Ko te kino ki ngā tipu i puta mai i te whakataetae mai i ngā taru me ētahi atu pepeke tae atu ki ngā huaketo, ngā huakita, ngā harore, me ngā pepeke ka tino whakararu i ō rātou hua, ā, i ētahi wā ka taea te whakangaro rawa i te hua. I ēnei rā, ka whiwhi hua pono mai i ngā hua hua mā te whakamahi i ngā momo ātete-mate, ngā mahi whakahaere koiora, me te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke hei whakahaere i ngā mate tipu, ngā pepeke, ngā taru, me ētahi atu patu pepeke. I te tau 1983, $1.3 piriona i pau ki ngā patu pepeke—haunga ngā patu taru—hei tiaki me te whakawhāiti i te kino ki ngā hua mai i ngā mate tipu, ngā nematode, me ngā pepeke. Ko te nui o ngā mate hua ka puta i te korenga o te whakamahinga patu pepeke he nui ake i taua uara.
Mō te 100 tau pea, ko te whakatipu hei ātete ki te mate he wāhanga nui o te hua ahuwhenua puta noa i te ao. Engari ko ngā angitu i tutukihia e te whakatipu tipu he mea kitea noa iho, ā, he wā poto noa iho. Arā, nā te kore o ngā mōhiotanga taketake mō te mahi a ngā ira hei ātete, he maha ngā wā ka tūpono noa ngā rangahau, kaua ki ngā tūhuratanga kua tohua. Hei tāpiri, ka poto noa iho ngā hua nā te rerekētanga o te āhua o ngā mate me ētahi atu pepeke i te mea ka whakaurua ngā mōhiotanga ira hou ki roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua matatini.
He tauira pai rawa atu o te pānga o te huringa ira ko te āhuatanga hae koretake i whakatupuria ki roto i te nuinga o ngā momo kānga nui hei āwhina i te whakaputa purapura ranu. Ko ngā tipu kei roto i te cytoplasm Texas (T) ka whakawhiti i tēnei āhuatanga tane koretake mā roto i te cytoplasm; e hono ana ki tētahi momo mitochondrion. Kāore i te mōhiotia e ngā kaiwhakatupu, i mau hoki ēnei mitochondria i te ngoikore ki tētahi paitini i hangaia e te harore mate.HelminthosporiummaitiKo te mutunga iho ko te mate urutā rau kānga i Amerika Te Raki i te raumati o te tau 1970.
Ko ngā tikanga i whakamahia hei kimi i ngā matū patu pepeke he mea whakamātautau noa iho. Nā te iti, te kore rānei o ngā mōhiohio o mua mō te momo mahi, ka whakamatautauria ngā matū hei whiriwhiri i ngā mea e patu ana i te pepeke, te harore, te taru rānei e hiahiatia ana, engari kāore e kino ki te tipu hua, ki te taiao rānei.
Kua puta he angitu nui mai i ngā huarahi whakamātautau ki te whakahaere i ētahi pepeke, inā koa ko ngā taru, ngā mate harore, me ngā pepeke, engari kei te haere tonu te pakanga, nā te mea ka taea e ngā huringa ira o ēnei pepeke te whakahoki i tō rātou kaha ki runga i tētahi momo tipu ātete, te hanga rānei i te pepeke kia ātete ki tētahi patu pepeke. Ko te mea e ngaro ana i tēnei huringa mutunga kore o te ngoikore me te ātete ko te māramatanga mārama ki ngā rauropi me ngā tipu e whakaekea ana e rātou. I te mea ka piki haere te mōhiotanga ki ngā pepeke—ō rātou ira, matū koiora, me te āhua o te tinana, ō rātou manaaki me ngā taunekeneke i waenganui i a rātou—ka hangaia he tikanga whakahaere pepeke pai ake te whakahaere me te whai hua ake.
Ka tautuhia e tēnei upoko ētahi huarahi rangahau hei mārama ake i ngā tikanga koiora taketake ka taea te whakamahi hei whakahaere i ngā mate urutā me ngā pepeke tipu. Ka tukuna e te koiora ngota ngā tikanga hou hei wehe me te ako i te mahi a ngā ira. Ka taea te whakamahi i te noho o ngā tipu manaaki ngoikore me ngā tipu ātete me ngā mate urutā kaha me ngā mate kore-kaha hei tautuhi me te wehe i ngā ira e whakahaere ana i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i te manaaki me te mate urutā. Mā ngā rangahau o te hanganga pai o ēnei ira ka ārahi ki ngā tohu mō ngā taunekeneke matū koiora e puta ana i waenga i ngā rauropi e rua me te whakahaere i ēnei ira i roto i te mate urutā me ngā kiko o te tipu. Me taea i te heke mai te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga me ngā whai wāhitanga mō te whakawhiti i ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana mō te ātete ki ngā tipu hua, ā, i tua atu, te hanga i ngā mate urutā ka kaha ki ngā taru kua tohua, ki ngā pepeke angaanga rānei. Mā te mārama ake ki te koiora io pepeke me te matū me te mahi a ngā matū whakarerekē, pērā i ngā homoni endocrine e whakahaere ana i te metamorphosis, te diapause, me te whakaputa uri, ka whakatuwhera i ngā huarahi hou mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke ngārara mā te whakararuraru i ō rātou mahi tinana me te whanonga i ngā wāhanga nui o te huringa ora.
Wā tuku: 14 Paenga-whāwhā 2021