Ko ngā patupatu he momo patupatu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ahuwhenua, te ahumahi me ētahi atu ahumahi. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia hei whakahaere i ngā mite ahuwhenua, i ngā kutu rānei i runga i ngā kararehe, i ngā mōkai rānei. I ia tau ka pāngia te ao e ngā mate nui nā ngā pepeke kutu. E ai ki te Whakahaere Kai me te Ahuwhenua o te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua, e 80 ōrau o ngā kahui kau o te ao ka pangia e ngā kutu, ā, e tata ana ki te $7.3 piriona te utu mō te ao i ia tau i roto i ngā mate ōhanga. I Amerika ki te Tonga, ko ngā tipu pīni soya i pakaru i te mite pungawerewere Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) i ngaro tata ki te 18.28% o te hua witi. I Haina, tata ki te 40 miriona eka o ngā hua citrus kua pangia hoki e te Panonychus citri (McGregor). Nō reira, kei te piki haere te hiahia o te mākete o te ao mō ngā patupatu i ia tau. Ko ngā hua e waru o runga rawa atu i te mākete patu acaricide i te tau 2018 ko: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, me te propargite, hexythiazox, me te fenpyroximate, ko te tapeke o ā rātou hoko he US$572 miriona, e 69.1% te nui o te mākete patu acaricide, ā, e matapaetia ana ka eke te rahi o te mākete ki te US$2 piriona i te tau 2025. Tērā pea ka nui ake te rahi o te mākete patu acaricide i te mea ka heke te whenua ahuwhenua o te ao, ka piki ake te taupori, ka piki ake te tono mō ngā hua taiao, ā, ka piki ake te tono mō ngā mahi ahuwhenua tauwhiro.
E whakaatu ana te tātaritanga o te mākete patu huakita o te ao ko te mite pūngāwerewere whero, te Panclaw citrus me te Panonychus urmi ngā momo mite pepeke tino nui o te ōhanga, neke atu i te 80% o te mākete. Ko ētahi atu mite e pā ana ko ngā mite pūngāwerewere rūpahu (ko ngā mite pūngāwerewere poto te nuinga), ngā mite waikura me ngā mite au me te namu hōiho. Ko ngā huawhenua me ngā hua, tae atu ki te citrus, te waina karepe, te pīni soya, te miro, me te kānga, ko ngā hua matua e whakamahia ana ngā patu huakita.
Heoi, nā te poto o te huringa ora, te parthenogenesis, ngā taputapu pākia ahurei me te kaha o te urutau taiao o ngā mite kai otaota pērā i ngā mite pungawerewere me ngā mite panclaw, kua tere te tipu o tō rātou ātete ki ngā acaricides. E toru o ngā arthropods ātete 12 i pūrongohia ko ngā mite. I roto i te whakamahinga o ngā acaricides puta noa i te ao, kei te noho tonu ngā acaricides matū tuku iho pērā i ngā organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, me ngā pyrethroids i te tūranga matua. I ngā tau tata nei, ahakoa kua puta mai ngā acaricides tino whai hua pērā i te bifenazate me te acetafenac, he nui tonu te raruraru o te whakakotahitanga o ngā acaricides. Nā te whakamahinga roa me te kore pūtaiao o ēnei acaricides, kua whanakehia e te nuinga o ngā mite kai otaota he rerekē ngā taumata o te ātete ki ngā acaricides matū kei te mākete, ā, kua tino heke ō rātou pānga. I tētahi atu taha, nā te aro nui ki ngā take taiao me te pikinga haere o te mahi ahuwhenua waro, kua tino piki ake te hiahia mō ngā hua taiao hei tiaki i ngā hua i te mākete o te ao. Nō reira, kei te tata mai te whanaketanga o ngā rongoā patu acaricides hou, haumaru, whai hua, hoa ki te taiao, kāore e kino ki ngā hoariri tūturu, me ngā rongoā patu acaricides koiora haumaru, hou hoki, kāore e ngāwari te whakawhanake i te ātete.
Nā tēnei, he mea nui kia whakamahia katoatia ngā painga o ngā rauemi koiora o Haina e te ahumahi me te whanaketanga ahumahi hei whakatairanga i te rangahau, te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ngā patu acaricide koiora.
1. Te papamuri rangahau mō ngā alkaloid veratrotrol
Ko te hellebore, e mōhiotia ana ko te riki maunga, ko te hellebore pango, he rongoā ā-tau. Hei tipu patu pepeke taketake i Haina, he maha ngā tāngata e keri ana i ōna pakiaka i te wā tipu ka parai hei wai mātotoru hei horoi i ngā hipi, koati, kau me ētahi atu kararehe, hei rongoā hoki i ngā kutukutu namu me ētahi atu pirinoa. Kātahi ka kitea e ngā kairangahau he pai te pānga whakahaere o te hellebore ki ētahi atu pepeke. Hei tauira, he pai te mahi patu pepeke a te tangohanga ethyl acetate o te pakiaka Veratrum ki ngā torongū tuarua me te tuatoru o te Plutella xylostella, ko te tangohanga alkaloid Veratrol he pānga whakamate ki ngā torongū pakeke me te tuawhā o te pepeke Tiamana. I taua wā anō, i kitea anō e ngā kairangahau he pai te mahi acaricidal o ngā tangohanga rerekē o te pakiaka Veratrum, tae atu ki te tangohanga etanol>tangohanga chloroform>tangohanga n-butanol.
Heoi, he raruraru uaua te tango i ngā kai hohe. Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau Hainamana te tango ultrasonic chloroform kua whakapūmauhia ki te haukini, te tango wai, te tango percolation ethanol, me te tango CO2 supercritical hei tiki i ngā kai hohe mai i ngā rhizomes veratrum. I roto i ēnei, ko te tikanga tango ultrasonic chloroform kua whakapūmauhia ki te haukini he nui te nui o te chloroform whakarewa paitini ahakoa he teitei te tere tango; he maha ngā wā tango o te tikanga tango wai, he nui te wai e pau ana, ā, he iti te tere tango; he iti te tere. Ko te tikanga tango CO2 supercritical hei tango i ngā alkaloid veratroline ehara i te mea he tere tango teitei anake, kāore ngā kai hohe e whakangaromia, engari he tino pai ake te mahi rongoā me te parakore o ngā kai hohe o ngā hua i whiwhihia. Hei tāpiri, ko te toenga CO2 kore-paitini me te kore-whakapūmau he kino ki te tinana tangata me te taiao, ka taea te whakaroa i te parahanga taiao i puta mai i ngā tikanga tango tuku iho, ā, kua whakarārangihia ko tētahi o ngā hangarau tango me te wehewehe pai rawa atu mō ngā pānga rongoā tipu. Heoi, ko te tukanga whakaputa morearea me te utu nui e aukati ana i tana tono ahumahi nui.
2. Te ahunga whakamua o te rangahau me te whanaketanga o ngā alkaloid veratrotrol
He rangahau mō te hangarau tangohanga o Veratrum. Ko te hangarau tangohanga tahi e ahu mai ana i te rauemi rongoā tuku iho a Haina, te veratrorum, me ngā rauemi rongoā taiao. Ka hangaia ngātahitia te Veratrotoin me ētahi atu matū hohe maha, ā, i te wā kotahi, ka whakamahia ngā whakarewa rerekē hei tango tonu i ngā matū rongoā tipu, kia nui ake ai te purenga me te whakatōtō i ngā matū hohe whai hua i roto i ngā matū rongoā tipu i roto i ngā wāhanga. Te tiki i ngā wāhanga rōpū o ngā matū he rerekē te mahi, he rite rānei te mahi mai i te puranga rauemi mata kotahi. Ka whakapai ake i te tere whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata tipu, ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, ā, ka whakanui ake i te whakataetae mākete.
He rangahau mō te tikanga mahi a ngā matū hohe o Veratrum. Ko te tangohanga o te pakiaka Veratrol he momo ranunga, kei roto i tēnei he neke atu i te tekau ngā matū hohe pērā i te veratrol, te resveratrol, te veratrotoin, te cyclopamine, te veratrol, me te resveratrol oxide. Ko te pūnaha io o ngā pepeke.
E ai ki ngā pūrongo rangahau, ko tōna paitini e ahu mai ana i te whakatuwheratanga o ngā hongere Na+ e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ngaohiko, e whakatuwhera ana i ngā hongere Ca2+ e whakahohehia ana e te ngaohiko, ka arahi ki te tukunga o ngā neurotransmitter. Ko ngā hongere ion konutai kua āraihia e te ngaohiko he wāhanga nui o te tohu neuronal me te uaua. Ka taea e ngā wāhanga hohe o te tangohanga Veratrum te whakararuraru i te au i roto i ngā hongere ion konutai, ka hua ake he huringa o te urunga o te kiriuhi, ka puta ai te wiri me te mate.
I taua wā anō, i kōrero ētahi tohunga Wīwī ka taea hoki e ngā alkaloid veratroline te aukati i te acetylcholinesterase (AChE) o ngā pepeke, kāore e whakataetae. Nā te tikanga mahi hou o ngā alkaloid veratrotrol, ka puta pea he whakaekenga maha-wāhi, ā, he uaua ki ngā mite te urutau ki ngā rongoā maha-wāhi mahi mā roto i ō rātou ake huringa hanganga, nō reira ehara i te mea ngāwari ki te whakawhanake i te ātete rongoā.
Hangarau whakarite tango pakiaka hellebore 0.1% CE. Mā te hangarau tango matatau, me te hangarau whakarite pai rawa atu, he iti te kukū o te mata o te rongoā, ka taea te takai tere i te tinana pepeke, te whakatairanga i te urunga me te mimiti o te otinga rongoā, me te whakarei ake i te pānga o ngā kai hohe. He pai te horapa ki te wai, ā, he mārama, he ōrite te otinga i muri i te horapa. 1000 ngā wā i whakaranua, ko te wā ki te whakamakuku katoa i te pepa kānawehi he 44 hēkona, ā, ka taea te whakamakuku tere me te uru. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga pumau marara mārama maha he pai te pumau o te whakaritenga tango pakiaka veratrum 0.1% CE, ā, i tutuki katoa i ngā taiao tono mara.
Te ahunga whakamua o te rangahau i runga i te hangarau tono o te 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Kua tino whakapai ake te hangarau hou i ngā āhuatanga tere o te rongoā. Ki te whakaritea ki te hangarau o mua, kua whakaitihia e te hua te whakamahinga o te kai kotahi. Mā te tukanga ahurei, ka nui ake ngā kai o te hua, ā, ka kitea te pānga mahi tahi.
I taua wā anō, ina whakamahia ngātahitia me ngā patupatu matū o nāianei, tuatahi, ka taea te whakaiti i te taupori o ngā mite pungawerewere whero, te whakaiti i te nui o ngā patupatu matū, me te whakapai ake i te pānga whakahaere. Hei whakarāpopototanga, i te wā nui o te mate o te mite Panonychus citrus i Hezhou, Guangxi, Haina, i whai hua te rehu 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole i roto i te 20 meneti, kāore i kitea he pepeke ora i roto i ngā rā e 3 i muri i te paninga, ā, ko te pānga whakahaere i roto i ngā rā e 11 i muri i te paninga. ka taea te pupuri i runga ake i te 95%. I te wāhanga tōmua o ngā mite panclaw karaka navel o Jiangxi Ruijin, i mate katoa te 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate i te rā kotahi i muri i te paninga, ā, kāore i kitea he pepeke ora i roto i ngā rā e 3 i muri i te paninga. , tata ki te 99% te pānga whakahaere i muri i ngā rā e 16.
E whakaatu ana ngā hua o te whakamātautau koiora i runga ake nei, ina iti, ina teitei rānei te maha o ngā noke pūngāwerewere whero, mā te whakamahi i te matū kotahi me te whakamahi matū matū, ka taea e te tango rhizome o Veratella vulgaris te whakaiti i te maha o ngā noke pūngāwerewere whero me te whakapai ake i te pānga whakahaere o ngā patupatu matū. I whakaatu i te pānga whakahaere tino pai. I taua wā anō, ko te tango rhizome o te hellebore i ahu mai i ngā tipu. I te kukū kua tūtohutia, he haumaru te whakamahi i roto i ngā wāhanga pihi, puāwai, me ngā wāhanga hua taitamariki o te nuinga o ngā tipu, ā, kāore he pānga ki te whānui o ngā wana, ngā putiputi me ngā hua. He haumaru, he pai hoki ki te taiao ki ngā rauropi kāore i te whainga pēnei i ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā patupatu, ā, kāore he ātete whakawhiti ki ngā patupatu me ngā acaricides o nāianei. He tino pai mō te whakahaere whakauru o ngā patupatu (IPM). Ā, mā te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu matū, ka taea e ngā toenga o ngā patupatu matū pēnei i te etoxazole, spirodiclofen, me te bifenazate i roto i ngā hua citrus te whakatutuki katoa i te "Paerewa Haumaru Kai ā-Motu o Haina mō ngā Herenga Toenga Mōrahi o ngā Patupatu i roto i ngā Kai", "Ngā Kai o te Kotahitanga o Ūropi". Ko te Paerewa Herenga Toenga Patupatu me te Paerewa Herenga Toenga Patupatu o te US mō ngā Kai e whakarato ana i tētahi taurangi pakari mō te haumaru kai me te kounga me te haumaru o ngā hua ahuwhenua.
Ka whakatairangahia e te hangarau whakatika ira te ahumahi o te hellebore
He rongoā noa te hellebore, ā, he otaota pumau nō te whānau Liliaceae. Ka tipu i ngā maunga, i ngā ngahere, i ngā rakau iti rānei. Ka horapa ki Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu me ētahi atu wāhi o Haina. He nui ngā rauemi ngahere. E ai ki te rangahau, ko te putanga ā-tau o te hellebore rongoā e tata ana ki te 300-500 tana, ā, he maha ngā momo o roto, pērā i te hellebore, te hellebore Xing'an, te hellebore maosu, me te hellebore Guling, ā, kāore i te ōrite ngā wāhanga hohe o ia momo.
I te tere o te whanaketanga o te hangarau koiora me te rangahau hōhonu mō ngā rauemi rongoā hellebore, kua ahu whakamua te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakatika ira hei whakapai ake i ngā momo rongoā hellebore me te whakawhanaungatanga horihori o ngā momo hellebore mohoao i roto i ngā wāhanga. Mā te whakatipu horihori o ngā momo hellebore ka tino whakaiti i te kino o te keri hellebore ki ngā rauemi ira mohoao, ā, ka whakatairanga ake i te ahumahi o te hellebore i roto i te mara ahuwhenua me te mara hauora.
Ā tōna wā, e tūmanakohia ana ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga o ngā matū patu acaricide tuku iho e ngā tango pakiaka hellebore tūturu i ahu mai i ngā tipu rongoā, ā, ka whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua ahuwhenua, te kounga me te haumaru o ngā hua ahuwhenua, te whakapai ake i te taiao ahuwhenua me te pupuri i te kanorau koiora. He takoha nui tēnei.
Wā tuku: 8 o Ākuhata 2022