Lambda-cyhalothrin, e mōhiotia ana ko te cyhalothrin me te kungfu cyhalothrin, i whakawhanakehia angitu e te tīma AR Jutsum i te tau 1984. Ko tana tikanga mahi he whakarerekē i te urunga o te kiriuhi io pepeke, te aukati i te kawe o te axon io pepeke, te whakangaro i te mahi a te neuron mā te taunekeneke ki te hongere ion konutai, te whakahihiri i te pepeke paitini, te pararutiki me te mate, ā, ka taea te patu tere i te pepeke. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te Lambda-cyhalothrin he whānuitanga patu pepeke, he kaha te mahi me te roa o te pānga, ā, he pai mō te whakahaere pepeke i ngā hua pēnei i te witi, te kānga, ngā rākau hua, te miro, ngā huawhenua cruciferous, me ētahi atu.
1 Te āhuatanga taketake
高效氯氟氰菊酯Ingoa Ingarihi: Lambda-cyhalothrin; Tātai ngota: C23H19ClF3NO3; Ira kohua: 187～190℃/0.2 mmHg; Nama CAS: 91465-08-633.
Kei te whakaatuhia te hanganga o te hua i te Pikitia 1.
Ahua 1 Te tātai hanganga o te beta-cyhalothrin
2 Ngā whāinga paitini me te whakahaere
He pānga whakamate pā me te paihana puku tō te Beta-cyhalothrin, ā, he pānga karo anō hoki, kāore he pānga pūnaha. He pānga pai tōna ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke waha ngaungau pērā i ngā torongū Lepidoptera me ētahi pītara Coleoptera, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke waha wero-ngote pērā i te pea psyllium. Ko ngā mea matua e whakahaeretia ana e te beta-cyhalothrin ko ngā namu, ngā kutukutu ope, ngā kutukutu kānga, ngā kutukutu ope pīti, ngā kutukutu ngākau, ngā kutukutu rau, ngā kutukutu ope, ngā pūrerehua hiku horomia, ngā kutukutu ope hua, ngā kutukutu miro, ngā kutukutu ope whero, ngā anuhe kāpeti, me ētahi atu. I roto i ngā hua whenua tarutaru, whenua tarutaru me te whenua maroke, ka taea e ia te ārai me te whakahaere i te kutukutu tarutaru, me ētahi atu. Whakamahia i ngā wā i ngā rohe rerekē o te ao: Haina, ko te nuinga mai i Maehe ki Ākuhata; Amerika ki te Tonga/Te Raki, mai i Maehe ki Mei me Hepetema ki Tīhema; Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, mai i Tīhema ki Mei; Ūropi, mai i Maehe ki Mei me te marama o Hepetema ki Tīhema.
3 Te tukanga hanga me ngā takawaenga matua
(1) Te Hanganga o te waikawa trifluorochlorochrysanthemum chloride
Ka tauhohe te waikawa Trifluorochlorochrysanthemum (waikawa Kung fu) ki te thionyl chloride, ka tango i te wai, ka whakatikatika kia puta ai te waikawa trifluorochlorochrysanthemic chloride.
(2) Te hanga hinu mata o te chlorofluorocyanide
I raro i te mahi a te whakakorikori, ka hangaia te chlorofluroyl chloride, te m-phenoxybenzaldehyde (ether aldehyde) me te sodium cyanide hei whiwhi hinu mata chlorofluorocyanide.
(3) Te Hanganga o te beta-cyhalothrin
I raro i te mahi a ngā amine waro, ka epimerization te chlorofluorocyanide mata hei whakaputa i te beta-cyhalothrin.
4 Te āhua o te mākete ā-rohe
E ai ki te uiui a te Whatunga Mōhiohio Pesticide o Haina, i te 20 o Mei, 2022, ko te maha o ngā rēhitatanga hangarau alpha-cyhalothrin he 45, ā, ko ngā ihirangi kua rēhitatia he 81%, 95%, 97%, 96%, me te 98%. I roto i ēnei, ko ngā rēhitatanga me te 95%, 96%, me te 98% ihirangi he nui te ōwehenga.
E ai ki te patai a te Whatunga Mōhiohio Pesticide o Haina, i te 20 o Mei, 2022. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga rēhita ā-rohe mō ngā whakaritenga beta-cyhalothrin he ranunga horopeta kotahi, e 621 o ēnei he horopeta kotahi, ā, e 216 he ranunga whakakotahi. Horomanga kotahi: 621 kua rēhitatia, ko ngā whakaritenga matua ko te 2.5%, 2.7%, 5%, 25g/L microemulsion, 5%, 10%, 25g/L, 2.5% wai emulsion, 5%, 2.5%, 25% g/L, 50 g/L EC, 25%, 10%, 2.5% WP, 2.5%, 10%, 25 g/L microcapsule suspension, me ētahi atu. Ngā ranunga whakakotahi: 216 kua rēhitatia, ko te nuinga he Acitretin, Acitrate, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Phoxim, Triazophos, Dextromethrin, Pymetrozine me ētahi atu hua whakakotahi. Ko ngā momo inenga matua ko: 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 22%, 44% wai whakapūkara, 16%, 20%, 25%, 26% EC, 15%, 22%, 30% kaitārewa, 2%, 5%, 10%, 12%, 30% moroiti whakapūkara, 2%, 4% kirikiri, 4.5%, 22%, 24%, 30% paura mākū, me ētahi atu.
5 Te āhua o te mākete o tāwāhi
5.1 Te rēhitatanga o ngā whakaritenga ki tāwāhi
Ko ngā horopeta matua kotahi kua rēhitatia ko 25 g/L, 50 g/L, 2.5% EC, 2.5%, 10% WP.
Ko ngā ranunga matua ko: beta-cyhalothrin 9.4% + thiamethoxam 12.6% whakatārewatanga microcapsule, beta-cyhalothrin 1.7% + abamectin 0.3% EC, thiamethoxam 14.1% + chlorofluorocarbon Cypermethrin 10.6% te kaiwhakatārewatanga, Acetamiprid 2% + Beta-cyhalothrin 1.5% EC.
5.2 Ngā kaweake a Haina
Mai i te tau 2015 ki te tau 2019, e 582 ngā kamupene i kaweake i ngā hua hangarau me ngā hua whakarite cyhalothrin tino whai hua, ā, ko te nui o te kaweake o ngā kamupene tekau o runga e 45% o te nui katoa o te kaweake (kohikohi 5-tau). Kei te Ripanga 2 ngā kamupene tekau o runga.
Ko te rahinga kaweake toharite o ngā rauemi hangarau he 2,400 tāne/tau, ā, ko te rahinga kaweake teitei rawa atu he 3,000 tāne/tau. Kua piki ake te rahinga kaweake i ia tau mai i te tau 2015 ki te 2019. Ko te rahinga kaweake toharite o ngā whakaritenga ā-tinana he 14,800 tāne/tau, ā, ko te rahinga kaweake teitei rawa atu he 17,000 tāne (2017), ā, he pumau te rahinga kaweake; ko te rahinga kaweake toharite o ngā whakaritenga he 460 tāne/tau, ā, ko te teitei rawa atu ko te 515 tāne/tau.
Mai i te tau 2015 ki te tau 2019, i kaweakehia ngā hua hangarau me ngā hua whakarite o te cyhalothrin ki ngā mākete e 77. Ko ngā mākete e rima o runga ko te Hononga o Amerika, Belgium, Īnia, Argentina, me Pakistan. Ko ngā mākete e rima o runga i ahu mai i te 57% o ngā kaweake katoa a Haina. (5 tau te tapeke).
6 Ngā au hou o te mākete
E ai ki ngā puna pāpāho, i te 7 o Mei, 2022, i te wā o te rohe, i mura te ahi i muri i te pahūtanga o te poiha i te 7 o Mei, 2022, i te wā o te rohe.
Ko Īnia tētahi o ngā kaihanga patu pepeke nui rawa atu o te ao, ā, he nui te kaha whakaputa o ngā takawaenga matua o ngā hua pyrethroid, arā, te methyl betinate me te ether aldehyde. I te tau 2021, ka kaweake a Bharat Rasayan i te katoa o te 6,000 tāne o ngā rongoā hangarau patu pepeke, ngā whakaritenga me ngā takawaenga, 61% o ēnei he rongoā hangarau, 13% ngā whakaritenga me te 26% ngā takawaenga (ko te nuinga he takawaenga pyrethroid). Hei takawaenga nui mō te hanga patu pepeke pyrethroid, he tata ki te 6,000 tāne te tono ā-rohe mō te ether aldehyde, ā, tata ki te haurua me hoko mai i Īnia.
I te mea kua tata te mutunga o te mākete ā-rohe mō te cyhalothrin, ā, ehara te kamupene Inia i te hinonga matua e whakaputa ana i ngā takawaenga e pā ana ki te alpha-cyhalothrin pērā i te ether aldehydes, he iti noa te pānga ki te mākete ā-rohe, ā, me aro nui ki ngā kaweake o nāianei. Ngā korero.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-08-2022