Kei te rapu koe i tētahi atu huarahi hei whakakapi i ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid? I whakapuaki a Alejandro Calixto, te kaiwhakahaere o te Kaupapa Whakahaere Pest Whakauru o Te Whare Wānanga o Cornell, i ētahi tirohanga i tētahi haerenga hua raumati i whakahaerehia e te Rōpū Kaiwhenua Kānga me te Pīni Soya o New York i Rodman Lott & Sons Farm.
"Ko te whakahaere riha whakauru he rautaki pūtaiao e arotahi ana ki te aukati i te putanga mai o ngā riha, i te kino rānei mō te wā roa mā te whakakotahi i ngā rautaki," te kī a Calixto.
E titiro ana ia ki te pāmu hei pūnaha rauropi e hono ana ki te taiao, ā, e awe ana ia wāhanga i tetahi ki tetahi. Engari ehara hoki tēnei i te otinga tere.
E ai ki tāna, he roa te wā e pau ana ki te whakatika i ngā raruraru riha mā te whakahaere riha whakauru. Kia ea rā anō tētahi raruraru, kāore te mahi e mutu.
He aha te IPM? Kei roto pea i tēnei ko ngā mahi ahuwhenua, ngā ira, ngā whakahaere matū me te koiora, me te whakahaere nohoanga. Ka tīmata te tukanga mā te tautuhi i ngā pepeke, te aroturuki me te matapae i aua pepeke, te whiriwhiri i tētahi rautaki IPM, me te aromatawai i ngā hua o ēnei mahi.
I waea atu a Calixto ki te hunga IPM i mahi tahi ia, ā, i whakatūria e rātou he tīma rite ki te SWAT i whawhai ki ngā pepeke pēnei i te huhu kānga.
"He pūnaha ā-tinana ēnei, ka tangohia e ngā kiko tipu, ka neke mā roto i te pūnaha toto," te kī a Calixto. "Ka wairewa i te wai, ā, ina whakamahia ki te oneone ka mimitihia e ngā tipu. Koinei ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te ao, e aro ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā pepeke nui."
Engari kua tautohetia hoki tōna whakamahinga, ā, tera pea ka kore e ture ngā neonicotinoid a te kawanatanga i New York. I te tīmatanga o tēnei raumati, i paahitia e te Whare me te Runanga te Ture Tiaki Manu me ngā Pī, e aukati ana i te whakamahinga o ngā purapura pania ki te neon i roto i te kawanatanga. Kāore anō a Kāwana Kathy Hochul kia haina i te pire, ā, kāore i te mārama te wā ka mahi ia i tēnā.
He pepeke pakari te kutukutu kānga nā te mea he ngāwari ki te noho i te takurua. I te tīmatanga o te kōanga, ka puta mai ngā ngārara pakeke ka whakaputa uri. Ka whānau ngā uwha i ngā hua ki te oneone, ka whiriwhiri i tētahi wāhi "tino pai", pērā i te oneone kei roto ngā mea pirau, ngā mara kua whakawairakautia ki te paru kararehe, ngā hua hipoki rānei, te wāhi rānei e whakatipuria ai ētahi pīni. Ka kai ngā pīpī i ngā kākano hou kua pihi ake, tae atu ki te kānga me te pīni soya.
Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te whakamahinga o ngā "mahanga piri kikorangi" i runga i te pāmu. E ai ki ngā raraunga tuatahi e mahi tahi ana ia me te tohunga hua whenua o Cornell Extension, a Mike Stanyard, he mea nui te tae o ngā mahanga.
I te tau kua hipa, i tirotirohia e ngā kairangahau o Te Whare Wānanga o Cornell ngā mara i runga i ngā pāmu e 61 mō te kitea o ngā torongū kānga. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga ko te tapeke o ngā torongū kānga purapura i roto i ngā mahanga torongū kikorangi e tata ana ki te 500, ko te tapeke o ngā torongū kānga purapura i roto i ngā mahanga torongū kōwhai o te ngahuru he neke atu i te 100.
Ko tētahi atu huarahi pai mō te whakamahi i te neon ko te whakatakoto i ngā mahanga mōunu ki ngā mara. I kī a Calixto he tino kukume ngā punua kānga ki te alfalfa kua whakapūkaratia, he pai ake tēnei i ngā atu mōunu i whakamatautauria (ngā toenga alfalfa, te paraoa wheua, te paraoa ika, te paru miraka wai, te paraoa mīti me ngā mea kukume horihori).
Mā te matapae i te wā e puta mai ai ngā kutukutu kānga purapura ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakatipu e mōhio ana ki te whakahaere pepeke whakauru ki te whakamahere pai ake i tā rātou urupare. Kua whakawhanakehia e Te Whare Wānanga o Cornell tētahi taputapu matapae kutukutu kānga purapura—newa.cornell.edu/seedcorn-maggot—kei te whakamātautauhia i tēnei wā.
"Ka āwhina tēnei ki te matapae mēnā me tono purapura kua rongoatia i te ngahuru," te kī a Calixto.
Ko tētahi atu maimoatanga purapura ko te rongoā purapura ki te methyl jasmonate, ka taea e tēnei i roto i te taiwhanga te whakararu i ngā tipu ki te kai i ngā torongū kānga. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga tuatahi i te hekenga nui o te maha o ngā torongū kānga ora.
Ko ētahi atu huarahi whai hua ko ngā diamides, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, me te spinosad. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga tuatahi ka whakaritea ngā kutukutu purapura kānga mana whakahaere katoa ki ngā wāhi kāore i rongoatia he purapura.
I tēnei tau, kei te whakaoti te tīma a Calixto i ngā whakamātautau whare kati kōtuhi mā te whakamahi i te methyl jasmonate hei whakatau i te urupare horopeta me te haumaru o ngā hua.
"Kei te rapu hoki mātou i ngā ārai," tana kī. "Ko ētahi hua ārai ka kukume i ngā momo kānga purapura. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i waenga i te whakato i ngā hua ārai o nāianei me te whakato i mua. I tēnei tau kei te kite mātou i tētahi tauira ōrite, engari kāore mātou e mōhio he aha."
I te tau e tū mai nei, kei te whakamahere te tīma ki te whakauru i ngā hoahoa mahanga hou ki ngā whakamātautau mara, me te whakawhānui ake i te taputapu mōrearea kia uru atu ai te whenua, ngā hua hipoki, me te hītori o ngā pepeke hei whakapai ake i te tauira; ngā whakamātautau mara o te methyl jasmonate me ngā maimoatanga purapura tuku iho me ngā patu pepeke pēnei i te diamide me te spinosad; me te whakamātautau i te whakamahinga o te methyl jasmonate hei whakamaroke purapura kānga e tika ana mō ngā kaiwhakatipu.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-14-2023