Kua whakamahia ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu hei rautaki hei whakaiti i te ahotea wera i roto i ngā momo hua.

Kei te heke te hanga raihi nā te huringa āhuarangi me ngā rerekētanga i Colombia.Ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipukua whakamahia hei rautaki hei whakaiti i te ahotea wera i roto i ngā momo hua. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i ngā pānga ā-tinana (te kawe i te stomatal, te kawe i te stomatal, te ihirangi chlorophyll katoa, te ōwehenga Fv/Fm o ngā momo raihi arumoni e rua i tukuna ki te ahotea wera whakakotahi (te pāmahana teitei o te awatea me te pō), te pāmahana o te tuanui me te ihirangi wai whanaunga) me ngā taurangi matū koiora (malondialdehyde (MDA) me te ihirangi waikawa prolinic). I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau tuatahi me te tuarua mā te whakamahi i ngā tipu o ngā momo raihi e rua, arā, ko Federrose 67 (“F67”) me Federrose 2000 (“F2000”). I tātarihia ngātahitia ngā whakamātautau e rua hei raupapa whakamātautau. Ko ngā maimoatanga kua whakatūria koia ēnei: ​​te mana whakahaere tino (AC) (ngā tipu raihi i whakatipuria i ngā pāmahana tino pai (te pāmahana o te awatea/pō 30/25°C)), te whakahaere ahotea wera (SC) [ngā tipu raihi i tukuna ki te ahotea wera whakakotahi anake (40/25°C). 30°C)], ā, i whakararuraruhia ngā tipu raihi, ā, i rehuhia ki ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu (stress+AUX, stress+BR, stress+CK, stress+GA rānei) e rua ngā wā (5 ngā rā i mua atu me ngā rā 5 i muri mai i te ahotea wera). Nā te rehu ki te SA i whakapiki ake i te nui o te chlorophyll o ngā momo e rua (ko te taumaha hou o ngā tipu raihi "F67" me "F2000" he 3.25 me te 3.65 mg/g, ia) ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu SC (ko te taumaha hou o ngā tipu "F67" he 2.36 me te 2.56 mg). g-1)” me te raihi "F2000", ko te whakamahinga rau o te CK i whakapai ake i te kawe stomatal o ngā tipu raihi "F2000" (499.25 vs. 150.60 mmol m-2 s) ki te whakataurite ki te whakahaere ahotea wera. ahotea wera, ka heke te pāmahana o te karauna tipu mā te 2–3 °C, ā, ka heke te nui o te MDA i roto i ngā tipu. E whakaatu ana te tātaitai ātete whanaunga ko te paninga rau o te CK (97.69%) me te BR (60.73%) ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te raruraru o te ahotea wera whakakotahi, inā koa i roto i ngā tipu raihi F2000. Hei whakamutunga, ko te rehu rau o te BR, o te CK rānei ka taea te whakaaro hei rautaki ahuwhenua hei āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o ngā āhuatanga ahotea wera whakakotahi ki te whanonga ā-tinana o ngā tipu raihi.
Nō te whānau Poaceae te raihi (Oryza sativa), ā, ko tētahi o ngā witi tino whakatipuria o te ao me te kānga me te witi (Bajaj and Mohanty, 2005). Ko te whenua e whakatipuria ana te raihi he 617,934 heketea, ā, ko te hua ā-motu i te tau 2020 he 2,937,840 tana me te hua toharite o te 5.02 tana/heketea (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Kei te pāngia ngā hua raihi e te mahana o te ao, ā, ka hua ake ngā momo ahotea ā-taiao pērā i te pāmahana teitei me ngā wā tauraki. Kei te piki haere te pāmahana o te ao i te huringa āhuarangi; e matapaetia ana ka piki ake ngā pāmahana mā te 1.0–3.7°C i te rautau 21, ka taea te whakanui ake i te auau me te kaha o te ahotea wera. Kua pāngia te raihi e te pikinga o ngā pāmahana taiao, ka heke te hua o ngā hua mā te 6–7%. I tētahi atu taha, ka hua ake hoki ngā āhuatanga taiao kino mō ngā hua nā te huringa āhuarangi, pērā i ngā wā tauraki nui, ngā pāmahana teitei rānei i ngā rohe pārūrū me ngā rohe pārūrū. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā rerekētanga pērā i a El Niño ka hua ake te ahotea wera me te whakanui ake i te kino o ngā hua i ētahi rohe pārūrū. I Colombia, e matapaetia ana ka piki ake te pāmahana i ngā rohe whakaputa raihi mā te 2–2.5°C i te tau 2050, ka whakaiti i te whakaputa raihi me te pā ki ngā rere hua ki ngā mākete me ngā mekameka tuku.
Ko te nuinga o ngā hua raihi ka whakatōkia ki ngā wāhi e tata ana te pāmahana ki te awhe tino pai mō te tipu o ngā hua (Shah et al., 2011). Kua pūrongohia ko te toharite pāmahana pai rawa atu mō te awatea me te pō mōte tipu me te whanaketanga o te raihiko te nuinga o te wā he 28°C me te 22°C, ia (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Ka taea e ngā pāmahana kei runga ake i ēnei paepae te whakararu i te ahotea wera ngawari ki te kino i ngā wāhanga tairongo o te whanaketanga raihi (te ngaki, te pua, te puāwai, me te whakakī i te witi), ā, ka pā kino ki te hua witi. Ko te nuinga o tēnei whakahekenga o te hua nā ngā wā roa o te ahotea wera, e pā ana ki te āhua o te tipu. Nā te taunekeneke o ngā āhuatanga maha, pērā i te roa o te ahotea me te pāmahana teitei rawa atu i tae atu ai, ka taea e te ahotea wera te whakararu i te maha o ngā kino kore e taea te whakatika ki te pākia me te whanaketanga o te tipu.
Ka pāngia ngā tukanga ā-tinana me ā-matū koiora o ngā tipu e te ahotea wera. Ko te whakaahua-whakawhiti rau tētahi o ngā tukanga e tino pāngia ana e te ahotea wera i roto i ngā tipu raihi, nā te mea ka heke te tere o te whakaahua-whakawhiti mā te 50% ina neke ake te pāmahana o ia rā i te 35°C. Ka rerekē ngā urupare ā-tinana o ngā tipu raihi i runga i te momo ahotea wera. Hei tauira, ka aukatia ngā tere whakaahua-whakawhiti me te kawe i ngā stomatal ina pāngia ngā tipu e ngā pāmahana teitei o te awatea (33–40°C) me ngā pāmahana teitei o te awatea me te pō (35–40°C i te awatea, 28–30°C). Ko te tikanga o te C ko te pō (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). Ka āraihia te whakaahua-whakawhiti e ngā pāmahana teitei o te pō (30°C) engari ka whakanuia te manawa pō (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). Ahakoa te wā ahotea, ka pā anō te ahotea wera ki te nui o te chlorophyll rau, te ōwehenga o te fluorescence taurangi chlorophyll ki te fluorescence chlorophyll mōrahi (Fv/Fm), me te whakahohenga Rubisco i roto i ngā tipu raihi (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso et al., 2014).
Ko ngā huringa koiora-matū tētahi atu āhuatanga o te urutau tipu ki te ahotea wera (Wahid et al., 2007). Kua whakamahia te ihirangi proline hei tohu koiora-matū mō te ahotea tipu (Ahmed and Hassan 2011). He mahi nui tā te proline i roto i te pākia o te tipu nā te mea he pūtake waro, he pūtake hauota rānei, he mea whakaū hoki i te kiriuhi i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Ka pāngia hoki te pumau o te kiriuhi e ngā pāmahana teitei mā te peroxidation lipid, ka hua ake ai te hanganga o te malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). Nō reira, kua whakamahia hoki te ihirangi MDA hei mārama ki te hanganga o ngā kiriuhi pūtau i raro i te ahotea wera (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). Hei whakamutunga, ko te ahotea wera whakakotahi [37/30°C (ao/pō)] i whakapiki ake i te ōrau o te turuturu electrolyte me te ihirangi malondialdehyde i roto i te raihi (Liu et al., 2013).
Kua arotakehia te whakamahinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu (GR) hei whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o te ahotea wera, nā te mea he kaha te whai wāhi o ēnei matū ki ngā urupare tipu, ki ngā tikanga tiaki ā-tinana rānei ki aua ahotea (Peleg and Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). He pānga pai te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi ira mai i waho ki te manawanui ki te ahotea wera i roto i ngā momo hua. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko ngā phytohormones pēnei i te gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (CK), auxins (AUX) me te brassinosteroids (BR) ka hua ake he pikinga o ngā taurangi ā-tinana me te matū koiora (Peleg and Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011; Mitler et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2014). I Colombia, kāore anō kia tino mārama, kia tino rangahauhia hoki te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi ira mai i waho me tōna pānga ki ngā hua raihi. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e tētahi rangahau o mua ka taea e te rehu rau o te BR te whakapai ake i te manawanui ki te raihi mā te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti hau, te ihirangi chlorophyll, proline rānei o ngā rau tipu raihi (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Ko ngā cytokinins te kaiwhakatairanga i ngā urupare a ngā tipu ki ngā ahotea abiotic, tae atu ki te ahotea wera (Ha et al., 2012). Hei tāpiri, kua pūrongohia ko te tono CK mai i waho ka taea te whakaiti i te kino o te wera. Hei tauira, ko te tono zeatin mai i waho ka whakanui ake i te tere o te whakaahua, te ihirangi chlorophyll a me te b, me te pai o te kawe irahiko i roto i te bentgrass ngokingoki (Agrotis estolonifera) i te wā o te ahotea wera (Xu and Huang, 2009; Jespersen and Huang, 2015). Ka taea hoki e te tono zeatin mai i waho te whakapai ake i te mahi antioxidant, te whakarei ake i te hanganga o ngā momo pūmua, te whakaiti i te kino o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS) me te hanga malondialdehyde (MDA) i roto i ngā kiko tipu (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009). , 2016; Kumar et al., 2020).
Kua whakaatuhia hoki e te whakamahinga o te waikawa gibberellic he urupare pai ki te ahotea wera. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te hanga koiora o te GA ka takawaenga i ngā ara pākia maha, ā, ka whakanui ake i te manawanui i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei (Alonso-Ramirez et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2020). I kitea e Abdel-Nabi et al. (2020) ko te rehu rau o te GA o waho (25, 50 mg*L rānei) ka taea te whakanui ake i te tere whakaahua me te mahi ārai mate i roto i ngā tipu karaka e ahotea ana i te wera ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu mana. Kua kitea hoki ko te whakamahinga o te HA o waho ka whakanui ake i te ihirangi makuku whanaunga, te ihirangi chlorophyll me te carotenoid, ā, ka whakaiti i te peroxidation lipid i roto i te nikau tāte (Phoenix dactylifera) i raro i te ahotea wera (Khan et al., 2020). He mahi nui anō hoki te Auxin ki te whakahaere i ngā urupare tipu urutau ki ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Ka mahi tēnei kaiwhakahaere tipu hei tohu matū koiora i roto i ngā tukanga maha pērā i te hanga proline, te whakahekenga rānei i raro i te ahotea abiotic (Ali et al. 2007). Hei tāpiri, ka whakarei ake hoki te AUX i te mahi antioxidant, ka heke te MDA i roto i ngā tipu nā te hekenga o te lipid peroxidation (Bielach et al., 2017). I kite a Sergeev et al. (2018) i roto i ngā tipu pī (Pisum sativum) i raro i te ahotea wera, ka piki ake te ihirangi o te proline – dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl)naphthylchloromethyl ether (TA-14). I roto i taua whakamātautau anō, i kite anō rātou i ngā taumata iti iho o te MDA i roto i ngā tipu i rongoatia ki ngā tipu kāore i rongoatia ki te AUX.
Ko ngā Brassinosteroids tētahi atu momo o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu e whakamahia ana hei whakaiti i ngā pānga o te ahotea wera. I kōrero a Ogweno et al. (2008) nā te rehu BR o waho i whakapiki ake te tere whakaahua kupenga, te kawe stomatal me te tere mōrahi o te carboxylation Rubisco o ngā tipu tōmato (Solanum lycopersicum) i raro i te ahotea wera mō ngā rā e 8. Ka taea e te rehu rau o ngā epibrassinosteroids te whakanui ake i te tere whakaahua kupenga o ngā tipu kūkamo (Cucumis sativus) i raro i te ahotea wera (Yu et al., 2004). Hei tāpiri, mā te tono o waho o te BR ka whakaroa i te pirau o te chlorophyll me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamahinga wai me te hua nui o te matū whakaahua PSII i roto i ngā tipu i raro i te ahotea wera (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
Nā te rerekētanga o te āhuarangi me te rerekētanga, ka anga ngā hua raihi ki ngā wā teitei o te mahana o ia rā (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). I roto i te tipu phenotyping, kua akohia te whakamahinga o te phytonutrients, biostimulants ranei hei rautaki hei whakaiti i te ahotea o te wera i roto i nga waahi tipu raihi (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Hei tāpiritanga, ko te whakamahinga o ngā taurangi matū koiora me ngā taurangi ā-tinana (te pāmahana rau, te kawe i te stomatal, ngā tawhā fluorescence chlorophyll, te chlorophyll me te ihirangi wai whanaunga, te malondialdehyde me te hanga proline) he taputapu pono mō te tirotiro i ngā tipu raihi i raro i te ahotea wera ā-rohe me te ao whānui (Sánchez -Reynoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Heoi, he onge tonu te rangahau mō te whakamahinga o ngā rehu phytohormonal rau i roto i te raihi i te taumata ā-rohe. Nō reira, he mea nui te ako i ngā tauhohenga ā-tinana me te matū koiora o te tono o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu mō te whakaaro i ngā rautaki ahuwhenua mahi mō tēnei. te aro atu ki ngā pānga kino o te wā ahotea wera uaua i roto i te raihi. Nō reira, ko te kaupapa o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i ngā pānga ā-tinana (te kawe i te stomatal, ngā tawhā fluorescence chlorophyll me te ihirangi wai whanaunga) me ngā pānga matū koiora o te tono rau o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu e whā (AUX, CK, GA me BR). (Ngā tae photosynthetic, ngā ihirangi malondialdehyde me te proline) Ngā taurangi i roto i ngā momoira raihi arumoni e rua i tukuna ki te ahotea wera whakakotahi (teitei ngā pāmahana o te ao/pō).
I roto i tēnei rangahau, e rua ngā whakamātautau motuhake i whakahaerehia. Ko ngā momoira Federrose 67 (F67: he momoira i whakawhanakehia i roto i ngā pāmahana teitei i te tekau tau kua hipa) me Federrose 2000 (F2000: he momoira i whakawhanakehia i te tekau tau kua hipa o te rautau 20 e whakaatu ana i te ātete ki te huaketo rau mā) i whakamahia mō te wā tuatahi. purapura. me te whakamātautau tuarua. E whakatipuhia whānuitia ana ngā momoira e rua e ngā kaimahi pāmu o Colombia. I ruia ngā purapura ki roto i ngā paepae 10-L (te roa 39.6 cm, te whānui 28.8 cm, te teitei 16.8 cm) kei roto ko te oneone paru onepu me te 2% o ngā mea rauropi. E rima ngā purapura kua whakatōkia i mua i te whakatipu i whakatōkia ki roto i ia paepae. I whakatakotoria ngā papa ki roto i te whare kati kōtuhi o te Wāhanga Pūtaiao Ahuwhenua o te Whare Wānanga o Colombia, te puni o Bogotá (43°50′56″ N, 74°04′051″ W), i te teitei o te 2556 m i runga ake i te taumata moana (asl). m.) ā, i whakahaerehia mai i Oketopa ki Tīhema 2019. Kotahi te whakamātautau (Federroz 67) me te tuarua o ngā whakamātautau (Federroz 2000) i te wā kotahi o te tau 2020.
Ko ngā āhuatanga taiao i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi i ia wā whakato koia ēnei: ​​te pāmahana o te ao me te pō 30/25°C, te haumākū whanaunga 60~80%, te wā whakaahua tūturu 12 hāora (te irahiko kaha whakaahua 1500 µmol (photons) m-2 s-). 1 i te poutumarotanga). I whakawairakauhia ngā tipu kia rite ki te ihirangi o ia huānga 20 ngā rā i muri i te putanga mai o te purapura (DAE), e ai ki a Sánchez-Reinoso et al. (2019): 670 mg hauota mō ia tipu, 110 mg whākawa ia tipu, 350 mg pāhare pākawa ia tipu, 68 mg konupūmā mō ia tipu, 20 mg konupora mō ia tipu, 20 mg whanariki mō ia tipu, 17 mg silicon mō ia tipu. Kei roto i ngā tipu he 10 mg boron mō ia tipu, 17 mg parahi mō ia tipu, me te 44 mg konutea mō ia tipu. I puritia ngā tipu raihi ki te 47 DAE i ia whakamātautau i te wā i tae ai rātou ki te wāhanga phenological V5 i tēnei wā. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua ko tēnei wāhanga āhuahanga te wā tika hei whakahaere i ngā rangahau ahotea wera i roto i te raihi (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
I roto i ia whakamātautau, e rua ngā whakamahinga motuhake o te kaiwhakahaere tipu rau i mahia. Ko te huinga tuatahi o ngā rehu phytohormone rau i whakamahia i te 5 rā i mua i te maimoatanga ahotea wera (42 DAE) hei whakarite i ngā tipu mō te ahotea taiao. Kātahi ka tukuna he rehu rau tuarua i te 5 rā i muri i te whakaaturanga o ngā tipu ki ngā āhuatanga ahotea (52 DAE). E whā ngā phytohormone i whakamahia, ā, ko ngā āhuatanga o ia matū hohe i rehuhia i roto i tēnei rangahau kua whakarārangihia ki te Ripanga Tāpiri 1. Ko ngā kukū o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu rau i whakamahia koia ēnei: ​​(i) Auxin (waikawa 1-naphthylacetic: NAA) i te kukū o te 5 × 10−5 M (ii) 5 × 10–5 M gibberellin (waikawa gibberellic: NAA); GA3); (iii) Cytokinin (trans-zeatin) 1 × 10-5 M (iv) Brassinosteroids [Spirostan-6-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-, (3b,5a,25R)] 5 × 10-5; M. I whiriwhiria ēnei kukū nā te mea ka puta he urupare pai, ā, ka whakanui ake i te ātete o ngā tipu ki te ahotea wera (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). Ko ngā tipu raihi kāore he rehu whakatipu tipu i rongoāhia ki te wai whakapūkara anake. I rehuhia ngā tipu raihi katoa ki te rehu ā-ringa. Tāpirihia he 20 ml H2O ki te tipu hei whakamakuku i ngā mata o runga me raro o ngā rau. I whakamahia he tāpiringa ahuwhenua (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Colombia) i te 0.1% (v/v) mō ngā rehu rau katoa. Ko te tawhiti i waenga i te kohua me te rehu he 30 cm.
I tukuna ngā maimoatanga ahotea wera i ngā rā e 5 i muri i te rehu rau tuatahi (47 DAE) i ia whakamātautau. I whakawhitia ngā tipu raihi mai i te whare kati kōtuhi ki tētahi rūma tipu 294 rita (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, USA) hei whakatū i te ahotea wera, hei pupuri rānei i ngā āhuatanga taiao ōrite (47 DAE). I whakahaerehia te maimoatanga ahotea wera ngātahi mā te whakatakoto i te rūma ki ngā pāmahana o te ao/pō e whai ake nei: te pāmahana teitei o te awatea [40°C mō ngā hāora 5 (mai i te 11:00 ki te 16:00)] me te wā pō [30°C mō ngā hāora 5]. 8 ngā rā karapīpiti (mai i te 19:00 ki te 24:00). I tīpakohia te pāmahana ahotea me te wā whakaaturanga i runga i ngā rangahau o mua (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabría et al. 2017). I tētahi atu taha, ko tētahi rōpū tipu i whakawhitia ki te rūma tipu i puritia i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi i te pāmahana kotahi (30°C i te awatea / 25°C i te pō) mō ngā rā e 8 karapīpiti.
I te mutunga o te whakamātautau, i whiwhihia ngā rōpū maimoatanga e whai ake nei: (i) te āhua o te pāmahana tipu + te tono wai whakapūkara [Mana whakahaere tino (AC)], (ii) te āhua o te ahotea wera + te tono wai whakapūkara [Mana whakahaere ahotea wera (SC)], (iii) ngā āhua o te āhua o te ahotea wera + te tono auxin (AUX), (iv) te āhua o te ahotea wera + te tono gibberellin (GA), (v) te āhua o te ahotea wera + te tono cytokinin (CK), me te (vi) te āhua o te ahotea wera + brassinosteroid (BR) Tāpiritanga. I whakamahia ēnei rōpū maimoatanga mō ngā momoira e rua (F67 me F2000). I whakahaerehia ngā maimoatanga katoa i roto i tētahi hoahoa matapōkere katoa me ngā tāruarua e rima, ia tipu he tipu kotahi. I whakamahia ia tipu hei pānui i ngā taurangi i whakatauhia i te mutunga o te whakamātautau. E 55 DAE te roa o te whakamātautau.
I inehia te kawe hiko o te stomatal (gs) mā te whakamahi i tētahi porosometer kawe (SC-1, METER Group Inc., USA) mai i te 0 ki te 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, me te whakatuwheratanga rūma tauira o te 6.35 mm. Ka tangohia ngā inenga mā te tāpiri i tētahi ine stomatal ki tētahi rau pakeke me te wana matua o te tipu kua whānui katoa. Mō ia maimoatanga, i tangohia ngā pānui gs i runga i ngā rau e toru o ia tipu i waenga i te 11:00 me te 16:00, ā, i toharitehia.
I whakatauhia te RWC i runga i te tikanga i whakaahuahia e Ghoulam et al. (2002). Ko te pepa whānui i whakamahia hei whakatau i te g i whakamahia anō hoki hei ine i te RWC. I whakatauhia te taumaha hou (FW) i muri tonu i te hauhake mā te whakamahi i te tauine matihiko. Kātahi ka whakanohoia ngā rau ki roto i tētahi ipu kirihou kī tonu i te wai, ā, ka waiho ki te pōuri i te pāmahana rūma (22°C) mō ngā hāora 48. Kātahi ka paunatia ki runga i te tauine matihiko, ka tuhia te taumaha whānui (TW). I whakamaroketia ngā rau pupuhi ki te oumu i te 75°C mō ngā hāora 48, ā, i tuhia tō rātou taumaha maroke (DW).
I whakatauhia te nui o te chlorophyll whanaunga mā te whakamahi i te mita chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, USA) ā, i whakaaturia i roto i ngā waeine atLeaf (Dey et al., 2016). I tuhia ngā pānui pai rawa atu o te PSII (ōwehenga Fv/Fm) mā te whakamahi i te mita fluorimeter chlorophyll whakaoho tonu (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). I whakapōuritia ngā rau mā te whakamahi i ngā here rau mō te 20 meneti i mua i te inenga Fv/Fm (Restrepo-Diaz and Garces-Varon, 2013). I muri i te whakapōuritanga o ngā rau, i inehia te turanga (F0) me te fluorescence mōrahi (Fm). Mai i ēnei raraunga, i tatauhia te fluorescence taurangi (Fv = Fm – F0), te ōwehenga o te fluorescence taurangi ki te fluorescence mōrahi (Fv/Fm), te hua kuantum mōrahi o te photochemistry PSII (Fv/F0) me te ōwehenga Fm/F0 (Baker, 2008; Lee et al. ., 2017). I tangohia ngā pānui hihi-ā-rangi o te chlorophyll me te chlorophyll i runga i ngā rau i whakamahia mō ngā inenga gs.
Tata ki te 800 mg o te taumaha hou o te rau i kohia hei taurangi matū koiora. Kātahi ka whakaranua ngā tauira rau ki te hauota wai, ā, ka rongoatia mō ētahi atu tātaritanga. Ko te tikanga ine ine i whakamahia hei whakatau tata i te ihirangi kiko chlorophyll a, b me te carotenoid e ahu mai ana i te tikanga me ngā whārite i whakaahuahia e Wellburn (1994). I kohia ngā tauira kiko rau (30 mg) ā, ka whakaranua ki te 3 ml o te 80% acetone. Kātahi ka hurihia ngā tauira (tauira 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, USA) i te 5000 rpm mō te 10 meneti hei tango i ngā matūriki. I whakaranua te waikura ki te rōrahi whakamutunga o te 6 ml mā te tāpiri i te 80% acetone (Sims and Gamon, 2002). I whakatauhia te ihirangi o te chlorophyll i te 663 (chlorophyll a) me te 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, me ngā carotenoid i te 470 nm mā te whakamahi i te spectrophotometer (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, USA).
Ko te tikanga waikawa thiobarbituric (TBA) i whakaahuatia e Hodges et al. (1999) i whakamahia hei aromatawai i te peroxidation lipid membrane (MDA). Tata ki te 0.3 karamu o te kiko rau i whakaranua ki te hauota wai. I whakatōngia ngā tauira i te 5000 rpm, ā, i inehia te mimiti i runga i te spectrophotometer i te 440, 532 me te 600 nm. Hei whakamutunga, i tatauhia te kukū MDA mā te whakamahi i te tauwehenga whakamōmona (157 M mL−1).
I whakatauhia te nui o te proline o ngā maimoatanga katoa mā te whakamahi i te tikanga i whakaahuatia e Bates et al. (1973). Tāpirihia te 10 ml o te otinga wai 3% o te waikawa sulfosalicylic ki te tauira kua rongoatia, ka tātarihia mā te pepa tātari Whatman (Nama 2). Kātahi ka tauhohehia te 2 ml o tēnei tātari ki te 2 ml o te waikawa ninhydric me te 2 ml o te waikawa acetic glacial. I whakanohoia te ranunga ki roto i te kaukau wai i te 90°C mō te 1 hāora. Whakamutua te tauhohenga mā te whakatō ki runga i te hukapapa. Rūrūtia te ngongo kia kaha mā te whakamahi i te wiri vortex ka whakarewahia te otinga hua ki roto i te 4 ml o te toluene. I whakatauhia ngā pānui mimiti i te 520 nm mā te whakamahi i te ine ine i whakamahia mō te ine i ngā tae photosynthetic (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, USA).
Ko te tikanga i whakaahuahia e Gerhards et al. (2016) hei tatau i te pāmahana o te tuanui me te CSI. I tangohia ngā whakaahua wera mā te kāmera FLIR 2 (FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, USA) me te tika o te ±2°C i te mutunga o te wā ahotea. Whakatakotoria he mata mā ki muri i te tipu hei whakaahua. Anō, e rua ngā wheketere i whakaarohia hei tauira tohutoro. I whakatakotoria ngā tipu ki runga i te mata mā; i pania tētahi ki te āwhina ahuwhenua (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Colombia) hei whakatauira i te whakatuwheratanga o ngā stomata katoa [aratau mākū (Twet)], ā, ko tētahi he rau kāore he tono [aratau maroke (Tdry)] (Castro -Duque et al., 2020). Ko te tawhiti i waenga i te kāmera me te kohua i te wā e kiriata ana he 1 m.
I tatauhia te taupū manawanui whanaunga mā te whakamahi i te kawe ira o te stomatal (gs) o ngā tipu i rongoatia ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu mana whakahaere (ngā tipu kāore he maimoatanga ahotea me te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu) hei whakatau i te manawanui o ngā momoira i rongoatia i arotakehia i roto i tēnei rangahau. I whiwhihia te RTI mā te whakamahi i tētahi whārite i tangohia mai i a Chávez-Arias et al. (2020).
I ia whakamātautau, i whakatauhia ngā taurangi ā-tinana katoa i whakahuatia i runga ake nei, ā, i tuhia ki te 55 DAE mā te whakamahi i ngā rau kua whānui katoa i kohia mai i te tihi o runga. Hei tāpiri, i mahia ngā inenga i roto i tētahi rūma tipu hei karo i te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga taiao e tipu ai ngā tipu.
I tātarihia ngātahitia ngā raraunga mai i ngā whakamātautau tuatahi me te tuarua hei raupapa whakamātautau. E rima ngā tipu i roto i ia rōpū whakamātautau, ā, ko ia tipu he wae whakamātautau. I whakahaerehia te Tātaritanga Rerekētanga (ANOVA) (P ≤ 0.05). I te kitenga o ngā rerekētanga nui, i whakamahia te whakamātautau whakatairite muri-hoc a Tukey i te P ≤ 0.05. Whakamahia te mahi arcsine hei huri i ngā uara ōrau. I tātarihia ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Statistix v 9.0 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA) ā, i tuhia mā te whakamahi i te SigmaPlot (putanga 10.0; Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). I ​​whakahaerehia te tātaritanga wāhanga matua mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa InfoStat 2016 (Analysis Software, National University of Cordoba, Argentina) hei tautuhi i ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu pai rawa atu kei raro i te rangahau.
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 1 i te ANOVA e whakaatu ana i ngā whakamātautau, ngā maimoatanga rerekē, me ā rātou taunekeneke ki ngā tae whakaahua rau (chlorophyll a, b, katoa, me ngā carotenoids), te ihirangi malondialdehyde (MDA) me te proline, me te kawe stomatal. Te pānga o te gs, te ihirangi wai whanaunga. (RWC), te ihirangi chlorophyll, ngā tawhā fluorescence chlorophyll alpha, te pāmahana karauna (PCT) (°C), te taupū ahotea hua (CSI) me te taupū manawanui whanaunga o ngā tipu raihi i te 55 DAE.
Ripanga 1. Whakarāpopototanga o ngā raraunga ANOVA mō ngā taurangi ā-tinana me ā-matū koiora o te raihi i waenga i ngā whakamātautau (ira-ira) me ngā maimoatanga ahotea wera.
Kei te Ripanga 2 ngā rerekētanga (P≤0.01) i roto i ngā taunekeneke tae whakaahua rau, te ihirangi chlorophyll whanaunga (ngā pānui Atleaf), me ngā tawhā fluorescence alpha-chlorophyll i waenga i ngā whakamātautau me ngā maimoatanga. Nā te pāmahana teitei o te awatea me te pō i piki ake te ihirangi chlorophyll me te carotenoid katoa. Ko ngā tipu raihi kāore i rehuhia ki te rau o ngā phytohormones (2.36 mg g-1 mō te "F67" me te 2.56 mg g-1 mō te "F2000") ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu i whakatipuria i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana tino pai (2.67 mg g -1)) i whakaatu i te ihirangi chlorophyll katoa he iti ake. I roto i ngā whakamātautau e rua, ko te "F67" he 2.80 mg g-1 me te "F2000" he 2.80 mg g-1. Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā tipu raihi i rongoatia ki te huinga o ngā rehu AUX me GA i raro i te ahotea wera i whakaatu i te hekenga o te ihirangi chlorophyll i roto i ngā momoira e rua (AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 me GA = 1.45 mg g-1 mō "F67"; AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 me GA = 1.45 mg g-1 mō "F67"; AUX = 2.24 mg) g-1 me GA = 1.43 mg g-1 (mō "F2000") i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea wera. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea wera, i hua ake te pikinga paku o tēnei taurangi i roto i ngā momoira e rua nā te maimoatanga rau ki te BR. Hei whakamutunga, i whakaatu te rehu rau CK i ngā uara tae photosynthetic teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā maimoatanga katoa (ngā maimoatanga AUX, GA, BR, SC me AC) i roto i ngā momoira F67 (3.24 mg g-1) me F2000 (3.65 mg g-1). I whakaitihia hoki te ihirangi whanaunga o te chlorophyll (wāhanga Atleaf) e te ahotea wera whakakotahi. I tuhia hoki ngā uara teitei rawa atu i roto i ngā tipu i rehuhia ki te CC i ngā momoira e rua (41.66 mō te "F67" me te 49.30 mō te "F2000"). I whakaatuhia e ngā ōwehenga Fv me te Fv/Fm ngā rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā maimoatanga me ngā momo tipu (Ripanga 2). I te nuinga, i roto i ēnei taurangi, he iti ake te pāngia o te momo tipu F67 e te ahotea wera i te momo tipu F2000. Ko ngā ōwehenga Fv me te Fv/Fm i tino pāngia i te whakamātautau tuarua. Ko ngā tipu 'F2000' i taumahatia kāore i rehuhia ki ngā phytohormones he iti rawa ngā uara Fv (2120.15) me ngā ōwehenga Fv/Fm (0.59), engari ko te rehu rau ki te CK i āwhina ki te whakahoki mai i ēnei uara (Fv: 2591, 89, ōwehenga Fv/Fm: 0.73). , e whiwhi ana i ngā pānui rite ki ērā i tuhia ki ngā tipu "F2000" i whakatipuria i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana tino pai (Fv: 2955.35, ōwehenga Fv/Fm: 0.73:0.72). Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te fluorescence tuatahi (F0), te fluorescence mōrahi (Fm), te hua irahiko whakaahua mōrahi o PSII (Fv/F0) me te ōwehenga Fm/F0. Hei whakamutunga, i whakaatu a BR i tētahi ia rite ki te mea i kitea ki a CK (Fv 2545.06, ōwehenga Fv/Fm 0.73).
Ripanga 2. Te pānga o te ahotea wera whakakotahi (40°/30°C ao/pō) ki ngā tae whakaahua rau [te katoa o te chlorophyll (Chl Tapeke), te chlorophyll a (Chl a), te chlorophyll b (Chl b) me ngā carotenoids Cx+c] pānga ], te ihirangi chlorophyll whanaunga (wāhanga Atliff), ngā tawhā fluorescence chlorophyll (te fluorescence tīmatanga (F0), te fluorescence mōrahi (Fm), te fluorescence rerekē (Fv), te pai o te PSII mōrahi (Fv/Fm), te hua quantum mōrahi whakaahua matū o te PSII (Fv/F0) me te Fm/F0 i roto i ngā tipu o ngā momo raihi e rua [Federrose 67 (F67) me Federrose 2000 (F2000)] 55 ngā rā i muri i te putanga mai (DAE)).
I whakaatuhia e te nui o te wai whanaunga (RWC) o ngā tipu raihi i tukatukahia i roto i ngā momo rerekē te rerekētanga (P ≤ 0.05) i roto i te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā maimoatanga whakamātautau me ngā maimoatanga rau (Pikitia 1A). I ​​te maimoatanga ki te SA, i tuhia ngā uara iti rawa mō ngā momoira e rua (74.01% mō te F67 me te 76.6% mō te F2000). I raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea wera, i tino piki ake te RWC o ngā tipu raihi o ngā momoira e rua i rongoatia ki ngā phytohormones rerekē. I te nuinga, i whakanui ake ngā tono rau o te CK, GA, AUX, BR rānei i te RWC ki ngā uara rite ki ērā o ngā tipu i whakatipuria i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai i te wā o te whakamātautau. I tuhia e ngā tipu mana whakahaere tino me ngā tipu rehu rau ngā uara tata ki te 83% mō ngā momoira e rua. I tētahi atu taha, i whakaatuhia hoki e ngā gs ngā rerekētanga nui (P ≤ 0.01) i roto i te taunekeneke whakamātautau-maimoatanga (Pikitia 1B). Ko te tipu mana whakahaere tuturu (AC) anō hoki i tuhi i ngā uara teitei rawa atu mō ia momoira (440.65 mmol m-2s-1 mō F67 me te 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 mō F2000). Ko ngā tipu raihi i tukuna ki te ahotea wera whakakotahi anake i whakaatu i ngā uara gs iti rawa mō ngā momoira e rua (150.60 mmol m-2s-1 mō F67 me te 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 mō F2000). Ko te maimoatanga rau me ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu katoa i whakapiki ake i te g. Mō ngā tipu raihi F2000 i rehuhia ki te CC, i kitea ake te pānga o te rehu rau me ngā phytohormones. Kāore he rerekētanga i whakaatuhia e tēnei rōpū tipu ki ngā tipu mana whakahaere tuturu (AC 511.02 me CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Pikitia 1. Te pānga o te ahotea wera whakakotahi (40°/30°C ao/pō) ki te nui o te wai (RWC) (A), te kawe i te stomatal (gs) (B), te hanga malondialdehyde (MDA) (C), me te nui o te proline. (D) i roto i ngā tipu o ngā momo raihi e rua (F67 me F2000) i te 55 rā i muri i te putanga mai (DAE). Ko ngā maimoatanga i aromatawaitia mō ia momo raihi ko: te mana whakahaere tino (AC), te mana whakahaere ahotea wera (SC), te ahotea wera + auxin (AUX), te ahotea wera + gibberellin (GA), te ahotea wera + mitogen pūtau (CK), me te ahotea wera + brassinosteroid. (BR). Ko ia pou e tohu ana i te toharite ± hapa paerewa o ngā tohu raraunga e rima (n = 5). Ko ngā pou e whai ake nei i ngā reta rerekē e tohu ana i ngā rerekētanga nui ā-tatauranga e ai ki te whakamātautau a Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Ko ngā reta me te tohu ōrite e tohu ana kāore te toharite i te nui ā-tatauranga (≤ 0.05).
I whakaatuhia hoki e ngā ihirangi MDA (P ≤ 0.01) me te proline (P ≤ 0.01) ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te taunekeneke i waenga i te whakamātautau me ngā maimoatanga phytohormone (Pikitia 1C, D). I kitea te pikinga o te peroxidation lipid me te maimoatanga SC i ngā momoira e rua (Pikitia 1C), heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā tipu i rongoatia ki te rehu kaiwhakahaere tipu rau te hekenga o te peroxidation lipid i ngā momoira e rua; I te nuinga o te wā, ko te whakamahinga o ngā phytohormone (CA, AUC, BR, GA rānei) ka arahi ki te hekenga o te peroxidation lipid (ihirangi MDA). Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga i waenga i ngā tipu AC o ngā momoira e rua me ngā tipu i raro i te ahotea wera me te rehu ki ngā phytohormones (ko ngā uara FW i kitea i roto i ngā tipu "F67" i waenga i te 4.38–6.77 µmol g-1, ā, i roto i ngā tipu FW "F2000" ko ngā uara i kitea i waenga i te 2.84 ki te 9.18 µmol g-1 (ngā tipu). I tētahi atu taha, he iti ake te hanganga proline i roto i ngā tipu "F67" i ngā tipu "F2000" i raro i te ahotea whakakotahi, ā, i hua ake ai te pikinga o te hanga proline. i roto i ngā tipu raihi ahotea wera, i roto i ngā whakamātautau e rua, i kitea ko te whakahaerenga o ēnei homoni i tino whakanui ake i te ihirangi waikawa amino o ngā tipu F2000 (ko te AUX me te BR he 30.44 me te 18.34 µmol g-1) ia (Pikitia 1G).
Ko ngā pānga o te rehu whakahaere tipu rau me te ahotea wera whakakotahi ki te pāmahana o te tuanui tipu me te taupū manawanui whanaunga (RTI) e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 2A me te B. Mō ngā momoira e rua, ko te pāmahana o te tuanui o ngā tipu AC i tata ki te 27°C, ā, ko te pāmahana o ngā tipu SC i tata ki te 28°C. WITH. I kitea anō ko ngā maimoatanga rau ki te CK me te BR i hua ake ai he hekenga 2–3°C i te pāmahana o te tuanui ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu SC (Pikitia 2A). I ​​whakaatuhia e te RTI he whanonga rite ki ētahi atu taurangi ā-tinana, e whakaatu ana i ngā rerekētanga nui (P ≤ 0.01) i roto i te taunekeneke i waenga i te whakamātautau me te maimoatanga (Pikitia 2B). I whakaatuhia e ngā tipu SC he iti ake te manawanui o ngā tipu i roto i ngā momoira e rua (34.18% me te 33.52% mō ngā tipu raihi "F67" me te "F2000", ia). Ko te whāngai rau i ngā phytohormones ka whakapai ake i te RTI i roto i ngā tipu i pāngia e te ahotea pāmahana teitei. I kitea ake tēnei pānga i roto i ngā tipu "F2000" i rehuhia ki te CC, ko te RTI he 97.69. I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā rerekētanga nui i kitea ko te taupū ahotea hua (CSI) o ngā tipu raihi i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea rehu rau (P ≤ 0.01) (Pikitia 2B). Ko ngā tipu raihi anake i tukuna ki te ahotea wera matatini i whakaatu i te uara taupū ahotea teitei rawa (0.816). I te wā i rehuhia ai ngā tipu raihi ki ngā phytohormones rerekē, he iti iho te taupū ahotea (ngā uara mai i te 0.6 ki te 0.67). Hei whakamutunga, ko te uara o te tipu raihi i whakatipuria i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai ko te 0.138.
Pikitia 2. Ngā pānga o te ahotea wera whakakotahi (40°/30°C ao/pō) ki te pāmahana o te tuanui (A), te taupū manawanui whanaunga (RTI) (B), me te taupū ahotea hua (CSI) (C) o ngā momo tipu e rua. I tukuna ngā momo raihi arumoni (F67 me F2000) ki ngā maimoatanga wera rerekē. Ko ngā maimoatanga i aromatawaitia mō ia momo ira ko: te mana whakahaere tino (AC), te mana whakahaere ahotea wera (SC), te ahotea wera + auxin (AUX), te ahotea wera + gibberellin (GA), te ahotea wera + mitogen pūtau (CK), me te ahotea wera + brassinosteroid. (BR). Ko te ahotea wera whakakotahi ko te whakaatu i ngā tipu raihi ki ngā pāmahana teitei o te ao/pō (40°/30°C ao/pō). Ko ia pou e tohu ana i te toharite ± hapa paerewa o ngā tohu raraunga e rima (n = 5). Ko ngā pou e whai ake nei i ngā reta rerekē e tohu ana i ngā rerekētanga nui ā-tatauranga e ai ki te whakamātautau a Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Ko ngā reta me te tohu ōrite e tohu ana kāore te toharite i te nui ā-tatauranga (≤ 0.05).
I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga wāhanga matua (PCA) ko ngā taurangi i aromatawaitia i te 55 DAE i whakamārama i te 66.1% o ngā urupare ā-tinana me te ā-matū koiora o ngā tipu raihi i pāngia e te werawera i rehuhia ki te kaiwhakahaere tipu (Pikitia 3). Ko ngā whākarite e tohu ana i ngā taurangi, ā, ko ngā ira e tohu ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu (GR). Ko ngā whākarite o ngā gs, te ihirangi chlorophyll, te whai huatanga nui o te PSII (Fv/Fm) me ngā tawhā matū koiora (TChl, MDA me te proline) kei ngā koki tata ki te pūtake, e tohu ana i te hononga nui i waenga i te whanonga ā-tinana o ngā tipu me rātou. taurangi. Kotahi te rōpū (V) i whakaurua ngā tipu raihi i whakatipuria i te pāmahana tino pai (AT) me ngā tipu F2000 i rongoatia ki te CK me te BA. I taua wā anō, ko te nuinga o ngā tipu i rongoatia ki te GR i hanga he rōpū motuhake (IV), ā, ko te maimoatanga ki te GA i roto i te F2000 i hanga he rōpū motuhake (II). He rerekē, ko ngā tipu raihi i pāngia e te werawera (ngā rōpū I me te III) kāore he rehu rau o ngā phytohormones (ko ngā momoira e rua he SC) i noho ki te rohe e anga ke ana ki te rōpū V, e whakaatu ana i te pānga o te ahotea wera ki te āhua o te tipu. .
Pikitia 3. Tātaritanga ā-rua o ngā pānga o te ahotea wera whakakotahi (40°/30°C ao/pō) ki ngā tipu o ngā momo raihi e rua (F67 me F2000) i te 55 rā i muri i te putanga mai (DAE). Ngā Whakarāpopototanga: AC F67, mana whakahaere tino F67; SC F67, mana whakahaere ahotea wera F67; AUX F67, ahotea wera + auxin F67; GA F67, ahotea wera + gibberellin F67; CK F67, ahotea wera + wehenga pūtau BR F67, ahotea wera + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, mana whakahaere tino F2000; SC F2000, Mana Whakahaere Ahotea Wera F2000; AUX F2000, ahotea wera + auxin F2000; GA F2000, ahotea wera + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, ahotea wera + cytokinin, BR F2000, ahotea wera + steroid parahi; F2000.
Mā ngā taurangi pēnei i te nui o te chlorophyll, te kawe i te stomatal, te ōwehenga Fv/Fm, CSI, MDA, RTI me te nui o te proline ka āwhina i te mārama ki te urutau o ngā momo raihi me te aromatawai i te pānga o ngā rautaki ahuwhenua i raro i te ahotea wera (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Ko te kaupapa o tēnei whakamātautau he aromatawai i te pānga o te tono o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu e whā ki ngā tawhā ā-tinana me te matū koiora o ngā tipu raihi i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea wera uaua. He tikanga māmā, he tere hoki te whakamātautau tipu mō te aromatawai i ngā tipu raihi i te wā kotahi, i runga i te rahi, i te āhua rānei o ngā hanganga e wātea ana (Sarsu et al. 2018). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o tēnei rangahau ko te ahotea wera whakakotahi ka puta he urupare ā-tinana me te matū koiora rerekē i roto i ngā momo raihi e rua, e tohu ana i tētahi tukanga urutau. E whakaatu ana hoki ēnei hua ko ngā rehu kaiwhakahaere tipu rau (ko ngā cytokinins me ngā brassinosteroids te nuinga) ka āwhina i te raihi ki te urutau ki te ahotea wera uaua i te mea ka pā te painga ki ngā gs, RWC, te ōwehenga Fv/Fm, ngā tae photosynthetic me te nui o te proline.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te āhua wai o ngā tipu raihi i raro i te ahotea wera, e pā ana pea ki te ahotea teitei ake me te iti iho o te pāmahana o te tuanui tipu. I whakaatuhia e tēnei rangahau i roto i ngā tipu "F2000" (iraira ngoikore), ko ngā tipu raihi i rongoatia ki te CK, BR rānei he nui ake ngā uara gs me ngā uara PCT iti iho i ngā tipu i rongoatia ki te SC. Kua whakaatuhia hoki e ngā rangahau o mua ko ngā gs me te PCT he tohu ā-tinana tika ka taea te whakatau i te urupare urutau o ngā tipu raihi me ngā pānga o ngā rautaki ahuwhenua ki te ahotea wera (Restrepo-Diaz me Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero). -Carr DeLong et al., 2021). Ka whakarei ake te rau CK, te BR rānei i te g i raro i te ahotea nā te mea ka taea e ēnei homoni tipu te whakatairanga i te whakatuwheratanga o te stomatal mā roto i ngā taunekeneke hangai me ētahi atu ngota tohu pēnei i te ABA (kaiwhakatairanga i te katinga o te stomatal i raro i te ahotea abiotic) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). 2013). ). , 2014). Mā te whakatuwheratanga o te stomatal ka whakatairanga i te whakamatao o ngā rau, ā, ka āwhina hoki ki te whakaiti i te pāmahana o te tuanui (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Mō ēnei take, ka iti ake te pāmahana o te tuanui o ngā tipu raihi e rehuhia ana ki te CK, ki te BR rānei i raro i te ahotea wera ngātahi.
Ka taea e te ahotea pāmahana teitei te whakaiti i te ihirangi tae whakaahua o ngā rau (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). I roto i tēnei rangahau, i te wā i raro i te ahotea wera ngā tipu raihi, ā, kāore i rehuhia ki tētahi kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu, ka heke te nui o ngā tae whakaahua i ngā momoira e rua (Ripanga 2). I kōrero anō a Feng et al. (2013) mō te hekenga nui o te ihirangi chlorophyll i roto i ngā rau o ngā momoira witi e rua i pāngia e te ahotea wera. Ko te pānga ki ngā pāmahana teitei ka hua ake te hekenga o te ihirangi chlorophyll, tērā pea nā te hekenga o te biosynthesis chlorophyll, te pakaru o ngā tae, te pānga tahi rānei i raro i te ahotea wera (Fahad et al., 2017). Heoi, ko ngā tipu raihi i rongoatia ki te CK me te BA i whakanui ake i te kukū o ngā tae whakaahua rau i raro i te ahotea wera. I kōrerohia anō hoki ngā hua rite e Jespersen rāua ko Huang (2015) me Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), i kite i te pikinga o te ihirangi chlorophyll rau i muri i te whakamahinga o ngā homoni zeatin me te epibrassinosteroid i roto i te bentgrass me te raihi i pāngia e te wera. Ko tētahi whakamārama whaitake mō te take e whakatairanga ai a CK me BR i te nui haere o te chlorophyll rau i raro i te ahotea wera ngātahi, ko te mea ka taea e CK te whakarei ake i te tīmatanga o te whakaoho tonu o ngā kaiwhakatairanga whakaaturanga (pēnei i te kaiwhakatairanga whakahohe-senescence (SAG12) te kaiwhakatairanga HSP18 rānei) me te whakaiti i te ngaronga chlorophyll i roto i ngā rau, te whakaroa i te koroheketanga o ngā rau me te whakanui ake i te ātete o te tipu ki te wera (Liu et al., 2020). Ka taea e BR te tiaki i te chlorophyll rau me te whakanui ake i te nui o te chlorophyll rau mā te whakahohe, te whakaoho rānei i te hanganga o ngā whākōkī e whai wāhi ana ki te hanga chlorophyll i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). Hei whakamutunga, e rua ngā phytohormones (CK me BR) e whakatairanga ana i te whakaaturanga o ngā pūmua ru wera me te whakapai ake i ngā tukanga urutau metabolic, pēnei i te pikinga o te hanga chlorophyll (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Mā ngā tawhā fluorescence chlorophyll a ka taea te aromatawai i te manawanui o te tipu, te urutau rānei ki ngā āhuatanga ahotea abiotic (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). Ko ngā tawhā pēnei i te ōwehenga Fv/Fm kua whakamahia hei tohu mō te urutau o te tipu ki ngā āhuatanga ahotea (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017; Chavez-Arias et al. 2020). I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakaatuhia e ngā tipu SC ngā uara iti rawa o tēnei taurangi, ko ngā tipu raihi "F2000" te nuinga. I kitea anō hoki e Yin et al. (2010) kua tino heke te ōwehenga Fv/Fm o ngā rau raihi tino teitei i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 35°C. E ai ki a Feng et al. (2013), ko te iti o te ōwehenga Fv/Fm i raro i te ahotea wera e tohu ana kua heke te tere o te hopu pūngao whakaoho me te hurihanga e te pokapū tauhohenga PSII, e tohu ana ka memeha te pokapū tauhohenga PSII i raro i te ahotea wera. Mā tēnei kitenga ka taea e tātou te whakatau he nui ake te kitea o ngā raruraru i roto i te taputapu whakaahua i roto i ngā momo tairongo (Fedearroz 2000) i ngā momo ātete (Fedearroz 67).
Ko te whakamahinga o te CK, te BR rānei i whakanui ake i te mahi a te PSII i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te ahotea wera. I whiwhihia ngā hua ōrite e Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), i kite i te whakamahinga o te BR i whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te PSII i raro i te ahotea wera i roto i te raihi. I kitea anō hoki e Kumar et al. (2020) ko ngā tipu pīni i rongoatia ki te CK (6-benzyladenine) me te tuku ki te ahotea wera i whakanui ake i te ōwehenga Fv/Fm, me te whakatau ko te whakamahinga rau o te CK mā te whakahohe i te huringa pigment zeaxanthin i whakatairanga i te mahi PSII. Hei tāpiri, i pai ake te rehu rau BR ki te photosynthesis PSII i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea whakakotahi, e tohu ana ko te whakamahinga o tēnei phytohormone i hua ake ai te whakaiti i te marara o te kaha whakaoho o ngā antennae PSII me te whakatairanga i te kohikohinga o ngā pūmua ru wera iti i roto i ngā chloroplast (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari and Lachowitz). , 2021).
He maha ngā wā ka piki ake te nui o te MDA me te proline ina kei raro ngā tipu i te ahotea abiotic ki ngā tipu i whakatipuria i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino pai (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Kua whakaatuhia hoki e ngā rangahau o mua ko ngā taumata MDA me te proline he tohu matū koiora ka taea te whakamahi hei mārama ki te tukanga urutau, ki te pānga rānei o ngā mahi ahuwhenua i roto i te raihi i raro i ngā pāmahana teitei i te awatea, i te pō rānei (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al. . , 2021). I whakaatuhia hoki e ēnei rangahau he nui ake te nui o te MDA me te proline i roto i ngā tipu raihi i pāngia e ngā pāmahana teitei i te pō, i te awatea rānei. Heoi, ko te rehu rau o te CK me te BR i whai wāhi ki te hekenga o te MDA me te pikinga o ngā taumata proline, ko te nuinga i roto i te momoira manawanui (Federroz 67). Ka taea e te rehu CK te whakatairanga i te whakaputanga nui o te cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, ā, ka piki ake te nui o ngā matū tiaki pēnei i te betaine me te proline (Liu et al., 2020). Ka whakatairangahia e te BR te whakaoho o ngā matū tiaki-osmo pērā i te betaine, te huka, me ngā waikawa amino (tae atu ki te proline kore utu), ka pupuri i te taurite osmotic pūtau i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiao kino maha (Kothari and Lachowiec, 2021).
Ka whakamahia te taupū ahotea hua (CSI) me te taupū manawanui whanaunga (RTI) hei whakatau mēnā ka āwhina ngā maimoatanga e arotakengia ana ki te whakaiti i ngā ahotea rerekē (abiotic me te biotic) me te whai pānga pai ki te āhua o te tipu (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez-Arias et al., 2020). Ka taea e ngā uara CSI te awhe mai i te 0 ki te 1, e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga kore-ahotea me ngā āhuatanga ahotea, ia (Lee et al., 2010). Ko ngā uara CSI o ngā tipu ahotea-wera (SC) i awhe mai i te 0.8 ki te 0.9 (Pikitia 2B), e tohu ana i pā kino te ahotea whakakotahi ki ngā tipu raihi. Heoi, ko te rehu rau o te BC (0.6) CK rānei (0.6) i arahi nui ki te hekenga o tēnei tohu i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea abiotic ki te whakataurite ki ngā tipu raihi SC. I roto i ngā tipu F2000, i whakaatuhia e te RTI he pikinga teitei ake i te whakamahinga o te CA (97.69%) me te BC (60.73%) i whakaritea ki te SA (33.52%), e tohu ana ka whai wāhi atu hoki ēnei kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu ki te whakapai ake i te urupare a te raihi ki te manawanui o te hanganga. Te wera rawa. Kua whakaarohia ēnei tohu hei whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga ahotea i roto i ngā momo rerekē. I whakaatuhia e tētahi rangahau i mahia e Lee et al. (2010) ko te CSI o ngā momo miro e rua i raro i te ahotea wai ngawari he tata ki te 0.85, engari ko ngā uara CSI o ngā momo kua whakamakuku pai i ahu mai i te 0.4 ki te 0.6, e whakatau ana ko tēnei tohu he tohu mō te urutau wai o ngā momo. ngā āhuatanga ahotea. I tua atu, i aromatawaihia e Chavez-Arias et al. (2020) te whai huatanga o ngā kaiwhakaoho hangai hei rautaki whakahaere ahotea whānui i roto i ngā tipu C. elegans, ā, i kitea ko ngā tipu i rehuhia ki ēnei matū he RTI teitei ake (65%). I runga i ngā kōrero o runga ake nei, ka taea te whakaaro ko te CK me te BR he rautaki ahuwhenua e aro ana ki te whakapiki i te manawanui o te raihi ki te ahotea wera uaua, i te mea ka puta i ēnei kaiwhakahaere tipu he urupare matū koiora me te tinana pai.
I ngā tau kua taha ake nei, kua arotahi te rangahau raihi i Colombia ki te aromatawai i ngā momo ira e manawanui ana ki ngā pāmahana teitei o te awatea, o te pō rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-matū koiora rānei (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Heoi, i ngā tau kua taha ake nei, kua piki haere te hiranga o te tātari i ngā hangarau mahi, ā-ōhanga, ā-hua hoki hei whakaaro i te whakahaere hua whakauru hei whakapai ake i ngā pānga o ngā wā uaua o te ahotea wera i te whenua (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Nō reira, ko ngā urupare ā-tinana me te matū koiora o ngā tipu raihi ki te ahotea wera uaua (40°C i te awatea/30°C i te pō) i kitea i roto i tēnei rangahau e kī ana ko te rehu rau ki te CK, ki te BR rānei he tikanga whakahaere hua pai hei whakaiti i ngā pānga kino. Te pānga o ngā wā ahotea wera ngawari. I whakapai ake ēnei maimoatanga i te manawanui o ngā momo ira raihi e rua (CSI iti me te RTI teitei), e whakaatu ana i te ia whānui o ngā urupare ā-tinana me te matū koiora o ngā tipu i raro i te ahotea wera whakakotahi. Ko te urupare matua a ngā tipu raihi ko te hekenga o te ihirangi GC, te chlorophyll katoa, ngā chlorophyll α me te β me ngā carotenoids. Hei tāpiri, ka pāngia ngā tipu e te kino PSII (te hekenga o ngā tawhā fluorescence chlorophyll pēnei i te ōwehenga Fv/Fm) me te pikinga o te peroxidation lipid. I tētahi atu taha, i te wā i rongoatia ai te raihi ki te CK me te BR, ka whakaitihia ēnei pānga kino, ā, ka piki ake te ihirangi proline (Pikitia 4).
Pikitia 4. Tauira ariā o ngā pānga o te ahotea wera me te rehu whakahaere tipu rau ki ngā tipu raihi. Ko ngā pere whero me te kikorangi e tohu ana i ngā pānga kino, pai rānei o te taunekeneke i waenga i te ahotea wera me te tono rau o te BR (brassinosteroid) me te CK (cytokinin) ki ngā urupare ā-tinana me te matū koiora. gs: te kawe i te stomatal; Chl katoa: te ihirangi chlorophyll katoa; Chl α: te ihirangi chlorophyll β; Cx+c: te ihirangi carotenoid;
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko ngā urupare ā-tinana me ā-matū koiora i roto i tēnei rangahau e whakaatu ana he ngāwari ake ngā tipu raihi Fedearroz 2000 ki te wā ahotea wera uaua i ngā tipu raihi Fedearroz 67. Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu katoa i arotakengia i roto i tēnei rangahau (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, brassinosteroids rānei) i whakaatu i tētahi taumata o te whakaiti i te ahotea wera whakakotahi. Heoi, i pai ake te urutau o ngā tipu nā te cytokinin me ngā brassinosteroids i te mea i whakanui ake ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu i te ihirangi chlorophyll, ngā tawhā fluorescence alpha-chlorophyll, gs me te RWC i whakaritea ki ngā tipu raihi kāore he tono, ā, i whakaitihia hoki te ihirangi MDA me te pāmahana o te tuanui. Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko tā mātou whakatau ko te whakamahinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu (cytokinins me brassinosteroids) he taputapu whai hua hei whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga ahotea i roto i ngā hua raihi i puta mai i te ahotea wera nui i ngā wā o te pāmahana teitei.
Kei roto i te tuhinga ngā rauemi taketake i whakaaturia i roto i te rangahau, ā, ka taea te tuku atu i ētahi atu pātai ki te kaituhi e pā ana.