Nā te whakamahinga whānui o ngā patu pepeke hangai kua hua ake ai he maha ngā raruraru, tae atu ki te putanga mai o ngā rauropi ātete, te pirau o te taiao me te kino ki te hauora o te tangata. Nō reira, ka puta mai he huakita hou.ngā patu pepekeHe mea tino hiahiatia ngā mea haumaru mō te hauora tangata me te taiao. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia ngā matū koiora rhamnolipid i hangaia e te Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 hei aromatawai i te paitini ki ngā torongū namu (Culex quinquefasciatus) me ngā torongū moko (Odontotermes obesus). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he reiti mate e whakawhirinaki ana ki te horopeta i waenga i ngā maimoatanga. I whakatauhia te uara LC50 (50% te kukū whakamate) i te 48 hāora mō ngā matū koiora torongū moko me ngā torongū moko mā te whakamahi i te tikanga taunga kōpiko whakatauira kore-raina. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko ngā uara LC50 48-hāora (95% te wā whakawhirinaki) o te mahi patu moko me te mahi ārai moko o te matū koiora he 26.49 mg/L (te whānuitanga 25.40 ki te 27.57) me te 33.43 mg/L (te whānuitanga 31.09 ki te 35.68). E ai ki te whakamātautau histopathological, i pā kino te maimoatanga ki ngā biosurfactants ki ngā kiko o ngā torongū me ngā moko. E whakaatu ana ngā hua o tēnei rangahau he taputapu pai rawa atu, ā, he whai hua pea te biosurfactant microbial i hangaia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 mō te whakahaere i te Cx. quinquefasciatus me te O. obesus.
He nui ngā mate e pāngia ana e te namu1 e ngā whenua toropika. He whānui te hiranga o ngā mate e pāngia ana e te namu. Neke atu i te 400,000 ngā tāngata e mate ana i te malaria i ia tau, ā, kei ētahi tāone nui kei te pāngia e ngā mate urutā kino pērā i te dengue, te kirika kōwhai, te chikungunya me te Zika.2 E pā ana ngā mate e pāngia ana e te weriweri ki te kotahi i roto i te ono o ngā mate puta noa i te ao, ko ngā namu te take o ngā mate tino nui3,4. Ko Culex, Anopheles me Aedes ngā momo namu e toru e pāngia ana e te tuku mate5. Kua piki ake te horapa o te kirika dengue, he mate e tukuna ana e te namu Aedes aegypti, i roto i te tekau tau kua hipa, ā, he tūraru nui ki te hauora o te marea4,7,8. E ai ki te World Health Organization (WHO), neke atu i te 40% o te taupori o te ao kei te mōrearea ki te kirika dengue, me te 50–100 miriona ngā mate hou e puta ana i ia tau i roto i te neke atu i te 100 whenua9,10,11. Kua noho te kirika dengue hei raruraru nui ki te hauora o te marea nā te mea kua piki ake tōna auau puta noa i te ao12,13,14. Ko te Anopheles gambiae, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te waeroa Anopheles o Awherika, te kawe nui rawa atu o te malaria tangata i ngā rohe pārūrū me te pārūrū15. Ko te huaketo o te Nile Uru, te mate pukupuku o St. Louis, te mate pukupuku o Hapanihi, me ngā mate huaketo o ngā hōiho me ngā manu ka tukuna e ngā waeroa Culex, e kiia ana he waeroa whare noa. Hei tāpiri, he kawe hoki rātou i ngā mate kitakita me ngā mate pirinoa16. Neke atu i te 3,000 ngā momo moko o te ao, ā, kua neke atu i te 150 miriona tau rātou e noho ana17. Ko te nuinga o ngā pepeke e noho ana i roto i te oneone, e kai ana i te rakau me ngā hua rakau kei roto he cellulose. Ko te moko Inia Odontotermes obesus he pepeke nui e kino nui ana ki ngā hua nui me ngā rākau whakato18. I ngā rohe ahuwhenua, ka taea e ngā whakaekenga moko i ngā wāhanga rerekē te kino nui ki ngā hua, ngā momo rākau me ngā rauemi hanga. Ka taea hoki e ngā moko te whakararu i te hauora o te tangata19.
He uaua te take o te ātete mai i ngā moroiti me ngā pepeke i roto i ngā mara rongoā me te ahuwhenua o ēnei rā20,21. Nō reira, me rapu e ngā kamupene e rua ngā rongoā patu huakita hou, utu-pai, me ngā patu koiora haumaru. Kei te wātea ngā patu koiora hangai ināianei, ā, kua whakaatuhia he hopuhopu, he pei hoki i ngā pepeke whai hua kāore i te whainga22. I ngā tau tata nei, kua whānui haere te rangahau mō ngā matū koiora nā te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo ahumahi. He tino whai hua, he mea nui hoki ngā matū koiora i roto i te ahuwhenua, te whakaora oneone, te tango hinu, te tango huakita me ngā pepeke, me te tukatuka kai23,24. Ko ngā matū koiora, ko ngā matū koiora rānei, he matū koiora i hangaia e ngā moroiti pērā i te huakita, te rewena me te harore i roto i ngā nohonga takutai me ngā wāhi kua poke i te hinu25,26. Ko ngā matū koiora me ngā matū koiora i ahu mai i te matū he momo e rua e whiwhi tika mai i te taiao tūturu27. He maha ngā matū koiora e whiwhi mai ana i ngā nohonga moana28,29. Nō reira, kei te rapu ngā kaipūtaiao i ngā hangarau hou mō te hanga matū koiora i runga i ngā huakita tūturu30,31. Ko ngā whanaketanga o ēnei rangahau e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o ēnei matū koiora mō te tiaki i te taiao32. Ko Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium me ēnei momo kitakita he māngai kua rangahaua pai23,33.
He maha ngā momo matū koiora e whakamahia ana, he whānui hoki ngā whakamahinga34. Ko tētahi painga nui o ēnei matū ko ētahi o rātou he mahi patu huakita, patu pepeke me te patu pepeke. Ko te tikanga ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ngā ahumahi ahuwhenua, matū, rongoā me te whakapaipai35,36,37,38. Nā te mea he pirau te nuinga o ngā matū koiora, ā, he pai hoki mō te taiao, ka whakamahia i roto i ngā kaupapa whakahaere pepeke whakauru hei tiaki i ngā hua39. Nō reira, kua riro mai ngā mōhiotanga taketake mō te mahi patu pepeke me te patu moroiti o ngā matū koiora moroiti i hangaia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. I tirotirohia e mātou te mate me ngā huringa histological i te wā e whakaatuhia ana ki ngā kukū rerekē o ngā matū koiora rhamnolipid. Hei tāpiri, i arotakehia e mātou te kaupapa rorohiko Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) e whakamahia whānuitia ana, Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) hei whakatau i te paitini nui mō ngā microalgae, daphnia, me ngā ika.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamatautauria te kaha ārai-pōrearea (te paitini) o ngā matū koiora kua purea i ngā kukū rerekē mai i te 30 ki te 50 mg/ml (i ngā wā 5 mg/ml) ki ngā pōrearea Inia, O. obesus me te momo tuawhā) Aromatawai. Ngā torongū o te Cx instar. Ngā torongū o ngā waeroa quinquefasciatus. Ngā kukū matū koiora LC50 i roto i ngā hāora 48 ki a O. obesus me Cx. C. solanacearum. I tautuhia ngā torongū waeroa mā te whakamahi i te tikanga taunga kōpiko whakatauira kore-raina. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ka piki ake te mate o ngā pōrearea me te pikinga o te kukū matū koiora. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he kaha patu pepeke te biosurfactant (Pikitia 1) me te kaha patu pepeke (Pikitia 2), me ngā uara LC50 48-hāora (95% CI) o te 26.49 mg/L (25.40 ki te 27.57) me te 33.43 mg/l (Pikitia 31.09 ki te 35.68), ia (Ripanga 1). Mō te paitini tere (48 hāora), ka whakarōpūtia te biosurfactant hei "kino" ki ngā rauropi i whakamatautauria. Ko te biosurfactant i hangaia i roto i tēnei rangahau i whakaatu i te kaha patu pepeke tino pai me te 100% te mate i roto i te 24-48 hāora o te pānga.
Tātaihia te uara LC50 mō te mahi patu pepeke. Te taunga o te pihi whakatauira kore-raina (rārangi totoka) me te wā whakawhirinaki 95% (rohe atarangi) mō te mate whanaunga (%).
Tātaihia te uara LC50 mō te mahi ārai-mōkai. Te taunga o te pihi whakatauira kore-raina (rārangi totoka) me te wā whakawhirinaki 95% (rohe atarangi) mō te mate whanaunga (%).
I te mutunga o te whakamātautau, i kitea ngā huringa āhua me ngā āhuatanga rerekē i raro i te karuārai. I kitea ngā huringa āhua i roto i ngā rōpū whakahaere me ngā rōpū i tukinotia i te whakanui 40x. E ai ki te Whakaahua 3, i puta te ngoikore o te tipu i roto i te nuinga o ngā torongū i tukinotia ki ngā biosurfactants. E whakaatu ana te Whakaahua 3a i tētahi Cx. quinquefasciatus noa, e whakaatu ana te Whakaahua 3b i tētahi Cx rerekē. E rima ngā torongū nematode e puta ai.
Te pānga o ngā horopeta whakamate-iti (LC50) o ngā matū koiora ki te whanaketanga o ngā torongū Culex quinquefasciatus. Whakaahua karuārai mārama (a) o te Cx noa i te whakanui 40×. quinquefasciatus (b) Cx rerekē. Ka puta he torongū nematode e rima.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i kitea i roto i te whakamātautau histological o ngā torongū i rongoatia (Pikitia 4) me ngā mokowā (Pikitia 5) ētahi āhuatanga rerekē, tae atu ki te whakaiti i te rohe o te puku me te kino ki ngā uaua, ngā paparanga epithelial me te kiri. I whakaatuhia e te histology te tikanga aukati o te biosurfactant i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau.
Te āhua o te pūtau o ngā torongū Cx o te 4 o ngā tau kāore anō kia rongoatia. Ngā torongū quinquefasciatus (mana: (a,b)) ā, kua rongoatia ki te biosurfactant (maimoatanga: (c,d)). Ko ngā pere e tohu ana i te epithelium whekau kua rongoatia (epi), ngā karihi (n), me te uaua (mu). Pae = 50 µm.
Te āhua o te pūtau o te O. obesus kāore i rongoatia (mana: (a,b)) me te biosurfactant i rongoatia (maimoatanga: (c,d)). Ko ngā pere e tohu ana i te epithelium whekau (epi) me te uaua (mu), ia. Pae = 50 µm.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia te ECOSAR hei matapae i te paitini tere o ngā hua rhamnolipid biosurfactant ki ngā kaihanga tuatahi (pūngoi matomato), ngā kaihoko tuatahi (puru wai) me ngā kaihoko tuarua (ika). Ka whakamahia e tēnei kaupapa ngā tauira matū hanganga-mahi matatau hei aromatawai i te paitini i runga i te hanganga ngota. Ka whakamahia e te tauira te pūmanawa hanganga-mahi (SAR) hei tatau i te paitini tere me te paitini roa o ngā matū ki ngā momo wai. Ina koa, ka whakarāpopotohia e te Ripanga 2 ngā kukū whakamate toharite kua whakatauhia (LC50) me ngā kukū whai hua toharite (EC50) mō ētahi momo. I whakarōpūtia te paitini whakapae kia whā ngā taumata mā te whakamahi i te Pūnaha Whakarōpūtanga me te Tapanga Matū o te Ao (Ripanga 3).
Te whakahaere i ngā mate kawe-tuku, inā koa ngā momo waeroa me ngā waeroa Aedes. He uaua te mahi a ngā Ihipiana ināianei 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. Ahakoa he pai ētahi patupatu matū e wātea ana, pērā i ngā pyrethroid me ngā organophosphate, he nui ngā tūponotanga ki te hauora o te tangata, tae atu ki te mate huka, ngā mate whānau, ngā mate pūnaha io, te mate pukupuku, me ngā mate manawa. Heoi anō, i roto i te wā, ka ātete pea ēnei pepeke ki a rātou13,43,48. Nō reira, ka noho hei tikanga rongonui ake ngā mahi whakahaere koiora whai hua me te pai ki te taiao mō te whakahaere waeroa49,50. I kī a Benelli51 he pai ake te whakahaere wawe i ngā kawe waeroa i ngā tāone nui, engari kāore i tūtohutia te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke i ngā tāone tuawhenua52. I kī anō a Tom et al 53 he rautaki haumaru me te ngāwari te whakahaere i ngā waeroa i ō rātou wā kāore anō kia pakeke nā te mea he tairongo ake rātou ki ngā kaihoko whakahaere 54.
I whakaatuhia e te whakaputanga o te biosurfactant e te momo kaha (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) he whai huatanga pumau, he whai hua hoki. I kōrerohia e tā mātou rangahau o mua ko te Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 te mea e arotau ana i te whakaputanga o te biosurfactant mā te whakamahi i ngā tawhā ā-tinana me te matū26. E ai ki tā rātou rangahau, ko ngā āhuatanga tino pai mō te whakaputanga o te biosurfactant e te momo E. cloacae pea ko te whaowhia mō ngā haora 36, te whakaoho i te 150 rpm, te pH 7.5, te 37 °C, te tote 1 ppt, te 2% te hukahuka hei pūtake waro, te 1% te rewena. I whakamahia te tangohanga hei pūtake hauota hei whiwhi i te 2.61 g/L te biosurfactant. I tua atu, i tautuhia ngā biosurfactants mā te whakamahi i te TLC, FTIR me te MALDI-TOF-MS. I whakaū tēnei he biosurfactant te rhamnolipid. Ko ngā biosurfactants glycolipid te akomanga tino rangahauhia o ētahi atu momo biosurfactants55. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā wāhanga warowaihā me te lipid, ko te nuinga he mekameka waikawa ngako. I roto i ngā glycolipids, ko ngā māngai matua ko te rhamnolipid me te sophorolipid56. Kei roto i ngā rhamnolipids ngā wāhanga rhamnose e rua e hono ana ki te waikawa mono-, di-β-hydroxydecanoic rānei 57. Kua mōhiotia whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā rhamnolipids i roto i ngā ahumahi hauora me te rongoā 58, hei tāpiri atu ki tō rātou whakamahinga hou hei patu pepeke 59.
Mā te taunekeneke o te matū koiora ki te rohe hydrophobic o te siphon manawa ka taea e te wai te haere mā roto i tōna kōhao stomatal, ka piki ake te hononga o ngā torongū ki te taiao wai. Ka pā hoki te noho o ngā matū koiora ki te trachea, ko te roa e tata ana ki te mata, ka māmā ake te ngokingoki a ngā torongū ki te mata me te manawa. Nō reira, ka heke te taumahatanga o te mata o te wai. Nā te mea kāore e taea e ngā torongū te piri ki te mata o te wai, ka taka rātou ki raro o te tāke, ka whakararuraru i te pēhanga hydrostatic, ka hua ake he nui rawa te whakapaunga pūngao me te mate mā te toremitanga38,60. I whiwhi a Ghribi61 i ngā hua ōrite, i reira i whakaatuhia ai e te matū koiora i hangaia e Bacillus subtilis te mahi patu urvicidal ki a Ephestia kuehniella. Waihoki, i aromatawaihia hoki e te mahi patu urvicidal a Cx. Das me Mukherjee23 te pānga o ngā lipopeptides cyclic ki ngā torongū quinquefasciatus.
Ko ngā hua o tēnei rangahau e pā ana ki te mahi patu pepeke o ngā rhamnolipid biosurfactants ki a Cx. Ko te patu i ngā waeroa quinquefasciatus he rite ki ngā hua kua whakaputaina i mua. Hei tauira, ko ngā biosurfactants e hangai ana ki te surfactin i hangaia e ngā momo huakita o te momo Bacillus e whakamahia ana. me Pseudomonas spp. Ko ētahi pūrongo tōmua64,65,66 i kōrero mō te mahi patu pepeke o ngā lipopeptide biosurfactants mai i Bacillus subtilis23. I kitea e Deepali et al. 63 he kaha te mahi patu pepeke o te rhamnolipid biosurfactant i wehea mai i Stenotropomonas maltophilia i te kukū o te 10 mg/L. I kōrero a Silva et al. 67 mō te mahi patu pepeke o te rhamnolipid biosurfactant ki a Ae i te kukū o te 1 g/L. Aedes aegypti, Kanakdande et al. I roto i te pūrongo 68, i puta te mate whānui i roto i ngā torongū me ngā moko o Culex me te wāhanga lipophilic o Eucalyptus nā ngā biosurfactants lipopeptide i hangaia e Bacillus subtilis. Waihoki, i roto i te pūrongo a Masendra et al. 69, i puta te mate o te pōpokorua mahi (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) o te 61.7% i roto i ngā wāhanga lipophilic n-hexane me EtOAc o te tangohanga mata o E. .
I kōrero a Parthipan me ētahi atu mō te whakamahinga patu pepeke o ngā lipopeptide biosurfactants i hangaia e Bacillus subtilis A1 me Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 ki a Anopheles Stephensi, he kaikawe o te pirinoa malaria Plasmodium. I kitea e rātou he roa ake te ora o ngā torongū me ngā pupa, he poto ake ngā wā whakatō, he pakoko, ā, he poto ake te roa o te oranga i te wā i rongoatia ai ki ngā kukū rerekē o ngā biosurfactants. Ko ngā uara LC50 i kitea o te B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 he 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 me te 7.99 mg/L mō ngā āhua torongū rerekē (arā, torongū I, II, III, IV me ngā pupa wāhanga). Hei whakataurite, ko ngā biosurfactants mō ngā wāhanga torongū I-IV me ngā wāhanga pupal o Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 he 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 me te 6.99 mg/L. Ko te whakaroa o te āhua o ngā torongū me ngā pupa e ora tonu ana e whakaarohia ana he hua o ngā raruraru nui o te tinana me te pākia o te tinana i puta mai i ngā maimoatanga patu pepeke71.
Ko te momo Wickerhamomyces anomalus CCMA 0358 e whakaputa ana i tētahi matū koiora me te 100% te kaha patu pepeke ki ngā waeroa Aedes. Ko te wā 24-hāora o te aegypti 38 he teitei ake i tā Silva et al. Kua whakaatuhia he matū koiora i hangaia mai i Pseudomonas aeruginosa mā te whakamahi i te hinu putirā hei pūtake waro ka patu i te 100% o ngā torongū i roto i ngā hāora 48 67. I whakaatu anō a Abinaya et al.72 me Pradhan et al.73 i ngā pānga patu pepeke, patu pepeke rānei o ngā matū koiora i hangaia e ētahi momo motuhake o te puninga Bacillus. I kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau i whakaputaina i mua e Senthil-Nathan et al. ko te 100% o ngā torongū waeroa e pāngia ana e ngā roto tipu ka mate pea. 74.
He mea nui te aromatawai i ngā pānga whakamate iti o ngā patu pepeke ki te koiora pepeke mō ngā kaupapa whakahaere pepeke whakauru nā te mea kāore ngā horopeta/kukū whakamate iti e patu i ngā pepeke engari ka whakaiti pea i ngā taupori pepeke i ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai mā te whakararuraru i ngā āhuatanga koiora10. I kite a Siqueira et al 75 i te mahi whakamate pepeke katoa (100% te mate) o te rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) i te wā i whakamatautauria ai i ngā kukū rerekē mai i te 50 ki te 300 mg/ml. Wāhanga torongū o ngā momo Aedes aegypti. I tātarihia e rātou ngā pānga o te wā ki te mate me ngā kukū whakamate iti ki te oranga o ngā torongū me te mahi kaukau. Hei tāpiri, i kite rātou i te hekenga o te tere kaukau i muri i te 24–48 hāora o te pānga ki ngā kukū whakamate iti o te biosurfactant (hei tauira, 50 mg/mL me te 100 mg/mL). Ko ngā paitini he mahi whakamate iti e whai hua ana e kiia ana he pai ake te whai hua ki te whakaputa kino maha ki ngā pepeke kua pāngia76.
E whakaatu ana ngā kitenga histological o ā mātou hua he nui te whakarerekētanga o ngā biosurfactants i hangaia e te Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 i ngā kiko o te waeroa (Cx. quinquefasciatus) me ngā torongū mokowā (O. obesus). I puta mai ngā āhuatanga rerekē rite tonu i ngā whakaritenga o te hinu basil i roto i te An. gambiaes.s me te An. arabica i whakaahuahia e Ochola77. I whakaahuahia hoki e Kamaraj et al.78 ngā āhuatanga rerekē ōrite i roto i te An. I whakaatuhia ngā torongū o Stephanie ki ngā nanoparticles koura. I kōrero anō a Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 i tino kino te hinu kakara o te putea hepara i te rūma me ngā paparanga epithelial o Aedes albopictus. I kōrero anō a Aedes aegypti. I kōrero a Raghavendran et al i rongoatia ngā torongū waeroa ki te 500 mg/ml tango mycelial o te harore Penicillium ā-rohe. He kino te histological o Ae. aegypti me Cx. Te reiti mate 80. I mua, i rangahauhia a Abinaya et al. Ngā torongū tuawhā o An. Stephensi me Ae. I kitea e te aegypti he maha ngā huringa histological i roto i ngā Aedes aegypti i rongoatia ki te B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, tae atu ki te cecum gastric, te ngoikore o te uaua, te kino me te koretake o ngā ganglia taura io72. E ai ki a Raghavendran et al., i muri i te rongoatia ki te tangohanga mycelial P. daleae, i whakaatuhia e ngā pūtau puku o ngā waeroa i whakamatautauria (ngā torongū 4 o te tau) te pupuhi o te lumen whekau, te hekenga o ngā ihirangi i waenga i ngā pūtau, me te pirau karihi81. I kitea anō ngā huringa histological i roto i ngā torongū waeroa i rongoatia ki te tangohanga rau echinacea, e tohu ana i te kaha patu pepeke o ngā matū i rongoatia50.
Kua rongonui te whakamahinga o te pūmanawa ECOSAR i te ao whānui82. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau o nāianei ko te paitini nui o ngā matū koiora ECOSAR ki ngā microalgae (C. vulgaris), ika me ngā puruhi wai (D. magna) kei roto i te kāwai "paitini" i tautuhia e te United Nations83. Ka whakamahia e te tauira paitini taiao ECOSAR te SAR me te QSAR hei matapae i te paitini nui me te paitini roa o ngā matū, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia hei matapae i te paitini o ngā poke rauropi82,84.
I hokona mai te paraformaldehyde, te konutai phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) me ngā matū katoa i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau mai i HiMedia Laboratories, Īnia.
I mahia te hanga matū koiora i roto i ngā ipu Erlenmeyer 500 mL kei roto ko te 200 mL o te wai Bushnell Haas parakore i tāpirihia ki te 1% hinu mata hei pūtake waro anake. I werohia he whakatipuranga o te Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) me te whakatipu i runga i te rūrū porowhita i te 37°C, 200 rpm mō ngā rā e 7. I muri i te wā whakatipuranga, i tangohia te matū koiora mā te centrifuge i te wai ahurea i te 3400×g mō te 20 meneti i te 4°C, ā, i whakamahia te wai i puta mai mō ngā kaupapa tirotiro. I tangohia ngā tikanga arotau me te tautuhi i ngā matū koiora mai i tā mātou rangahau o mua26.
I tangohia mai ngā torongū Culex quinquefasciatus i te Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (Īnia). I whakatipuria ngā torongū ki roto i ngā ipu kirihou kua whakakiia ki te wai whakakore ion i te 27 ± 2°C me te wā whakaahua o te 12:12 (mārama:pōuri). I whāngaihia ngā torongū namu ki te otinga huka 10%.
Kua kitea ngā torongū Culex quinquefasciatus i roto i ngā tāke paru tuwhera, kāore hoki i tiakina. Whakamahia ngā aratohu whakarōpū paerewa hei tautuhi me te whakatipu torongū i roto i te taiwhanga85. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau patu torongū i runga anō i ngā taunakitanga a te World Health Organization 86 . SH. I kohia ngā torongū tuawhā o te quinquefasciatus i roto i ngā ngongo kati i roto i ngā rōpū o te 25 ml me te 50 ml me te āputa hau e rua-hautoru o tō rātou kaha. I tāpirihia te Biosurfactant (0–50 mg/ml) ki ia ngongo takitahi, ā, i rongoatia ki te 25 °C. Ko te ngongo whakahaere i whakamahi i te wai mātotoru anake (50 ml). I kiia ngā torongū mate ko ērā kāore i whakaatu i ngā tohu o te kaukau i te wā whakatipu (12–48 hāora) 87 . Tātaihia te ōrau o te mate torongū mā te whakamahi i te whārite. (1)88.
Kei roto i te whānau Odontotermitidae te pepeke Inia, te Odontotermes obesus, i kitea i roto i ngā rākau pirau i te Papa Ahuwhenua (Whare Wānanga o Annamalai, Inia). Whakamātauria tēnei matū koiora (0–50 mg/ml) mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga noa hei whakatau mēnā he kino. I muri i te whakamaroke i roto i te rere hau laminar mō te 30 meneti, i pania ia rīpene pepa Whatman ki te matū koiora i te kukū o te 30, 40, 50 mg/ml rānei. I whakamātauria, ā, i whakaritea ngā rīpene pepa kua pania me ngā rīpene kāore i pania ki waenganui o tētahi rihi Petri. Kei roto i ia rihi petri e toru tekau ngā pepeke hohe O. obesus. I hoatu he pepa mākū ki ngā pepeke whakahaere me ngā pepeke whakamātautau hei puna kai. I puritia ngā pereti katoa i te pāmahana rūma puta noa i te wā whakatipu. I mate ngā pepeke i muri i te 12, 24, 36 me te 48 hāora89,90. Kātahi ka whakamahia te Whārite 1 hei whakatau tata i te ōrau o te mate pepeke i ngā kukū matū koiora rerekē. (2).
I puritia ngā tauira ki runga i te hukapapa, ā, i tākaihia ki roto i ngā ngongo iti kei roto te 100 ml o te 0.1 M konutai phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) ā, i tukuna ki te Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) o te Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. District, Tamil Nadu, Īnia hei tātaritanga anō. I whakapiri tonutia ngā tauira ki roto i te 4% paraformaldehyde i te 37°C mō ngā haora 48.
I muri i te wāhanga whakau, e toru ngā wā i horoia ai te rauemi ki te 0.1 M konutai phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), ā, i whakamaroketia i roto i te etanoru, ā, i rumakina ki te kapia LEICA mō ngā rā e whitu. Kātahi ka whakanohoia te matū ki roto i tētahi pokepokea kirihou kua whakakiia ki te kapia me te polymerizer, kātahi ka whakanohoia ki roto i tētahi oumu kua wera ki te 37°C kia tino polymerize te poraka kei roto te matū.
I muri i te whakapūhuitanga, i tapahia ngā poraka mā te whakamahi i tētahi LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) kia 3 mm te matotoru. Kua whakarōpūhia ngā wāhanga ki runga i ngā kiriata, e ono ngā wāhanga mō ia kiriata. I whakamaroketia ngā kiriata i te pāmahana rūma, kātahi ka pania ki te hematoxylin mō te 7 meneti, ā, i horoia ki te wai rere mō te 4 meneti. Hei tāpiri, pania te otinga eosin ki te kiri mō te 5 meneti, ā, horoia ki te wai rere mō te 5 meneti.
I matapaetia te paitini whakapeka mā te whakamahi i ngā rauropi wai mai i ngā taumata rerekē o te werawera: ika 96-hāora LC50, D. magna LC50 48-hāora, me te karengo matomato 96-hāora EC50. I aromatawaitia te paitini o ngā rhamnolipid biosurfactants ki ngā ika me ngā karengo matomato mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa ECOSAR putanga 2.2 mō Windows i whakawhanakehia e te US Environmental Protection Agency. (Kei te wātea ipurangi i https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau katoa mō te mahi patu pepeke me te mahi ārai pepeke i roto i ngā tāruarua e toru. I whakahaerehia te whakatauira kore-raina (log o ngā taurangi urupare horopeta) o ngā raraunga mate pepeke me ngā pepeke hei tatau i te kukū whakamate toharite (LC50) me te wā whakawhirinaki 95%, ā, i hangaia ngā ānau urupare kukū mā te whakamahi i te Prism® (putanga 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
E whakaatu ana tēnei rangahau i te kaha o ngā matū koiora moroiti i hangaia e te Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 hei patu pepeke namu me te ārai pepeke, ā, ka whai wāhi tēnei mahi ki te mārama ake i ngā tikanga o te mahi patu pepeke me te ārai pepeke. I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau histological o ngā torongū i rongoatia ki ngā matū koiora te kino ki te ara nakunaku, te puku waenga, te cortex roro me te hyperplasia o ngā pūtau epithelial puku. Ngā Hua: I whakaatuhia e te aromatawai paitini o te mahi ārai pepeke me te ārai pepeke o te matū koiora rhamnolipid i hangaia e te Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 he matū koiora pea tēnei hei patu pepeke mō te whakahaere i ngā mate namu (Cx quinquefasciatus) me ngā pepeke (O. obesus). Me mārama ki te paitini taiao o ngā matū koiora me ō rātou pānga taiao. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei rangahau he pūtake pūtaiao mō te aromatawai i te mōrearea taiao o ngā matū koiora.
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-09-2024