I aromatawaihia e tēnei rangahau te whakamate, te iti o te whakamate, me te paitini o ngā hua arumonite sipermetīriningā whakatakotoranga ki ngā tāne-tāne anuran. I roto i te whakamātautau tere, i whakamātauria ngā kukū o te 100–800 μg/L mō te 96 hāora. I roto i te whakamātautau mau tonu, i whakamātauria ngā kukū cypermethrin tūturu (1, 3, 6, me te 20 μg/L) mō te mate, ā, i muri mai ka whakamātauria te micronucleus me ngā hapa karihi o ngā pūtau toto whero mō ngā rā e 7. Ko te LC50 o te whakatakotoranga cypermethrin arumoni ki ngā tāne-tāne he 273.41 μg L−1. I roto i te whakamātautau mau tonu, ko te kukū teitei rawa (20 μg L−1) i hua ake i te neke atu i te 50% te mate, nā te mea i mate te haurua o ngā tāne-tāne i whakamātauria. I whakaatuhia e te whakamātautau micronucleus he hua nui i te 6 me te 20 μg L−1, ā, i kitea he maha ngā hapa karihi, e tohu ana he kaha paitini ira tangata te whakatakotoranga cypermethrin arumoni ki te P. gracilis. He nui te mōrearea o te Cypermethrin mō tēnei momo, e tohu ana ka taea e ia te whakararuraru i ngā raruraru maha, ā, ka pā ki ngā mahi a tēnei pūnaha rauropi i te wā poto me te wā roa. Nō reira, ka taea te whakatau he pānga paitini tō ngā hanganga cypermethrin arumoni ki te P. gracilis.
Nā te whānui haere tonu o ngā mahi ahuwhenua me te whakamahinga nui ote whakahaere i ngā pepekeI roto i ngā mahi, he maha ngā kararehe wai e pāngia ana e ngā patupatu1,2. Ka pāngia te whanaketanga me te oranga o ngā rauropi kāore i te whāngaihia pērā i ngā amphibians e te parahanga o ngā rauemi wai.
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o ngā ika whenua i roto i te aromatawai i ngā matrices taiao. E kiia ana ko ngā anuran he tohu koiora pai mō ngā poke taiao nā ō rātou āhuatanga ahurei pēnei i ngā huringa ora uaua, ngā tere tipu torongū tere, te āhua trophic, te kiri uruhanga10,11, te whakawhirinaki ki te wai mō te whakaputa uri12 me ngā hua kāore i tiakina11,13,14. Ko te pepeke wai iti (Physalaemus gracilis), e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te pepeke tangi, kua whakaatuhia he momo tohu koiora mō te poke o ngā pesticides4,5,6,7,15. Ka kitea te momo i roto i ngā wai tū, i ngā wāhi tiakina, i ngā wāhi rānei he rerekē te nohonga i Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay me Brazil1617, ā, e kiia ana he pumau e te whakarōpūtanga IUCN nā tōna horapa whānui me te manawanui ki ngā nohonga rerekē18.
Kua pūrongohia ngā pānga whakamate iti i roto i ngā amphibians whai muri i te pānga ki te cypermethrin, tae atu ki ngā huringa whanonga, āhua me te matū koiora o ngā tadpoles23,24,25, te whakarerekētanga o te mate me te wā whakawhiti, ngā huringa whākōkī, te hekenga o te angitu o te pao24,25, te kaha rawa o te mahi26, te aukati i te mahi cholinesterase27 me ngā huringa o te mahi kauhoe7,28. Heoi, he iti noa ngā rangahau mō ngā pānga paitini ira o te cypermethrin i roto i ngā amphibians. Nō reira, he mea nui kia aromatawaihia te ngoikore o ngā momo anuran ki te cypermethrin.
Ka pāngia te tipu me te whanaketanga noa o ngā amphibians e te parahanga taiao, engari ko te pānga kino tino kino ko te kino ira ki te DNA i puta mai i te pānga ki ngā patupatu13. Ko te tātaritanga āhua o ngā pūtau toto he tohu koiora nui mō te parahanga me te paitini pea o tētahi matū ki ngā momo mohoao29. Ko te whakamātautau micronucleus tētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakatau i te paitini ira o ngā matū i roto i te taiao30. He tikanga tere, whai hua, he iti hoki te utu, he tohu pai mō te parahanga matū o ngā rauropi pēnei i ngā amphibians31,32 ā, ka taea te whakarato mōhiohio mō te pānga ki ngā poke paitini ira33.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i te pūmanawa paitini o ngā hanganga cypermethrin arumoni ki ngā pepeke wai iti mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau micronucleus me te aromatawai mōrearea taiao.
Te mate tāpiri (%) o ngā punua P. gracilis i whakaraeraetia ki ngā kukū rerekē o te cypermethrin arumoni i te wā tino uaua o te whakamātautau.
Te mate tāpiri (%) o ngā punua P. gracilis i whakararuraruhia ki ngā kukū rerekē o te cypermethrin arumoni i te wā o te whakamātautau mau tonu.
Ko te nui o te mate i kitea i ahu mai i ngā pānga paitini ira i roto i ngā amphibian i whakararuhia ki ngā kukū rerekē o te cypermethrin (6 me te 20 μg/L), e whakaatuhia ana e te aroaro o ngā micronuclei (MN) me ngā rerekētanga karihi i roto i ngā erythrocytes. Ko te hanganga o te MN e tohu ana i ngā hapa i roto i te mitosis, ā, e pā ana ki te herenga ngoikore o ngā chromosome ki ngā microtubules, ngā hapa i roto i ngā matatini pūmua e kawenga ana mō te tango me te kawe i ngā chromosome, ngā hapa i roto i te wehewehe i ngā chromosome me ngā hapa i roto i te whakatika i te kino o te DNA38,39 ā, tera pea e pā ana ki te ahotea waikura i puta mai i ngā pesticides40,41. I kitea ētahi atu rerekētanga i ngā kukū katoa i arotakengia. Ko te pikinga ake o ngā kukū cypermethrin i whakanui ake i ngā rerekētanga karihi i roto i ngā erythrocytes mā te 5% me te 20% i te horopeta iti rawa (1 μg/L) me te teitei rawa (20 μg/L). Hei tauira, ko ngā huringa i roto i te DNA o tētahi momo ka pā kino ki te oranga poto me te oranga roa, ka hua ake te hekenga o te taupori, te whakarerekētanga o te hauora whakaputa uri, te whakatipu uri, te ngaronga o te kanorau ira, me te whakarerekētanga o ngā reiti hekenga. Ka pā ēnei āhuatanga katoa ki te oranga me te tiaki o ngā momo42,43. Ko te hanganga o ngā rerekētanga o te erythroid ka tohu pea i te aukati i te cytokinesis, ka hua ake he wehenga pūtau rerekē (ngā erythrocytes whai nucleus)44,45; ko ngā nuclei maha-lobe he pūwero o te kiriuhi karihi me ngā lobes maha46, ko ētahi atu rerekētanga o te erythroid ka hono pea ki te whakanui i te DNA, pērā i ngā whatukuhu karihi/blebs47. Ko te noho mai o ngā erythrocytes kua mutu te nucleus ka tohu pea i te ngoikore o te kawe hāora, inā koa i roto i te wai poke48,49. Ko te apoptosis e tohu ana i te matenga o te pūtau50.
Kua whakaatuhia hoki e ētahi atu rangahau ngā pānga paitini ira tangata o te cypermethrin. I whakaatuhia e Kabaña et al.51 te aroaro o ngā huringa micronuclei me te karihi pērā i ngā pūtau binucleated me ngā pūtau apoptotic i roto i ngā pūtau Odontophrynus americanus i muri i te pānga ki ngā kukū tiketike o te cypermethrin (5000 me te 10,000 μg L−1) mō te 96 hāora. I kitea anō te apoptosis i puta mai i te Cypermethrin i roto i te P. biligonigerus52 me te Rhinella arenarum53. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua he pānga paitini ira tangata te cypermethrin ki te whānuitanga o ngā rauropi wai, ā, ko te whakamātautau MN me te ENA he tohu pea mō ngā pānga whakamate iti ki ngā amphibians, ā, ka taea te whakamahi ki ngā momo taketake me ngā taupori mohoao e pāngia ana e ngā paitini12.
He nui te tūponotanga taiao o ngā hanganga arumoni o te cypermethrin (i te taha whakapeka me te taha mau tonu), ā, ko ngā tari matua e nui ake ana i te taumata o te US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)54, ka pā kino pea ki te momo mena kei roto i te taiao. I roto i te aromatawai mōrearea mau tonu, ko te NOEC mō te mate ko te 3 μg L−1, e whakaū ana ko ngā kukū i kitea i roto i te wai ka tūpono pea ki te momo55. Ko te NOEC whakamate mō ngā torongū R. arenarum i whakararuhia ki te ranunga o te endosulfan me te cypermethrin ko te 500 μg L−1 i muri i te 168 hāora; i heke tēnei uara ki te 0.0005 μg L−1 i muri i te 336 hāora. E whakaatu ana ngā kaituhi ko te roa o te whakararuraru, ko te iti iho o ngā kukū e kino ana ki te momo. He mea nui hoki kia whakanuia ko ngā uara NOEC he teitei ake i ērā o P. gracilis i te wā whakararuraru kotahi, e tohu ana ko te urupare a te momo ki te cypermethrin he momo motuhake. I tua atu, mō te mate, i eke te uara CHQ o te P. gracilis i muri i te pānga ki te cypermethrin ki te 64.67, he teitei ake i te uara tohutoro i whakatakotoria e te US Environmental Protection Agency54, ā, i teitei ake hoki te uara CHQ o ngā torongū R. arenarum i tēnei uara (CHQ > 388.00 i muri i te 336 h), e tohu ana he nui te mōrearea o ngā patu pepeke i rangahauhia ki ētahi momo amphibian. I te mea e 30 ngā rā e hiahiatia ana mō te P. gracilis kia oti te hurihanga56, ka taea te whakatau ko ngā kukū o te cypermethrin i rangahauhia ka whai wāhi pea ki te hekenga o te taupori mā te aukati i ngā tāngata pangia kia kaua e uru ki te wāhanga pakeke, ki te wāhanga whānau rānei i te wā tamarikitanga.
I roto i te aromatawai mōrearea tatau o ngā micronuclei me ētahi atu rerekētanga karihi erythrocyte, i ahu mai ngā uara CHQ i te 14.92 ki te 97.00, e tohu ana he mōrearea paitini ira tā te cypermethrin ki te P. gracilis ahakoa i roto i tōna kāinga tūturu. Ina whakaarohia te mate, ko te kukū mōrahi o ngā matū xenobiotic ka taea e te P. gracilis te whakamanawanui ko te 4.24 μg L−1. Heoi, ko ngā kukū iti iho i te 1 μg/L i whakaatu anō hoki i ngā pānga paitini ira tā. Tērā pea ka piki ake te maha o ngā tāngata rerekē57 me te pā ki te whanaketanga me te whakaputa uri o ngā momo i roto i ō rātou kāinga, ka heke iho te maha o ngā taupori amphibian.
I whakaatuhia e ngā hanganga arumoni o te patupatu cypermethrin te paitini nui ki te P. gracilis, he nui ake te paitini whakapeka me te mau tonu. I kitea ngā reiti mate teitei ake, nā ngā pānga paitini pea, e whakaatuhia ana e te aroaro o ngā micronuclei me ngā rerekētanga karihi erythrocyte, inā koa ko ngā karihi serrated, ngā karihi lobed, me ngā karihi vesicular. I tua atu, i whakaatuhia e ngā momo i rangahauhia he nui ake ngā mōrearea taiao, he whakapeka me te mau tonu. Ko ēnei raraunga, i honoa ki ngā rangahau o mua a tā mātou rōpū rangahau, i whakaatu ahakoa ngā hanganga arumoni rerekē o te cypermethrin i whakaiti tonu i ngā mahi acetylcholinesterase (AChE) me te butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) me te ahotea oxidative58, ā, i hua ake he huringa i roto i te mahi kaukau me ngā hapa ā-waha59 i roto i te P. gracilis, e tohu ana he nui te paitini whakamate me te iti o te whakamate o ngā hanganga arumoni o te cypermethrin ki tēnei momo. I kitea e Hartmann et al. 60 ko ngā hanganga arumoni o te cypermethrin te mea tino paitini ki te P. gracilis me tētahi atu momo o te momo kotahi (P. cuvieri) ki te whakataurite ki te iwa atu patupatu. E whakaatu ana tēnei ko ngā kukū o te cypermethrin kua whakaaetia e te ture hei tiaki i te taiao ka hua ake he nui te mate me te hekenga o te taupori mō te wā roa.
Me whakahaere ētahi atu rangahau hei aromatawai i te paitini o te patupatu ki ngā ika whenua, nā te mea ka nui te mate o ngā pepeke i roto i te taiao, ā, ka tūpono pea he mōrearea ki te P. gracilis. Me whakatenatena te rangahau mō ngā momo ika whenua, nā te mea he iti noa ngā raraunga mō ēnei rauropi, inā koa mō ngā momo o Brazil.
I roa te whakamātautau paitini mau tonu mō te 168 hāora (7 rā) i raro i ngā āhuatanga tūmau, ā, ko ngā kukū iti-mate ko: 1, 3, 6 me te 20 μg ai L−1. I roto i ngā whakamātautau e rua, i arotakehia he 10 ngā tāpara mō ia rōpū maimoatanga me ngā tāruarua e ono, mō te katoa o te 60 ngā tāpara mō ia kukū. I taua wā, ko te maimoatanga wai-anake i mahi hei mana whakahaere kino. Ko ia whakaritenga whakamātautau he rihi karāhe parakore he 500 ml te kaha me te mātotoru o te 1 tāpara mō ia 50 ml o te otinga. I hipokina te pounamu ki te kiriata polyethylene hei ārai i te mimiti, ā, i whakapūhau tonutia.
I tātarihia te wai mā te matū hei whakatau i ngā kukū o ngā patu pepeke i te 0, 96, me te 168 hāora. E ai ki a Sabin et al. 68 me Martins et al. 69, i mahia ngā tātaritanga i te Pesticide Analysis Laboratory (LARP) o te Whare Wānanga Federal o Santa Maria mā te whakamahi i te hau chromatography i honoa ki te triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (Varian model 1200, Palo Alto, California, USA). Ko te whakatau tauanga o ngā patu pepeke i roto i te wai e whakaaturia ana hei rauemi tāpiri (Ripanga SM1).
Mō te whakamātautau micronucleus (MNT) me te whakamātautau rerekētanga o te pūtau whero (RNA), i tātarihia ngā pīrere 15 mai i ia rōpū maimoatanga. I whakamoea ngā pīrere ki te 5% lidocaine (50 mg g-170) ā, i kohia ngā tauira toto mā te wero i te ngākau mā te whakamahi i ngā pūwero heparine ka taea te whakamahi. I whakaritea ngā paninga toto ki runga i ngā kiriata karuārai maero, i whakamaroketia ki te hau, i whakapirihia ki te 100% methanol (4 °C) mō te 2 meneti, kātahi ka pania ki te 10% otinga Giemsa mō te 15 meneti i te pōuri. I te mutunga o te tukanga, i horoia ngā kiriata ki te wai whakapūkara hei tango i te paru nui, ā, i whakamaroketia ki te pāmahana rūma.
I tātarihia kia 1000 ngā toto whero mai i ia pūkohu i te iti rawa mā te whakamahi i te karuārai 100× me te whāinga 71 hei whakatau i te aroaro o te MN me te ENA. I aromatawaihia te katoa o te 75,796 ngā toto whero mai i ngā pūkohu i runga i te whakaaro ki ngā kukū cypermethrin me ngā mana whakahaere. I tātarihia te paitini ira i runga i te tikanga a Carrasco et al. me Fenech et al.38,72 mā te whakatau i te auau o ngā whara karihi e whai ake nei: (1) ngā pūtau anucleate: ngā pūtau kāore he karihi; (2) ngā pūtau apoptotic: te wehewehenga karihi, te mate pūtau kua whakaritea; (3) ngā pūtau binucleate: ngā pūtau me ngā karihi e rua; (4) ngā puku karihi, ngā pūtau bleb rānei: ngā pūtau me ngā karihi me ngā putanga iti o te kiriuhi karihi, ngā bleb he rite te rahi ki ngā micronuclei; (5) ngā pūtau karyolyzed: ngā pūtau me te āhua o te karihi anake kāore he rauemi o roto; (6) ngā pūtau notched: ngā pūtau me ngā karihi me ngā kapiti, ngā notch rānei i roto i ō rātou āhua, e kiia ana hoki ko ngā karihi āhua whatukuhu; (7) ngā pūtau porowhita: ngā pūtau he nui ake ngā pūwero karihi i ngā pūwero kua whakahuatia ake nei; me (8) ngā pūtau iti: ngā pūtau he pūwero kua whakapotohia, ā, he iti iho te cytoplasm. I whakaritea ngā huringa ki ngā hua o te mana whakahaere kino.
I tātarihia ngā hua o te whakamātautau paitini whakapeka (LC50) mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa GBasic me te tikanga TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber74. I whakamātauria ngā raraunga whakamātautau mau tonu mō te hapa noa (Shapiro-Wilks) me te ōritetanga o te rerekētanga (Bartlett). I tātarihia ngā hua mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga rerekētanga kotahi-ara (ANOVA). I whakamahia te whakamātautau a Tukey hei whakataurite i ngā raraunga i waenga i a rātou anō, ā, i whakamahia te whakamātautau a Dunnett hei whakataurite i ngā raraunga i waenga i te rōpū maimoatanga me te rōpū mana kino.
I tātarihia ngā raraunga LOEC me NOEC mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau a Dunnett. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau tatauranga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft) me te taumata hiranga o te 95% (p < 0.05).
Wā tuku: Maehe-13-2025