 40% o te whakamahinga katoa o ngā patu taru i te motu, tata ki te 120,000 tana. Ko te toenga 50% o te hea e nohoia ana e ngā patu ngarara me ngā patu harore, e whakamahia ana mō ngā hua ōhanga pēnei i te raihi me ngā hua me ngā huawhenua. He nui te maha o ngā pepeke me ngā mate i roto i ēnei hua, ā, he nui ake te hiahia mō ngā patu ngarara me ngā patu harore.
Mai i te tirohanga o te rahi o te mākete, ko te tauine whānui o te mākete patu pepeke i Initonīhia he 4.71 piriona tāra US. He pumau te tere tipu o te ahumahi, ā, e matapaetia ana ka piki te rahi o te mākete ki te 5.6 piriona tāra US i te tau 2030, me te kaha tipu nui.
Heoi anō, i te wa ano, he nui ngā ngoikoretanga o te umanga patu pepeke ā-rohe i Initonīhia i roto i ōna hanganga tautoko, he whai wāhitanga matua hoki tēnei mā ngā umanga o tāwāhi ki te uru atu ki te mākete.
He ngoikore te pūnaha mekameka tuku matū ā-rohe i Indonesia, ā, he torutoru noa ngā momo patu pepeke ka taea te whakaputa motuhake. I tēnei wā, neke atu i te 500 ngā umanga i Indonesia kua whiwhi tiwhikete rēhita e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga, engari 20 ki te 30 anake o rātou kei a rātou ngā whakaurunga mō te whakaputa motuhake, ā, ka taea te hanga motuhake. I taua wā anō, i ngā wā tata nei kua whakakaha tonu te Manatū Ahuwhenua o Indonesia i ngā kaupapa here kawemai mō ngā patu pepeke takai iti. Ko te tauira o mua i taea ai e ngā umanga te kawemai tika i ngā patu pepeke kua oti te takai mai i te mākete o roto kua kore e taea te pupuri. Kua tere te piki haere o te hiahia mō te takai me te tukatuka ā-rohe, e whakarato ana i tētahi wā matapihi whanaketanga hou mō ngā umanga me te kaha ki te whakaputa me te tukatuka ā-rohe.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Kai Patupatu i Indonesia
He rerekē rawa te tauira o te kai patu pepeke i Indonesia. He rerekē rawa te arorau rongoā, ngā tono hoko, me ngā paearu whakatau mō ngā tauira kai e rua. Ka taea te wehewehe i te kaupapa matua ki ngā wāhanga e rua: ngā ōhanga ahuwhenua nui me ngā ōhanga ahuwhenua iti-kore.
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi ko ngā māra nui, kei te moutere o Sumatra me Kalimantan te nuinga. Ko ngā momo hua matua ko te nikau, te rapa, me ētahi atu hua ōhanga roa.
He pumau ngā āhuatanga tipu o ēnei hua, ā, he iti noa ngā pepeke me ngā mate e hiahiatia ana, nō reira he iti noa ngā patupatu me ngā harore e hiahiatia ana. Heoi, he tino teitei te pēhanga mō te whakahaere i ngā taru puta noa i te tau. He pumau tonu te hiahia mō ngā patupatu puta noa i te tau, ā, he wāhanga matua tēnei o te hunga kaihoko.
Ko te momo tuarua ko te ahuwhenua iti-motuhake, e kitea ana i ngā rohe pēnei i te Moutere o Java me te Sulawesi, me ngā hua pēnei i te raihi, te pepa tiri, te rīwai, te riki, te tōmato, me ētahi atu huawhenua kai me ngā hua rākau te arotahi matua.
He ngāwari te pāngia e ngā pepeke me ngā mate i roto i ngā taiao wera me te haumākū. He maha ngā wā kāore e taea te whakaoti i te raruraru mā te whakamahi kotahi i ngā patupatu, ā, me whakamahi maha ngā patupatu. Koinei te take matua he nui ake te whakamahinga patupatu mō ia waeine i Indonesia i te toharite o te ao, ā, he nui ake i tērā o Haina.
He nui ngā rerekētanga i roto i te arorau whakatau kai i waenga i ngā momo e rua.
Tuatahi, ko te rōpū ahuwhenua iti. I te Moutere o Java, he kikī te taupori, ā, he wehewehe te whenua ahuwhenua. Ko te rahi toharite o te whenua kotahi o ia kaimahi ahuwhenua he iti iho i te 1 heketea, ā, ko te nuinga o rātou he toru ki te rima eka anake. Nā te iti o te rahi o te whenua ahuwhenua, kāore ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua e hoko patupatu nui hei karo i te moumou o ngā matū. I taua wā anō, he iti noa ngā taumata ahurea me te mātauranga whakato ngaio a ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua o te rohe, ā, he tino whai hua ā rātou whakatau kai. Ko tā rātou he whakatau i ngā raruraru pepeke me ngā mate o nāianei, ā, kāore e whakaarohia te utu whānui mō te whakamahinga rongoā mō te wā whakato katoa. Nō reira, ko ngā āhuatanga whakamutunga pēnei i ngā tawhē hua o te kaihokohoko, ngā kaupapa here whakatairanga toa, me ngā hekenga whakahoki ko ngā āhuatanga matua e whakatau ana i ngā whiringa hoko a ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua iti, kaua ki te utu whānui o ngā rongoā.
Heoi, he rerekē rawa te huarahi whakatau mō ngā māra nui. Ko te nui o ngā whenua ahuwhenua o ēnei māra ka eke ki ngā tekau, ki ngā rau mano heketea rānei. Kua whakaritea, kua whakatikatikaina hoki te pūnaha whakahaere, ā, kua whakaurua te utu o ngā patu pepeke ki roto i te kaute whānui o te moni whiwhi ā-tau mō ngā hua whakatō.
Mō ngā māra nui, ko te utu mō te hoko patupatu he iti iho i te 1% o te utu whakatō katoa. Ko te whai huatanga, te pumau me te wā tika o ngā patupatu he mea nui ake i te utu. Ko te tono matua ko te aro atu ki ngā raruraru o ngā taru, ngā mate me ngā pepeke, me te whakarite kia maeneene te haere o te mahere whakatō.
Hei tāpiritanga, he tino teitei ngā whakaritenga mō te wā tika o te mekameka tuku i ngā rohe tūmatanui o Initonīhia, he āhuatanga uaua motuhake tēnei kāore i te kitea i te mākete o roto. Ko ngā rohe whakato matua pērā i a Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, me Papua kei tawhiti atu i te pokapū ahumahi o te Moutere o Java, ā, he uaua te tohatoha rauemi, ā, he roa te wā e pau ana.
Ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu iti te whakarerekē i te wā e whakamahia ai ngā patupatu. Ahakoa kāore he patupatu e wātea ana, ka taea e rātou te tango ā-ringa i ngā tarutaru. He tino teitei te auau e taea ai te whakahaere i ngā hapa. Heoi, i roto i ngā māra nui, ka whakaritea te tukanga katoa o te tango tarutaru, te whakamahi patupatu, te hauhake, me te whakaputa hua i mua i te wā. Kia kore e taea te tuku i te patupatu i te wā tika, ka whakaroahia te mahere whakato katoa.
Whai muri i te whakaroa o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke, ka tukuna ngā kaimahi i tohua tuatahitia ki tēnei kaupapa ki ētahi atu pāka. Me kimi kaimahi hou te umanga, ā, ka nui ake ngā utu tāpiri. I te tīmatanga, i taea te whakahaere i te utu whānui o te whakamahinga patu pepeke i runga i te heketea kotahi o te whenua. Kia ngaro te huringa whakamahinga, ka piki haere ngā utu o te mahi, te mahi anō, me ngā rauemi, ā, ka piki haere ngā whakapaunga.
Nō reira, he tino tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō te wā tika, te pumau me ngā āheinga mekameka tuku o ngā tuku patu pepeke ki ngā māra nui, ā, koinei ngā pūkenga matua me wikitoria e ngā umanga hou.
I taua wā tonu, kua piki ake te nui o ngā rongoā e whakamahia ana e ngā kaimahi pāmu o te rohe nā runga i ngā tikanga rongoā a ngā kaimahi pāmu o te rohe. Hei tauira, ko ngā rohe whakaputa huawhenua huri noa i Jakarta pērā i a Bandung, he tikanga rongoā tō ngā kaimahi pāmu o te rohe, arā, ko te rongoā i ngā mate me ngā pepeke i te wā tonu e puta mai ana, me te kore e whakamahi i ngā tikanga ārai mate, e whakamahi pūtaiao rānei i ngā rongoā. Heoi anō, he pai ake ki ngā kaimahi pāmu ngā patupatu tuku iho, he nui te horopeta kotahi te whakamahinga, ā, he iti te whai huatanga. He maha ngā wā me whakamahi e rātou te rongoā kia rua, kia toru rānei ngā wā hei whakaoti i te raruraru. Ka whakaranua hoki e ētahi kaimahi pāmu ngā patupatu maha, ā, ka piki ake te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu katoa.
Mā tēnei anō hoki e whakamārama he aha te whenua ahuwhenua o Initonīhia he kotahi haurima ki te kotahi hautoru noa iho o te whenua ahuwhenua o Haina, engari he nui ake te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu ia waeine i tērā o Haina.
E rua atu anō ngā ture ahumahi huna e kore e arohia e ngā umanga o tāwāhi.
Ko te tuatahi ko ngā whakaritenga mō ngā pānga toenga o ngā patu pepeke ki ngā hua e roa ana te ora.
He hua tipu roa ngā nikau, ngā ngahere tere tipu, te rapa, me ērā atu. E 25 tau te roa o te huringa tipu o ngā nikau, engari ka taea te hauhake me te tua i ngā ngahere tere tipu i muri i te 3 tau. Nō reira, i te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke, kāore e taea te whakaaro noa ki te whai huatanga poto engari me whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā pānga roa mō ngā tau 3, 5 tau, tae atu ki te 25 tau.
Hei tauira, ko ētahi patupatu he wā toenga oneone tae atu ki te 8 tau. Mēnā ka whakamahia rātou ki te whakatipu i ngā ngahere tere tipu, ka pā kino pea ki te tipu o ngā tipu e whai ake nei. Ahakoa he tino pai te whai huatanga o te patupatu, kāore e taea te whakamahi whānuitia i te rohe. Me whakahaere e ngā umanga he manatoko mua i te whai huatanga me te haumaru i runga i ngā āhuatanga o ngā hua, ā, ka roa pea te wā manatoko tae atu ki te 2 ki te 3 tau.
Ko te tuarua o ngā āhuatanga ko te tutuki i ngā ture ā-ao mō ngā hua kaweake.
He nui ngā hua matua o Initonīhia e kaweake ana ki ngā mākete o Ūropi me Amerika. Me tutuki ēnei kaweake ki ngā paerewa ture whanaketanga tauwhiro o te ao.
I roto i ēnei, kua āta whakawhāitihia, kua āraia hoki e ngā paerewa o te ao pērā i te RSPO me te FSC te whakamahinga o ētahi momo patu pepeke. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, me whakarite e ngā umanga e uru ana ki tēnei rāngai kia tutuki ā rātou hua i ngā whakaritenga ture kaweake o te ao kia uru atu ai ki te mekameka tuku o ngā māra nui kounga teitei.
Ngā Huarahi Pūtea ki ngā Patupatu i Initonīhia
He nui te pūmanawa me ngā whai wāhitanga o te mākete patu pepeke i Initonīhia, engari he iti te taumata o te paerewa mākete, ā, he nui ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki a ia. Ina uru atu ki te mākete Initonīhia, me karo te toro atu ki te mākete me te mahi tere, engari me whai i te huarahi manawanui me te āta tirotiro, me whakatū hōhonu te aroaro, me whakarite mahere pumau, me te whakarite mō ngā mahi roa.
Mai i te tirohanga o te whakahaere mōrearea, e toru ngā tino take matua.
Mōrearea ture mō te rēhitatanga hua
I te mea kei te whakawhāiti haere tonu te taiao ture mō te umanga Initonīhia, kua whakatikatikaina katoatia ngā āhuatanga pōrearea o mua pērā i te tāpiri huna o ngā kai, te hoko atu i ngā matū tino paitini me te nui o ngā toenga matū kei roto, me ngā hua kāore i te paerewa ngā ihirangi.
Kua āta tangohia atu ēnei hua kāore e tutuki ana ngā whakaritenga i te mākete.
Ko te ia matua o te mākete ā muri ake nei ko ngā hua iti te paitini, he pai ki te taiao, he nui te kukū, me ngā hua hou. Ko te hunga anake e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga, e taea te whai, e matomato ana, e whai hua ana ka taea te whai tūranga roa ki te mākete.
2. Ngā Mōrearea o te Hongere me te Pūtea
He marara noa ngā moutere o Initonīhia, ā, he pakarukaru te whakatakotoranga o te mākete, ka nui ake ngā utu mō te whakatūnga o ngā hongere me te whakahaere i te mākete. Me karo ngā pakihi e uru atu ana ki te mākete i te whaanuitanga kaha me te pupuri moni matapo. Me tino whiriwhiri rātou i ngā kaihoko me ngā kaituku, me whakatū he pūnaha aromatawai nama me te whakahaere nama katoa, me tino whakahaere i te mōrearea o ngā nama kino i roto i ngā hongere, me te whakawhānui haere i te mākete.
3. Mōrearea wā o te tau
He nui ngā wā o te whakaputanga ahuwhenua. Ka piki te hiahia mō ngā patupatu i te wā whakato. Ki te kore e whakamahia te wā tono, ka ngaro katoa te uara mākete o te hua.
Kotahi noa te hauhaketanga o ētahi hua i te tau. Mēnā ka whakaroa te tuku, ka rongoatia ngā hua ki roto i ngā whare putunga mō te tau kotahi, ā, ka nui ake ngā utu mō te noho me te rokiroki i ngā whakapaipai, ka whakaiti tika i te hua o ngā umanga. Nō reira, ko te whakahaere i te whai huatanga o te mekameka tuku te mea matua ki te whakatutuki i te hua.
I runga anō i ngā āhuatanga o te mākete me ngā tūponotanga mōrearea o runga ake nei, ko ngā whai wāhitanga haumi matua e whā ngā aronga whanaketanga matua o te umanga patu pepeke o Initonīhia ā muri ake nei.
1. Me whakanui i te whanaketanga o ngā hua hou, kounga teitei, me ngā hua rerekē, he nui te kukū, hei whakakapi i ngā hua tuku iho iti te utu.
Kāore ngā hua tuku iho he iti te ihirangi, he nui te paitini, he nui hoki ngā toenga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te umanga me ngā tono a te mākete. Ka taea e ngā kaihoko kounga teitei te whakaiti i te nui o ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia ana mō ia waeine whenua kua whakatōkia, ka hua ake he iti ake ngā utu whakato katoa me te pumau ake o te whai huatanga.
I taua wā anō, mā ngā momo rongoā hou pēnei i ngā momo rua me ngā momo toru, tae atu ki ngā momo horopeta hou, ka taea te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke me te whakaiti i te utu o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hua tuku iho, he tino kaha te whakataetae mākete.
I taua wā anō, ko te whakamahine me te rerekētanga o te waitohu ngā kī ki te tere o te whakawhanake.
I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā umanga ā-rohe me ngā umanga e utua ana e Haina i te mākete o Initonīhia kei roto i te huringa kino o te whakataetae utu iti, te korenga o te kounga waitohu me te iti o ngā hua e whiwhi ana. He rerekē, ko ngā umanga ā-ao, e whakamahi ana i ngā painga o ō rātou waitohu, e noho ana i te mākete utu nui me te whiwhi i ngā utu nui.
Hei tauira, me tango he tauira mahi. I te mākete o Initonīhia, he kōwhai whenua, he hina rānei ngā tae o ngā patu harore carbendazim tuku iho. Ko tētahi umanga ā-rohe i uru mai ki te mākete te tuatahi ki te whakarewa i tētahi hua rite ki te kikorangi. Mā te whakamahi i tōna painga tirohanga motuhake, ka tere te hopu i te mākete, ā, ka piki ake te tono mō ngā tau e rua karapīpiti, ka ārahi i te ia o te umanga.
E whakaū ana tēnei i roto i tētahi mākete tino ōrite, ahakoa he iti noa te momo auahatanga rerekē ka taea te waihanga i tētahi painga whakataetae matua.
2. Arotahi ki te hanga ā-rohe + te whare putunga ā-rohe + te mekameka tuku ā-rohe hei hanga i tētahi painga whakataetae matua
He maha ngā ngoikoretanga o te tauira kawemai parakore pērā i te utu taripa nui, te koretake o te whai huatanga o ngā mahi kawe taonga, me te kore pumau o te tuku. He rerekē, ka taea e ngā umanga whakaputa me ngā umanga putunga ā-rohe te whiwhi i ngā painga whakaheke taripa, ka tino whakaiti i ngā utu hua.
He mea nui ake, i roto i ngā kaupapa tuku tono a te kāwanatanga me ngā kaupapa tuku tono nui a ngā umanga kāwanatanga i Initonīhia, ko ngā umanga hanga ā-rohe anake ka whai wāhi. Kāore rawa ngā hua kawemai i te tukuna tono. Ko te āheinga ki te whakatū i tētahi mekameka tuku ā-rohe ehara i te mea he painga utu anake engari he arai rauemi anō hoki.
3. Hurihia mai i te hoko hua anake ki tētahi huarahi whakauru o "ngā hua + ngā ratonga ahuwhenua", kia whiwhi ai i ngā hua tāpiri.
I te whanaketanga o te ōhanga o Initonīhia, kei te heke haere tonu te tokomaha o te hunga e mahi ana i te ahuwhenua, ā, kei te piki haere ngā utu mahi i ia tau, i ia tau. Kua āta whakakorea haeretia ngā tikanga whakato ā-ringa me te whakamahi patu pepeke tuku iho.
E ai ki ngā rangahau, i mua i te tau 2019, he tino iti te whakaae a ngā kaimahi pāmu o te rohe ki ngā ratonga pēnei i te rehu i runga i te waka rererangi me te hauhake mīhini. Heoi, i muri i ngā tau e toru o te mate urutā, ka tere te whanaketanga o te umanga. Mai i te tau 2022, kua tino piki haere te hiahia mō ngā ratonga pāpori ahuwhenua, ā, kua kaha te hoko a ngā kaimahi pāmu i ngā ratonga ritenga pēnei i te rehu i runga i te waka rererangi me te hauhake mīhini.
Mā te hoko noa i ngā hua patu pepeke ka hua ake he ōritetanga nui o te mākete, me ngā utu mārama, ā, kāore he wāhi mō ngā utu nui. Heoi, ko te tauira "hua patu pepeke + ratonga ahuwhenua ritenga" ehara i te mea ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā hoko hua engari ka taea hoki te whakaputa hua nui mā roto i ngā ratonga rerekē. He wāhanga tipu hou tēnei mō te umanga ā muri ake nei.
Wā tuku: Hurae-29-2026
