Ko ngā kainoho he iti ake te tūnga ōhanga-ōhanga (SES) e noho ana i ngā whare noho pāpori e tautokona ana e te kāwanatanga, e ngā tari pūtea tūmatanui rānei, ka nui ake pea te tūponotanga o ngā patupatu e whakamahia ana i roto i te whare nā te mea ka whakamahia ngā patupatu nā ngā hapa hanganga, te kore tiaki pai, me ētahi atu.
I te tau 2017, e 28 ngā patu pepeke matūriki i inehia i roto i te hau o roto i roto i ngā whare noho hapori e 46 o ngā whare noho hapori e whitu mō te hunga rawakore i Toronto, Kanata, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu horoi hau kawe i whakahaerehia mō te wiki kotahi. Ko ngā patu pepeke i tātarihia he patu pepeke tuku iho, ā, e whakamahia ana i nāianei, mai i ēnei akomanga e whai ake nei: ngā organochlorine, ngā matū organophosphorus, ngā pyrethroid, me ngā strobilurin.
I kitea te iti rawa i te kotahi te patupatu i roto i te 89% o ngā waeine, me ngā reiti kitenga (DR) mō ngā patupatu takitahi i eke ki te 50%, tae atu ki ngā organochlorine tuku iho me ngā patupatu e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā. Ko ngā pyrethroid e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā ko ngā DF me ngā kukū teitei rawa atu, ko te pyrethroid I te kukū wāhanga matūriki teitei rawa atu i te 32,000 pg/m3. Ko te Heptachlor, i herea i Kanata i te tau 1985, ko te kukū hau katoa teitei rawa atu i whakatauhia (te matūriki me te wāhanga hau) i te 443,000 pg/m3. Ko ngā kukū o te heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, me te permethrin (haunga tētahi rangahau) he teitei ake i ērā i inehia i roto i ngā kāinga iti te moni whiwhi i pūrongohia i ētahi atu wāhi. Haunga te whakamahinga ā-tauira o ngā patupatu hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke me tō rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā rauemi hanga me ngā peita, he hononga nui te momi hikareti ki ngā kukū o ngā patupatu e rima e whakamahia ana i runga i ngā hua tupeka. Ko te tohatoha o ngā patupatu DF-teitei i roto i ngā whare takitahi e kī ana ko ngā pūtake matua o ngā patupatu i kitea ko ngā kaupapa whakahaere patupatu i whakahaerehia e ngā kaiwhakahaere whare me/ranei te whakamahinga patupatu e ngā kainoho.
He mea nui te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā whare noho hapori iti te moni whiwhi, engari he ngāwari ēnei kāinga ki te horapa o ngā pepeke, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā patu pepeke hei pupuri i a rātou. I kitea e mātou e 89% o ngā whare 46 katoa i whakamatautauria i pāngia e te iti rawa i te kotahi o ngā patu pepeke matūriki 28, ko ngā pyrethroid e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā me ngā organochlorine kua roa e aukatia ana (hei tauira, DDT, heptachlor) ngā mea i nui rawa te kukū nā te mea he roa te mau ki roto i te whare. I inehia hoki ngā kukū o ētahi patu pepeke kāore i rēhitatia mō te whakamahinga o roto, pērā i ngā strobilurin e whakamahia ana ki ngā rauemi hanga me ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia ana ki ngā hua tupeka. Ko ēnei hua, ko ngā raraunga tuatahi o Kanata mō te nuinga o ngā patu pepeke o roto, e whakaatu ana he nui te pānga o te nuinga o ēnei ki te tangata.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu i roto i te whakaputanga hua ahuwhenua hei whakaiti i te kino i puta mai i ngā pepeke. I te tau 2018, tata ki te 72% o ngā patupatu i hokona i Kanata i whakamahia ki te ahuwhenua, ā, 4.5% anake i whakamahia ki ngā wāhi noho.[1] Nō reira, ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau mō te kukū me te whakaaturanga o ngā patupatu i arotahi ki ngā wāhi ahuwhenua.[2,3,4] He maha ngā āputa e pā ana ki ngā kōtaha me ngā taumata patupatu i roto i ngā whare, kei reira hoki ngā patupatu e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke. I roto i ngā wāhi noho, mā te whakamahi patupatu kotahi i roto i te whare ka puta he 15 mg o te patupatu ki te taiao.[5] Ka whakamahia ngā patupatu i roto i te whare hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke pēnei i ngā pepeke pepeke me ngā pepeke moenga. Ko ētahi atu whakamahinga o ngā patupatu ko te whakahaere i ngā pepeke kararehe kāinga me tō rātou whakamahinga hei patupatu ki ngā taonga me ngā hua kaihoko (hei tauira, ngā whāriki huruhuru hipi, ngā kakahu) me ngā rauemi hanga (hei tauira, ngā peita pakitara kei roto he patupatu, he pakitara pakitara ātete-pokepoke) [6,7,8,9]. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā mahi a ngā kainoho (hei tauira, te momi hikareti i roto i te whare) ka puta he tukunga o ngā patupatu e whakamahia ana hei whakatipu tupeka ki ngā wāhi o roto [10]. Ko tētahi atu pūtake o te tukunga o ngā patu pepeke ki roto i ngā wāhi o roto ko te kawe mai i waho [11,12,13].
Haunga ngā kaimahi ahuwhenua me ō rātou whānau, he ngoikore hoki ētahi rōpū ki te pānga o ngā patu pepeke. He nui ake te pānga o ngā tamariki ki ngā poke o roto, tae atu ki ngā patu pepeke, i ngā pakeke nā te nui ake o te manawa, te horomitanga puehu, me ngā tikanga ringaringa ki te waha e pā ana ki te taumaha o te tinana [14, 15]. Hei tauira, i kitea e Trunnel et al. he hononga pai te kukū o te pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) i roto i ngā tauera horoi papa ki ngā kukū matū PYR i roto i te mimi o ngā tamariki [16]. Ko te DF o ngā matū PYR patu pepeke i ripoatatia i roto i te Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) he teitei ake i roto i ngā tamariki 3-5 tau te pakeke i ngā rōpū pakeke ake [17]. E kiia ana hoki ngā wāhine hapu me ā rātou kukune he rōpū ngoikore nā te mōrearea o te pānga o ngā patu pepeke i te tīmatanga o te oranga. I ripoata a Wyatt et al. he hononga nui ngā patu pepeke i roto i ngā tauira toto whaea me te toto pēpi hou, e rite ana ki te whakawhiti whaea-kukune [18].
Ko te hunga e noho ana i ngā whare iti te kounga, he iti rānei te moni whiwhi, kei te nui ake te tūponotanga ki te pāngia e ngā poke o roto, tae atu ki ngā patupatu [19, 20, 21]. Hei tauira, i Kanata, kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau he nui ake te tūponotanga o te hunga he iti ake te tūnga ōhanga-ōhanga (SES) ki te pāngia e ngā phthalates, ngā aukati mura halogenated, ngā plasticizer organophosphorus me ngā aukati mura, me ngā hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic (PAH) i te hunga he nui ake te SES [22,23,24]. Ko ētahi o ēnei kitenga e pā ana ki te hunga e noho ana i roto i ngā "whare noho pāpori," e tautuhia ana e mātou he whare reti e tautokona ana e te kāwanatanga (ngā tari rānei e utua ana e te kāwanatanga) kei roto ngā kainoho he iti ake te tūnga ōhanga-ōhanga [25]. Ko ngā whare pāpori i roto i ngā whare noho maha-wāhanga (MURB) he ngawari ki te pangia e ngā pepeke, ko te nuinga nā ō rātou ngoikoretanga hanganga (hei tauira, ngā kapiti me ngā kapiti i roto i ngā pakitara), te kore o te tiaki/whakatikatika tika, te koretake o te horoi me te tuku para, me te maha o te kīkī [20, 26]. Ahakoa kei te wātea ngā kaupapa whakahaere pepeke whakauru hei whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā kaupapa whakahaere pepeke i roto i te whakahaere whare, ā, hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o te pānga ki ngā patu pepeke, inā koa i roto i ngā whare maha-wāhanga, ka horapa pea ngā pepeke puta noa i te whare [21, 27, 28]. Ka pā kino te horapa o ngā pepeke me te whakamahinga patu pepeke e pā ana ki te kounga o te hau o roto, ā, ka tūpono ngā kainoho ki te mōrearea o te pānga ki ngā patu pepeke, ka hua ake he pānga kino ki te hauora [29]. He maha ngā rangahau i te United States kua whakaatu he teitei ake te pānga ki ngā patu pepeke kua aukatia me ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā i roto i ngā whare iti te moni whiwhi i ngā whare nui te moni whiwhi nā te kounga kino o te whare [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Nā te mea he iti noa ngā kōwhiringa a ngā kainoho iti te moni whiwhi ki te wehe atu i ō rātou kāinga, tera pea ka pā tonu rātou ki ngā patu pepeke i roto i ō rātou kāinga.
I roto i ngā kāinga, ka pāngia pea ngā tāngata noho e te nui o ngā patupatu mō ngā wā roa nā te mea ka mau tonu ngā toenga patupatu nā te korenga o te rā, te makuku, me ngā ara pirau o ngā moroiti [33,34,35]. Kua pūrongohia te hononga o te pānga o ngā patupatu ki ngā pānga kino ki te hauora pērā i te hauātanga whanaketanga roro (ina koa ko te iti o te IQ reo i roto i ngā tama), tae atu ki ngā mate pukupuku toto, ngā mate pukupuku roro (tae atu ki ngā mate pukupuku o ngā tamariki), ngā pānga e pā ana ki te raruraru endocrine, me te mate a Alzheimer.
Hei mema o te Kawenata Stockholm, e iwa ngā here a Kanata mō ngā OCP [42, 54]. Nā te arotake anō i ngā whakaritenga ture i Kanata i mutu ai te whakamahinga o te OPP me te carbamate i roto i ngā whare noho.[55] Ka herea hoki e te Pest Management Regulatory Agency o Kanata (PMRA) ētahi whakamahinga o roto o te PYR. Hei tauira, kua mutu te whakamahinga o te cypermethrin mō ngā maimoatanga me ngā pāhotanga o roto nā te mea ka pā pea ki te hauora o te tangata, inā koa ki ngā tamariki [56]. Kei te Whakaahua 1 he whakarāpopototanga o ēnei here [55, 57, 58].
Ko te tuaka-Y e tohu ana i ngā patupatu kua kitea (kei runga ake i te rohe kitenga o te tikanga, Ripanga S6), ā, ko te tuaka-X e tohu ana i te awhe kukū o ngā patupatu i te rangi i te wāhanga matūriki i runga ake i te rohe kitenga. Kei te Ripanga S6 ngā taipitopito o ngā auau kitenga me ngā kukū mōrahi.
Ko ā mātou whāinga he ine i ngā kukū me ngā pānga o te hau o roto (hei tauira, te manawa) o ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia ana me ngā patu pepeke tawhito i roto i ngā whare noho rawakore e noho ana i ngā whare noho hapori i Toronto, Kanata, me te tirotiro i ētahi o ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ēnei pānga. Ko te whāinga o tēnei pepa he whakakī i te āputa o ngā raraunga mō ngā pānga ki ngā patu pepeke o nāianei me ngā patu pepeke tawhito i roto i ngā kāinga o ngā taupori ngoikore, inā koa he iti rawa ngā raraunga patu pepeke o roto i Kanata [6].
I aro turukihia e ngā kairangahau ngā kukū o ngā patu pepeke i roto i ngā whare noho hapori e whitu a MURB i hangaia i ngā tau 1970 i ngā wāhi e toru i roto i te Tāone o Toronto. E 65 km te tawhiti o ngā whare katoa mai i tētahi rohe ahuwhenua (haunga ngā whenua o muri). He tohu ēnei whare mō ngā whare noho hapori o Toronto. He toronga atu tā mātou rangahau i tētahi rangahau nui ake i tirotiro i ngā taumata matūriki (PM) i roto i ngā whare noho hapori i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i ngā whakahoutanga pūngao [59,60,61]. Nō reira, i herea tā mātou rautaki tauira ki te kohikohi i te PM rererangi.
Mō ia poraka, i whakawhanakehia ngā whakarerekētanga tae atu ki te penapena wai me te pūngao (hei tauira, te whakakapinga o ngā waeine hauhautanga, ngā poiha me ngā taputapu whakamahana) hei whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao, hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te hau o roto, hei whakanui ake hoki i te whakamarie wera [62, 63]. Kua wehea ngā whare noho kia rite ki te momo nohoanga: kaumātua, whānau me te hunga takakau. Kua whakamāramahia ngā āhuatanga me ngā momo whare i roto i ētahi atu kōrero [24].
E whā tekau mā ono ngā tauira tātari hau i kohia mai i ngā whare noho hapori MURB e 46 i te takurua o te tau 2017 i tātarihia. I whakamāramahia te hoahoa o te rangahau, te kohikohinga tauira, me ngā tikanga rokiroki e Wang et al. [60]. I roto i te poto, i whakauruhia te whare o ia kaiuru ki tētahi taputapu horoi hau Amaircare XR-100 kua whakauruhia ki te pāpāho tātari hau matūriki 127 mm te kaha (te rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tātari HEPA) mō te 1 wiki. I horoia ngā taputapu horoi hau kawe katoa ki ngā tauera isopropyl i mua me muri i te whakamahinga hei karo i te poke whakawhiti. I whakanohoia ngā taputapu horoi hau kawe ki te pakitara o te rūma noho 30 cm mai i te tuanui me/ranei i runga i ngā tohutohu a ngā kainoho hei karo i te raruraru ki ngā kainoho me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te urunga kore whakamana (tirohia ngā Mōhiohio Tāpiri SI1, Pikitia S1). I te wā tauira ia wiki, ko te rere toharite he 39.2 m3/rā (tirohia te SI1 mō ngā taipitopito o ngā tikanga i whakamahia hei whakatau i te rere). I mua i te whakatakotoranga o te tauira i te marama o Hānuere me Pēpuere 2015, i whakahaerehia he haerenga tuatahi ki te tatau me te tirotiro ā-kanohi i ngā āhuatanga o te whare me ngā whanonga o te hunga noho (hei tauira, te momi hikareti). I whakahaerehia he rangahau whai muri i ia haerenga mai i te tau 2015 ki te 2017. Kei roto i a Touchie et al. [64] ngā taipitopito katoa. I roto i te poto, ko te whāinga o te rangahau he aromatawai i ngā whanonga o te hunga noho me ngā huringa pea o ngā āhuatanga o te whare me ngā whanonga o te hunga noho pēnei i te momi hikareti, te whakahaere i ngā tatau me ngā matapihi, me te whakamahi i ngā taupoki tango, i ngā pā hau rānei i te kīhini i te wā e tunu kai ana. [59, 64] I muri i te whakarerekētanga, i tātarihia ngā tātari mō ngā patu pepeke whainga e 28 (i whakaarohia ko te endosulfan I me te II me te α- me te γ-chlordane he matū rerekē, ā, ko te p,p′-DDE he matū whakaputa o te p,p′-DDT, ehara i te patu pepeke), tae atu ki ngā patu pepeke tawhito me ngā patu pepeke hou (Ripanga S1).
I whakaahuahia e Wang et al. [60] te tukanga tango me te horoi. I wehea ia tauira tātari kia rua, ā, i whakamahia te haurua mō te tātari i ngā patupatu 28 (Ripanga S1). Ko ngā tauira tātari me ngā āputa taiwhanga he tātari muka karāhe, kotahi mō ia tauira e rima mō te katoa o te iwa, i tāpirihia ki ngā whakakapi patupatu e ono kua tohua (Ripanga S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) hei whakahaere i te whakaora. I inehia hoki ngā kukū patupatu ūnga i roto i ngā āputa parae e rima. I whakamātauria ia tauira tātari kia toru ngā wā mō te 20 meneti ia tauira me te 10 mL o te hexane:acetone:dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific). I kohikohia ngā wai i tangohia mai i ngā tangohanga e toru, ā, i whakatōkia ki te 1 mL i roto i te mīhini whakapūkara Zymark Turbovap i raro i te rere tonu o te hauota. I purea te tangohanga mā te whakamahi i ngā pou Florisil® SPE (ngā ngongo Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE, Supelco) kātahi ka whakatōtōhia ki te 0.5 mL mā te whakamahi i te Zymark Turbovap, ā, ka whakawhitia ki tētahi ipu GC karaka. Kātahi ka tāpirihia te Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Ripanga S2) hei paerewa ā-roto. I whakahaerehia ngā tātaritanga mā te chromatography hau-spectrometry papatipu (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC me Agilent 5977A MSD) i roto i ngā aratau pānga irahiko me te ionization matū. Ka hoatu ngā tawhā taputapu ki te SI4, ā, ka hoatu ngā mōhiohio ion tau i roto i ngā Ripanga S3 me te S4.
I mua i te tangohanga, i tāpirihia ngā matū whakakapi patupatu kua tohua ki roto i ngā tauira me ngā mea koretake (Ripanga S2) hei aroturuki i te whakaoranga i te wā tātari. Ko te whakaoranga o ngā matū tohu i roto i ngā tauira i waenga i te 62% ki te 83%; i whakatikahia ngā hua katoa mō ngā matū takitahi mō te whakaoranga. I whakatikahia ngā raraunga koretake mā te whakamahi i ngā uara toharite o te taiwhanga me te mara mo ia patupatu (kei te Ripanga S5 ngā uara) e ai ki ngā paearu i whakamāramahia e Saini et al. [65]: i te iti iho o te kukū o te mea koretake i te 5% o te kukū o te tauira, kāore i mahia he whakatikatika o te mea koretake mō ngā matū takitahi; i te 5–35% o te kukū o te mea koretake, ka whakatikahia ngā raraunga koretake; ki te nui ake te kukū o te mea koretake i te 35% o te uara, ka makahia ngā raraunga. Ko te rohe kitenga tikanga (MDL, Ripanga S6) i tautuhia ko te kukū toharite o te mea koretake taiwhanga (n = 9) me te toru ngā wā o te paerewa rerekētanga. Mena kāore i kitea he matū i roto i te mea koretake, ko te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru o te matū i roto i te otinga paerewa iti rawa (~10:1) i whakamahia hei tatau i te rohe kitenga taputapu. Ko ngā kukū i roto i ngā tauira taiwhanga me ngā tauira mara i
Ka hurihia te papatipu matū i runga i te tātari hau ki te kukū matūriki hau whakauru mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga taumaha, ā, ka hurihia te tere rere o te tātari me te whai huatanga o te tātari ki te kukū matūriki hau whakauru e ai ki te whārite 1:
ko M (g) te papatipu katoa o te PM i hopukina e te tātari, ko f (pg/g) te kukū parahanga i roto i te PM i kohia, ko η te whai huatanga o te tātari (e whakaarohia ana he 100% nā te rauemi tātari me te rahi o te matūriki [67]), ko Q (m3/h) te tere rere o te hau i roto i te pūwhakapai hau kawe, ā, ko t (h) te wā whakatinanatanga. I tuhia te taumaha tātari i mua atu me muri i te whakatinanatanga. Ko ngā taipitopito katoa o ngā inenga me ngā tere rere o te hau i whakaratohia e Wang et al. [60].
Ko te tikanga tauira i whakamahia i roto i tēnei pepa i ine noa i te kukū o te wāhanga matūriki. I whakatau tata mātou i ngā kukū ōrite o ngā patu pepeke i roto i te wāhanga hau mā te whakamahi i te whārite Harner-Biedelman (Whārite 2), me te whakaaro he taurite matū i waenga i ngā wāhanga [68]. I ahu mai te Whārite 2 mō ngā matūriki i waho, engari kua whakamahia hoki hei whakatau tata i te tohatoha matūriki i roto i te hau me ngā taiao o roto [69, 70].
ko te log Kp te panonitanga logarithm o te tauwehenga matūriki-hau i roto i te hau, ko te log Koa te panonitanga logarithm o te tauwehenga octanol/hau, ko Koa (kāore he rahi), ā, ko \({fom}\) te wāhanga o te mea rauropi i roto i te mea matūriki (kāore he rahi). Ko te uara fom he 0.4 [71, 72]. I tangohia te uara Koa mai i te OPERA 2.6 i whiwhi mā te whakamahi i te papatohu aroturuki matū CompTox (US EPA, 2023) (Pikitia S2), nā te mea he iti rawa te whakaaro ki ngā whakatau tata ki ētahi atu tikanga whakatau tata [73]. I whiwhi hoki mātou i ngā uara whakamātautau o ngā whakatau tata Koa me Kowwin/HENRYWIN mā te whakamahi i te EPISuite [74].
I te mea ko te DF mō ngā patu pepeke katoa i kitea he ≤50%, ko ngā uara
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia S3 me ngā Ripanga S6 me te S8 i ngā uara Koa e ahu mai ana i te OPERA, te kukū o te wāhanga matūriki (tātari) o ia rōpū patu pepeke, me te wāhanga hau me te kukū katoa kua tatauhia. Kei roto i ngā Ripanga S7 me te S8 ngā kukū wāhanga hau me te tapeke mōrahi o ngā patu pepeke kua kitea mō ia rōpū matū (arā, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, me Σ3STR) i whiwhihia mā te whakamahi i ngā uara Koa whakamātautau me ngā uara Koa kua tatauhia mai i te EPISuite. Ka ripoatahia e mātou ngā kukū wāhanga matūriki kua inehia, ā, ka whakatauritehia ngā kukū hau katoa i tatauhia i konei (mā te whakamahi i ngā whakatau tata e ahu mai ana i te OPERA) me ngā kukū hau mai i tētahi maha iti o ngā pūrongo kore-ahuwhenua o ngā kukū patu pepeke rererangi me te maha o ngā rangahau o ngā whare SES iti [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Ripanga S9). He mea nui kia mōhio he tata noa iho tēnei whakataurite nā te rerekētanga o ngā tikanga tauira me ngā tau rangahau. Ki tā mātou mōhio, ko ngā raraunga e whakaaturia ana i konei ko ngā raraunga tuatahi ki te ine i ngā patu pepeke ehara i te organochlorine tuku iho i roto i te hau o roto i Kanata.
I te wāhanga matūriki, ko te kukū teitei rawa atu i kitea o Σ8OCP he 4400 pg/m3 (Ripanga S8). Ko te OCP me te kukū teitei rawa atu ko te heptachlor (i herea i te tau 1985) me te kukū teitei rawa atu o te 2600 pg/m3, ā, i muri mai ko te p,p′-DDT (i herea i te tau 1985) me te kukū teitei rawa atu o te 1400 pg/m3 [57]. Ko te Chlorothalonil me te kukū teitei rawa atu o te 1200 pg/m3 he patu pepeke patu huakita me te patu harore e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā peita. Ahakoa i whakamutua tōna rēhitatanga mō te whakamahinga o roto i te tau 2011, kei te 50% tonu tōna DF [55]. Ko ngā uara DF teitei me ngā kukū o ngā OCP tuku iho e tohu ana kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā OCP i mua, ā, kei te mau tonu i roto i ngā taiao o roto [6].
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua he hononga pai te pakeketanga o te whare ki te kukū o ngā OCP tawhito [6, 79]. I ngā wā o mua, kua whakamahia ngā OCP mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke o roto, inā koa ko te lindane hei rongoā i ngā kutu upoko, he mate e kitea nuitia ana i roto i ngā whare he iti ake te tūnga ōhanga-ōhanga i ngā whare he teitei ake te tūnga ōhanga-ōhanga [80, 81]. Ko te kukū teitei rawa o te lindane he 990 pg/m3.
Mō te katoa o ngā matūriki me te āhua hau, ko te heptachlor te kukū teitei rawa atu, me te kukū mōrahi o te 443,000 pg/m3. Ko ngā kukū hau mōrahi katoa o te Σ8OCP i whakatauhia mai i ngā uara Koa i roto i ētahi atu awhe kua whakarārangihia ki te Ripanga S8. Ko ngā kukū o te heptachlor, te lindane, te chlorothalonil, me te endosulfan I he 2 (chlorothalonil) ki te 11 (endosulfan I) ngā wā teitei ake i ērā i kitea i roto i ētahi atu rangahau mō ngā taiao noho nui me te iti o te moni whiwhi i te United States me France i inehia i te 30 tau ki muri [77, 82,83,84].
Ko te kukū matūriki katoa teitei rawa atu o ngā OP e toru (Σ3OPP)—malathion, trichlorfon, me diazinon—he 3,600 pg/m3. O ēnei, ko te malathion anake kua rēhitatia mō te whakamahinga kāinga i Kanata.[55] Ko Trichlorfon te kukū matūriki teitei rawa atu i roto i te kāwai OPP, me te mōrahi o te 3,600 pg/m3. I Kanata, kua whakamahia te trichlorfon hei patu pepeke hangarau i roto i ētahi atu hua whakahaere pepeke, pērā i te whakahaere i ngā namu kore-ātete me ngā pepeke.[55] Kua rēhitatia te Malathion hei patu kiore mō te whakamahinga kāinga, me te kukū mōrahi o te 2,800 pg/m3.
Ko te kukū mōrahi katoa o ngā Σ3OPP (hau + matūriki) i te hau he 77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 i runga i te uara Koa EPISuite). He iti ake ngā kukū OPP hau (DF 11–24%) i ngā kukū OCP (DF 0–50%), ā, ko te mea pea nā te kaha ake o te OCP [85].
Ko ngā kukū diazinon me te malathion i kōrerotia i konei he teitei ake i ērā i inehia i te 20 tau ki muri i roto i ngā whare iti te tūnga ōhanga-pāpori i South Texas me Boston (ko te diazinon anake i kōrerotia i reira) [26, 78]. Ko ngā kukū diazinon i inehia e mātou he iti iho i ērā i kōrerotia i roto i ngā rangahau o ngā whare iti me te tūnga ōhanga-pāpori i New York me Te Tai Tokerau o California (kāore i kitea e mātou he pūrongo hou ake i roto i ngā tuhinga) [76, 77].
Ko ngā PYR ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke moenga i roto i te maha o ngā whenua, engari he iti noa ngā rangahau kua ine i ō rātou kukū i roto i te hau o roto [86, 87]. Koinei te wā tuatahi kua pūrongohia ngā raraunga kukū PYR o roto i Kanata.
I te wāhanga matūriki, ko te uara mōrahi \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) ko te 36,000 pg/m3. Ko te Pyrethrin I te mea i kitea pinepinetia (DF% = 48), me te uara teitei rawa atu o te 32,000 pg/m3 i roto i ngā patupatu katoa. Kua rēhitatia te Pyrethroid I ki Kanata hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke moenga, ngā pepeke kōkō, ngā pepeke rere, me ngā pepeke mōkai [55, 88]. Hei tāpiri, e kiia ana ko te pyrethrin I te rongoā tuatahi mō te pediculosis i Kanata [89]. I te mea he ngawari ake te hunga e noho ana i roto i ngā whare noho hapori ki te pangia e ngā pepeke moenga me ngā kutu [80, 81], i tumanakohia e mātou he teitei te kukū o te pyrethrin I. Ki tā mātou e mōhio ana, kotahi anake te rangahau i kōrero mō ngā kukū o te pyrethrin I i roto i te hau o roto o ngā whare noho, ā, kāore tetahi i kōrero mō te pyrethrin I i roto i ngā whare noho hapori. He teitei ake ngā kukū i kitea e mātou i ērā i kōrerotia i roto i ngā tuhinga [90].
He tino teitei hoki ngā kukū o te allethrin, ko te tuarua o ngā kukū teitei rawa kei roto i te wāhanga matūriki i te 16,000 pg/m3, ā, i muri mai ko te permethrin (ko te kukū mōrahi ko te 14,000 pg/m3). He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te allethrin me te permethrin i roto i ngā hanganga whare. Pērā i te pyrethrin I, e whakamahia ana te permethrin i Kanata hei rongoā i ngā kutu upoko.[89] Ko te kukū teitei rawa o te L-cyhalothrin i kitea ko te 6,000 pg/m3. Ahakoa kāore i rēhitatia te L-cyhalothrin mō te whakamahinga kāinga i Kanata, kua whakaaetia mō te whakamahinga arumoni hei tiaki i te rakau mai i ngā pōpokorua kamura.[55, 91]
Ko te kukū mōrahi katoa o te \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) i roto i te hau he 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 i runga i te uara Koa EPISuite). Ko ngā kukū allethrin me te permethrin i konei (ko te mōrahi 406,000 pg/m3 me te 14,500 pg/m3, ia) he teitei ake i ērā i pūrongohia i roto i ngā rangahau hau o roto SES-iti [26, 77, 78]. Heoi, i pūrongo a Wyatt et al. i ngā taumata permethrin teitei ake i roto i te hau o roto o ngā kāinga SES-iti i te Tāone o Niu Ioka i ā mātou hua (12 ngā wā teitei ake) [76]. Ko ngā kukū permethrin i inehia e mātou i ahu mai i te pito iti ki te mōrahi o te 5300 pg/m3.
Ahakoa kāore ngā matū patu STR i rēhitatia mō te whakamahinga i roto i te kāinga i Kanata, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i ētahi rauemi hanga whare pēnei i te pakitara ātete-pokepoke [75, 93]. I ine mātou i ngā kukū wāhanga matūriki iti noa iho me te \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) mōrahi o te 1200 pg/m3 me ngā kukū hau katoa \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) tae atu ki te 1300 pg/m3. Kāore anō kia inehia ngā kukū STR i roto i te hau o roto i mua.
Ko te Imidacloprid he patu pepeke neonicotinoid kua rēhitatia ki Kanata hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke kino o ngā kararehe kāinga.[55] Ko te kukū mōrahi o te imidacloprid i roto i te wāhanga matūriki he 930 pg/m3, ā, ko te kukū mōrahi i roto i te hau whānui he 34,000 pg/m3.
Kua rēhitatia te harore propiconazole ki Kanata hei whakamahi hei tiaki rakau i roto i ngā rauemi hanga.[55] Ko te kukū mōrahi i inehia e mātou i roto i te wāhanga matūriki he 1100 pg/m3, ā, ko te kukū mōrahi i roto i te hau whānui i whakatauhia he 2200 pg/m3.
He patupatu dinitroaniline te Pendimethalin, ko te kukū mōrahi o te matūriki he 4400 pg/m3, ā, ko te kukū mōrahi o te hau katoa he 9100 pg/m3. Kāore a Pendimethalin i rēhitatia mō te whakamahinga kāinga i Kanata, engari ko tētahi pūtake o te pānga ko te whakamahi tupeka, e ai ki te kōrero i raro nei.
He maha ngā patu pepeke i honoa tetahi ki tetahi (Ripanga S10). E ai ki te whakaaro, he hononga nui tā te p,p′-DDT me te p,p′-DDE nā te mea he matū hangahanga te p,p′-DDE o te p,p′-DDT. Waihoki, he hononga nui anō tā te endosulfan I me te endosulfan II nā te mea he diastereoisomers rāua e rua e puta tahi ana i roto i te endosulfan hangarau. Ko te ōwehenga o ngā diastereoisomers e rua (endosulfan I:endosulfan II) ka rerekē mai i te 2:1 ki te 7:3 i runga i te ranunga hangarau [94]. I roto i tā mātou rangahau, ko te ōwehenga i waenga i te 1:1 ki te 2:1.
I muri mai ka rapu mātou i ngā āhuatanga e whakaatu ana i te whakamahinga tahi o ngā patu pepeke me te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke maha i roto i te hua patu pepeke kotahi (tirohia te kauwhata pakaru i te Pikitia S4). Hei tauira, ka puta te āhuatanga tahi nā te mea ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā kai hohe me ētahi atu patu pepeke me ngā momo mahi rerekē, pērā i te ranunga o te pyriproxyfen me te tetramethrin. I konei, i kitea e mātou he hononga (p < 0.01) me te āhuatanga tahi (6 waeine) o ēnei patu pepeke (Pikitia S4 me te Ripanga S10), e rite ana ki tā rātou hanganga whakakotahi [75]. I kitea ngā hononga nui (p < 0.01) me ngā āhuatanga tahi i waenga i ngā OCP pērā i te p,p′-DDT me te lindane (5 waeine) me te heptachlor (6 waeine), e kī ana i whakamahia i roto i tētahi wā, i whakamahia ngātahi rānei i mua i te whakaurunga o ngā here. Kāore i kitea he āhuatanga tahi o ngā OFP, haunga te diazinon me te malathion, i kitea i roto i ngā waeine e 2.
Ko te tere o te puta tahi (8 waeine) i kitea i waenga i te pyriproxyfen, te imidacloprid me te permethrin ka taea te whakamārama mā te whakamahinga o ēnei patu pepeke hohe e toru i roto i ngā hua patu pepeke hei whakahaere i ngā kutu, ngā kutu me ngā puruhi i runga i ngā kurī [95]. Hei tāpiri, i kitea anō hoki ngā tere puta tahi o te imidacloprid me te L-cypermethrin (4 waeine), te propargyltrine (4 waeine) me te pyrethrin I (9 waeine). Ki tā mātou e mōhio ana, kāore he pūrongo kua whakaputaina mō te putanga tahi o te imidacloprid me te L-cypermethrin, te propargyltrine me te pyrethrin I i Kanata. Heoi, kei roto i ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia i ētahi atu whenua he ranunga o te imidacloprid me te L-cypermethrin me te propargyltrine [96, 97]. Hei tāpiri, kāore mātou e mōhio ki tētahi hua kei roto he ranunga o te pyrethrin I me te imidacloprid. Mā te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke e rua pea ka whakamārama i te kitenga o te hononga tahi, nā te mea e whakamahia ana ēnei e rua hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke moenga, he mea noa i roto i ngā whare noho hapori [86, 98]. I kitea e mātou he hononga nui te permethrin me te pyrethrin I (16 ngā waeine) (p < 0.01) ā, ko rātou te maha o ngā hononga tahi, e kī ana i whakamahia ngātahi rāua; he pono anō hoki tēnei mō te pyrethrin I me te allethrin (7 ngā waeine, p < 0.05), ko te permethrin me te allethrin he hononga iti ake (5 ngā waeine, p < 0.05) [75]. Ko te pendimethhalin, te permethrin me te thiophanate-methyl, e whakamahia ana i runga i ngā hua tupeka, i whakaatu anō hoki i te hononga me te hononga tahi i te iwa ngā waeine. I kitea ētahi atu hononga me ngā hononga tahi i waenga i ngā patu pepeke kāore anō kia pūrongohia ngā hanganga tahi, pērā i te permethrin me ngā STR (arā, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, me te trifloxystrobin).
Ko te whakatipu me te tukatuka tupeka e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā patu pepeke. Ka whakaitihia ngā taumata patu pepeke i roto i te tupeka i te wā e hauhaketia ana, e whakamarokehia ana, me te hanga hua whakamutunga. Heoi, kei te toe tonu ngā toenga patu pepeke i roto i ngā rau tupeka.[99] Hei tāpiri, ka taea te rongoā i ngā rau tupeka ki ngā patu pepeke i muri i te hauhake.[100] Nō reira, kua kitea ngā patu pepeke i roto i ngā rau tupeka me te auahi.
I Ontario, neke atu i te haurua o ngā whare noho pāpori nui rawa atu e 12 kāore he kaupapa here kore auahi, ka tūpono ai ngā kainoho ki te pāngia e te auahi tuarua.[101] Kāore he kaupapa here kore auahi o ngā whare noho pāpori MURB i roto i tā mātou rangahau. I rangahauhia e mātou ngā kainoho ki te tiki mōhiohio mō ā rātou tikanga momi hikareti, ā, i whakahaerehia he tirotiro wāhanga i ngā haerenga kāinga ki te kite i ngā tohu o te momi hikareti.[59, 64] I te takurua o te tau 2017, 30% o ngā kainoho (14 i roto i te 46) i momi hikareti.
Wā tuku: Hui-tanguru-06-2025