Ngā tirohanga me ngā waiaro o ngā kaihanga ki ngā ratonga mōhiohio ātete ki ngā harore patu harore

Heoi, he puhoi te whakaurunga o ngā tikanga ahuwhenua hou, inā koa te whakahaere pepeke whakauru. E whakamahi ana tēnei rangahau i tētahi taputapu rangahau i whakawhanakehia ngātahitia hei rangahau take hei mārama ki te huarahi e uru atu ai ngā kaihanga witi i te tonga-mā-uru o Te Tai Hauāuru o Ahitereiria ki ngā mōhiohio me ngā rauemi hei whakahaere i te ātete ki ngā harore. I kitea e mātou e whakawhirinaki ana ngā kaihanga ki ngā tohunga ahuwhenua utu, ki ngā tari kāwanatanga, ki ngā tari rangahau rānei, ki ngā rōpū kaihanga ā-rohe me ngā rā mara mō ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te ātete ki ngā harore. E rapu ana ngā kaihanga i ngā mōhiohio mai i ngā tohunga pono e taea ai te whakahaere i ngā rangahau uaua, e whakanui ana i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero māmā me te mārama, ā, e pai ake ana ki ngā rauemi kua whakaritea ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe. E whakanui ana hoki ngā kaihanga i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā whanaketanga harore hou me te urunga atu ki ngā ratonga tātaritanga tere mō te ātete ki ngā harore. E whakaatu ana ēnei kitenga i te hiranga o te whakarato i ngā ratonga toronga ahuwhenua whai hua ki ngā kaihanga hei whakahaere i te mōrearea o te ātete ki ngā harore.
Ka whakahaerehia e ngā kaiwhakatipu parei ngā mate hua mā te whiriwhiri i te ira-pūmua kua urutauhia, te whakahaere mate whakauru, me te whakamahi nui i ngā patu harore, he maha ngā wā he mahi ārai hei karo i ngā pakarutanga o te mate1. Ka āraihia e ngā patu harore te mate, te tipu, me te whakaputa uri o ngā mate harore i roto i ngā hua. Heoi, he uaua ngā hanganga taupori o ngā mate harore, ā, ka ngāwari ki te whakarerekē i ngā momo. Ko te whakawhirinaki nui ki tētahi whānuitanga iti o ngā matū hohe patu harore, te whakamahinga hē rānei o ngā patu harore ka hua ake he whakarerekētanga harore ka ātete ki ēnei matū. Mā te whakamahi tonu i ngā matū hohe kotahi, ka piki ake te ia o ngā hapori mate ki te ātete, ka heke ai te whai huatanga o ngā matū hohe ki te whakahaere i ngā mate hua2,3,4.
     Patu patu haroreKo te ātete e pā ana ki te kore e taea e ngā patu harore whai hua o mua te whakahaere tika i ngā mate hua, ahakoa te whakamahinga tika. Hei tauira, he maha ngā rangahau kua pūrongo i te hekenga o te whai huatanga o te patu harore ki te rongoā i te harore paura, mai i te hekenga o te whai huatanga i te mara ki te kore whai huatanga katoa i te mara5,6. Ki te kore e tirotirohia, ka piki haere tonu te horapa o te ātete ki te patu harore, ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga o ngā tikanga whakahaere mate o nāianei, ā, ka arahi ki te ngaronga hua kino7.
I te ao whānui, ko te nui o ngā mate i mua i te kotinga nā ngā mate hua whenua e kiia ana he 10–23%, ā, ko ngā mate i muri i te kotinga kei waenga i te 10% ki te 20%. 8. He rite ēnei mate ki te 2,000 karori o te kai ia rā mō te 600 miriona ki te 4.2 piriona tāngata i te tau katoa8. I te mea e matapaetia ana ka piki ake te hiahia o te ao mō te kai, ka piki haere tonu ngā wero mō te haumarutanga kai9. E matapaetia ana ka kino ake ēnei wero ā muri ake nei nā ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te tipu o te taupori o te ao me te huringa āhuarangi10,11,12. Nō reira, he mea nui te kaha ki te whakatipu kai i runga i te pumau me te whai hua ki te oranga o te tangata, ā, ko te ngaronga o ngā patu harore hei tikanga whakahaere mate ka nui ake te kino me te kino i ērā e pā ana ki ngā kaihanga matua.
Hei whakatika i te ātete ki te harore me te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga hua, me whakawhanake ngā mahi auaha me ngā ratonga toronga e rite ana ki ngā kaha o ngā kaihanga ki te whakatinana i ngā rautaki IPM. Ahakoa e akiaki ana ngā aratohu IPM i ngā mahi whakahaere riha mō te wā roa e pumau ake ana12,13, ko te whakaurunga o ngā mahi ahuwhenua hou e rite ana ki ngā mahi IPM pai rawa atu he puhoi te nuinga, ahakoa ō rātou painga pea14,15. Kua tautuhia e ngā rangahau o mua ngā wero i roto i te whakaurunga o ngā rautaki IPM pumau. Kei roto i ēnei wero ko te whakamahinga koretake o ngā rautaki IPM, ngā taunakitanga kore mārama, me te whaihua ōhanga o ngā rautaki IPM16. Ko te whanaketanga o te ātete ki te harore he wero hou mō te umanga. Ahakoa kei te tipu haere ngā raraunga mō te take, he iti tonu te mōhiotanga ki tōna pānga ōhanga. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā wā kāore he tautoko a ngā kaihanga, ā, e kite ana rātou he ngāwari ake te whakahaere i ngā patu pepeke me te whai hua ake, ahakoa he pai ake ētahi atu rautaki IPM17. I te mea he nui ngā pānga o te mate ki te oranga o te whakaputa kai, tera pea ka noho tonu ngā patu harore hei kōwhiringa IPM nui a meake nei. Ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā rautaki IPM, tae atu ki te whakaurunga o te ātete ira manaaki kua whakapaitia, ehara i te mea ka arotahi noa ki te whakahaere mate engari he mea nui hoki ki te pupuri i te whai huatanga o ngā matū hohe e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā patu harore.
He nui ngā takoha a ngā pāmu ki te haumarutanga kai, ā, me āhei ngā kairangahau me ngā whakahaere kāwanatanga ki te whakarato i ngā hangarau me ngā auahatanga ki ngā kaimahi pāmu, tae atu ki ngā ratonga toronga, hei whakapai ake, hei pupuri hoki i te hua o ngā hua. Heoi, ko ngā arai nui ki te tango i ngā hangarau me ngā auahatanga e ngā kaihanga ka puta mai i te huarahi "toronga rangahau" mai i runga ki raro, e arotahi ana ki te whakawhiti i ngā hangarau mai i ngā tohunga ki ngā kaimahi pāmu me te kore e aro nui ki ngā takoha a ngā kaihanga ā-rohe18,19. I kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau a Anil et al.19, nā tēnei huarahi i hua ake ai ngā reiti rerekē o te tango i ngā hangarau hou ki ngā pāmu. I tua atu, i whakamāramahia e te rangahau he maha ngā wā ka whakapuaki ngā kaihanga i ngā āwangawanga ina whakamahia ngā rangahau ahuwhenua mō ngā kaupapa pūtaiao anake. Waihoki, ko te kore e whakatau i te pono me te hiranga o ngā mōhiohio ki ngā kaihanga ka arahi pea ki tētahi āputa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ka pā ki te tango i ngā auahatanga ahuwhenua hou me ētahi atu ratonga toronga20,21. E kī ana ēnei kitenga kāore pea ngā kairangahau e tino mārama ki ngā hiahia me ngā āwangawanga o ngā kaihanga i te wā e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whanaketanga o te whakawhānui ahuwhenua te hiranga o te whakauru i ngā kaihanga ā-rohe ki ngā kaupapa rangahau me te whakahaere i te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā umanga rangahau me te ahumahi18,22,23. Heoi, me nui ake ngā mahi hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā tauira whakatinanatanga IPM o nāianei me te tere o te tango i ngā hangarau whakahaere pepeke pumau mo te wā roa. I mua, ko ngā ratonga whakawhānui i whakaratohia e te rāngai tūmatanui24,25. Heoi, ko te ia ki ngā pāmu arumoni nui, ngā kaupapa here ahuwhenua e aro ana ki te mākete, me te koroheketanga me te hekenga o te taupori taiwhenua kua whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā taumata teitei o te pūtea tūmatanui24,25,26. Nō reira, kua whakaitihia e ngā kāwanatanga i roto i te maha o ngā whenua ahumahi, tae atu ki Ahitereiria, te haumi tika ki te whakawhānui, ka nui ake te whakawhirinaki ki te rāngai whakawhānui tūmataiti ki te whakarato i ēnei ratonga27,28,29,30. Heoi, kua whakahēngia te whakawhirinaki anake ki te whakawhānui tūmataiti nā te iti o te urunga atu ki ngā pāmu iti me te kore aro ki ngā take taiao me te pumau. E taunakihia ana inaianei he huarahi mahi tahi e uru ana ngā ratonga whakawhānui tūmatanui me te tūmataiti31,32. Heoi, he iti noa te rangahau mō ngā tirohanga me ngā waiaro o ngā kaihanga ki ngā rauemi whakahaere ātete harore tino pai. Hei tāpiritanga, he āputaputa kei roto i ngā tuhinga e pā ana ki ngā momo kaupapa whakawhānui e whai hua ana ki te āwhina i ngā kaihanga ki te whakatika i te ātete ki ngā harore patu harore.
Mā ngā kaitohutohu whaiaro (pērā i ngā tohunga ahuwhenua) ka tautokohia ngā kaihanga me ngā tohungatanga ngaio33. I Ahitereiria, neke atu i te haurua o ngā kaihanga e whakamahi ana i ngā ratonga a tētahi tohunga ahuwhenua, ā, ka rerekē te ōwehenga i ia rohe, ā, e matapaetia ana ka piki ake tēnei ia.20. E ai ki ngā kaihanga, he pai ake ki a rātou te pupuri i ngā mahi kia māmā noa iho, ā, ka utua e rātou ngā kaitohutohu tūmataiti hei whakahaere i ngā tukanga uaua ake, pērā i ngā ratonga ahuwhenua tino tika pērā i te mahere whenua, ngā raraunga ā-wāhi mō te whakahaere whāngai kararehe me te tautoko taputapu20; Nō reira, he mahi nui tā ngā tohunga ahuwhenua i roto i te whakawhānui ahuwhenua i a rātou e āwhina ana i ngā kaihanga ki te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou me te whakarite kia ngāwari te whakahaere.
Ko te nui o te whakamahinga o ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ka pāngia hoki e te whakaae ki ngā tohutohu 'utu-mō-te-ratonga' mai i ō rātou hoa mahi (hei tauira, ētahi atu kaihanga 34). Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kairangahau me ngā āpiha toronga a te kāwanatanga, ko ngā tohunga ahuwhenua motuhake ka whakatū hononga kaha ake, he maha ngā wā roa ki ngā kaihanga mā roto i ngā haerenga pāmu auau 35. Heoi anō, ka arotahi ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ki te whakarato tautoko mahi, kaua ki te ngana ki te whakatenatena i ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te tango i ngā tikanga hou, ki te whai rānei i ngā ture, ā, ko ā rātou tohutohu he nui ake te tūponotanga kia pai ki ngā kaihanga 33. Nō reira, ka kitea pinepine ngā tohunga ahuwhenua motuhake he puna tohutohu kore whakaaro 33, 36.
Heoi, i roto i tētahi rangahau i te tau 2008 nā Ingram 33 i whakaae ki ngā āhuatanga mana i roto i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tohunga ahuwhenua me ngā kaimahi pāmu. I whakaae te rangahau ka pā kino ngā huarahi pakari me te mana whakahaere ki te tiritiri mātauranga. I tua atu, tera ētahi wā ka whakarērea e ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ngā mahi pai hei karo i te ngaro o ngā kiritaki. Nō reira, he mea nui kia tirohia te tūranga o ngā tohunga ahuwhenua i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē, inā koa mai i te tirohanga a te kaihanga. I te mea he wero te ātete ki te harore patu ki te whakaputa parei, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga e whakawhanakehia ana e ngā kaihanga parei me ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ki te hora i ngā auahatanga hou.
He wāhanga nui anō hoki o te whakawhānui ahuwhenua te mahi tahi me ngā rōpū kaihanga. He whakahaere hapori motuhake, whakahaere-whaiaro ēnei rōpū, he mea tito mai i ngā kaimahi pāmu me ngā mema o te hapori e aro ana ki ngā take e pā ana ki ngā pakihi a ngā kaimahi pāmu. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whai wāhi kaha ki ngā whakamātautau rangahau, te whakawhanake i ngā otinga pakihi ahuwhenua e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia o te rohe, me te whakapuaki i ngā hua rangahau me te whanaketanga ki ētahi atu kaihanga16,37. Ko te angitu o ngā rōpū kaihanga ka taea te kī ko te nekehanga mai i te huarahi mai i runga ki raro (hei tauira, te tauira kaipūtaiao-kaipāmu) ki te huarahi whakawhānui hapori e whakatairanga ana i te whakauru a ngā kaihanga, e whakatairanga ana i te ako whaiaro, ā, e whakatenatena ana i te whai wāhi kaha16,19,38,39,40.
I whakahaerehia e Anil me ētahi atu he uiuinga āhua-hanganga ki ngā mema o te rōpū kaihanga hei aromatawai i ngā painga o te whakauru atu ki tētahi rōpū. I kitea i roto i te rangahau he nui te awe o ngā rōpū kaihanga ki tā rātou ako i ngā hangarau hou, ā, nā tēnei i awe ai tā rātou whakamahi i ngā tikanga ahuwhenua auaha. He nui ake te whai hua o ngā rōpū kaihanga ki te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau i te taumata ā-rohe i ngā pokapū rangahau nui o te motu. I tua atu, i whakaarohia he tūāpapa pai ake rātou mō te tiritiri mōhiohio. Ina koa, i kitea ngā rā mara hei tūāpapa whai hua mō te tiritiri mōhiohio me te whakaoti rapanga tahi, e taea ai te whakaoti rapanga tahi.
Ko te uaua o te tango a ngā kaimahi pāmu i ngā hangarau me ngā mahi hou e kore e aro ki te mārama hangarau noa iho41. Engari, ko te tukanga tango i ngā auahatanga me ngā mahi e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā uara, ngā whāinga, me ngā whatunga pāpori e taunekeneke ana ki ngā tukanga whakatau a ngā kaihanga41,42,43,44. Ahakoa he nui ngā aratohu e wātea ana ki ngā kaihanga, ko ētahi auahatanga me ngā mahi anake ka tere te tango. I te whakaputanga o ngā hua rangahau hou, me aromatawai i tō rātou whai huatanga mō ngā huringa o ngā mahi ahuwhenua, ā, i roto i te nuinga o ngā wā he āputa i waenga i te whai huatanga o ngā hua me ngā huringa e whakaarohia ana i roto i te mahi. Ko te mea pai, i te tīmatanga o tētahi kaupapa rangahau, ka whakaarohia te whai huatanga o ngā hua rangahau me ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga mā te hoahoa tahi me te whai wāhi ki te ahumahi.
Hei whakatau i te whai huatanga o ngā hua e pā ana ki te ātete ki te harore patu harore, i whakahaerehia e tēnei rangahau he uiuinga waea hōhonu ki ngā kaiwhakatipu i te whitiki witi tonga-uru o Te Tai Hauāuru o Ahitereiria. Ko te huarahi i whakamahia he whakatairanga i ngā hononga mahi tahi i waenga i ngā kairangahau me ngā kaiwhakatipu, me te whakanui i ngā uara o te whakawhirinaki, te whakaute tetahi ki tetahi, me te whakatau tahi45. Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i ngā tirohanga a ngā kaiwhakatipu mō ngā rauemi whakahaere ātete ki te harore patu harore, te tautuhi i ngā rauemi e wātea ana ki a rātou, me te tūhura i ngā rauemi e hiahia ana ngā kaiwhakatipu ki te uru atu me ngā take mō ā rātou manakohanga. Ina koa, ka arohia e tēnei rangahau ngā pātai rangahau e whai ake nei:
RQ3 He aha atu ngā ratonga horapa ātete ki ngā harore patu harore e tumanakohia ana e ngā kaihanga a muri ake nei, ā, he aha ngā take i pai ai rātou?
I whakamahia e tēnei rangahau he huarahi ako take hei tūhura i ngā tirohanga me ngā waiaro o ngā kaiwhakatipu ki ngā rauemi e pā ana ki te whakahaere ātete ki te harore. I whakawhanakehia te taputapu rangahau i te mahi tahi me ngā māngai o te ahumahi, ā, i whakakotahi i ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga kounga me te rahi. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei huarahi, i whai mātou kia mārama ake ki ngā wheako ahurei o ngā kaiwhakatipu ki te whakahaere ātete ki te harore, kia taea ai e mātou te whai māramatanga ki ngā wheako me ngā tirohanga a ngā kaiwhakatipu. I whakahaerehia te rangahau i te wā tipu 2019/2020 hei wāhanga o te Kaupapa Rōpū Mate Parei, he kaupapa rangahau tahi me ngā kaiwhakatipu i te whitiki witi tonga-uru o Te Tai Hauāuru o Ahitereiria. Ko te whāinga o te kaupapa he aromatawai i te horapa o te ātete ki te harore i roto i te rohe mā te tirotiro i ngā tauira rau parei mate i riro mai i ngā kaiwhakatipu. Ko ngā kaiuru o te Kaupapa Rōpū Mate Parei nō ngā rohe ua waenga ki te nui o te ua o te rohe whakatipu witi o Te Tai Hauāuru o Ahitereiria. Ka waihangahia ngā whai wāhitanga ki te whai wāhi, kātahi ka pānuitia (mā roto i ngā momo hongere pāpāho tae atu ki ngā pāpāho pāpori) ā, ka tonoa ngā kaimahi pāmu ki te whakaingoa i a rātou anō ki te whai wāhi. Ka whakaaetia ngā kaitono katoa e hiahia ana ki te kaupapa.
I whakaaetia te rangahau e te Komiti Matatika Rangahau Tangata o Te Whare Wānanga o Curtin (HRE2020-0440) ā, i whakahaerehia i runga anō i te Tauākī ā-Motu mō te Whanoke Matatika i roto i te Rangahau Tangata 46 o te tau 2007. Ko ngā kaiwhakatipu me ngā tohunga ahuwhenua i whakaae i mua kia whakapā atu ki a rātou mō te whakahaere ātete ki ngā harore, kua taea e rātou te whakapuaki i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki ā rātou mahi whakahaere. I tukuna he tauākī mōhiohio me te puka whakaae ki ngā kaiuru i mua i te whai wāhi atu. I whiwhi whakaaetanga whai whakaaro mai i ngā kaiuru katoa i mua i te whai wāhi atu ki te rangahau. Ko ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga tuatahi ko ngā uiuinga waea hōhonu me ngā rangahau ipurangi. Hei whakarite i te ōritetanga, i pānuitia te huinga pātai kotahi i whakaotihia mā te uiuinga whaiaro ki ngā kaiuru e whakaoti ana i te rangahau waea. Kāore he mōhiohio tāpiri i whakaratohia hei whakarite i te tika o ngā tikanga rangahau e rua.
I whakaaetia te rangahau e te Komiti Matatika Rangahau Tangata o Te Whare Wānanga o Curtin (HRE2020-0440) ā, i whakahaerehia i runga anō i te Tauākī ā-Motu mō te Whanoke Matatika i roto i te Rangahau Tangata 46 o te tau 2007. I whiwhi whakaaetanga whai whakaaro mai i ngā kaiuru katoa i mua i te whai wāhi atu ki te rangahau.
E 137 ngā kaihanga i whai wāhi ki te rangahau, ā, e 82% o rātou i whakaoti i tētahi uiuinga waea, ā, e 18% i whakaoti i te pātai. Ko te pakeke o ngā kaiuru i waenga i te 22 ki te 69 tau, me te tau toharite o te 44 tau. Ko ō rātou wheako i roto i te rāngai ahuwhenua i waenga i te 2 ki te 54 tau, me te tau toharite o te 25 tau. I te toharite, i ruia e ngā kaimahi pāmu he 1,122 heketea o te parei i roto i ngā pāmu e 10. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga i whakatipu i ngā momo parei e rua (48%), me te horapa o ngā momo mai i te momo kotahi (33%) ki te momo e rima (0.7%). Ko te horapa o ngā kaiuru rangahau e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1, i hangaia mā te whakamahi i te QGIS putanga 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Mahere o ngā kaiuru rangahau mā te waehere poutapeta me ngā rohe ua: iti, waenga, teitei. Ko te rahi o te tohu e tohu ana i te maha o ngā kaiuru i te Western Australian Grain Belt. I hangaia te mapi mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa QGIS putanga 3.28.3-Firenze.
I whakakōwaea ā-ringa ngā raraunga kounga i puta mai mā te whakamahi i te tātari ihirangi whakaaweawe, ā, i whakakōwaea-tuwhera tuatahitia ngā whakautu48. Tātarihia te rauemi mā te pānui anō me te tuhi i ngā kaupapa hou hei whakaahua i ngā āhuatanga o te ihirangi49,50,51. Whai muri i te tukanga whakarāpopototanga, i whakarōpūhia anō ngā kaupapa kua tautuhia ki ngā pane taumata teitei ake51,52. E ai ki te whakaaturanga i te Pikitia 2, ko te whāinga o tēnei tātari pūnaha he whiwhi māramatanga whai hua ki ngā āhuatanga matua e awe ana i ngā manakohanga a ngā kaiwhakatipu mō ngā rauemi whakahaere ātete harore motuhake, kia mārama ai ngā tukanga whakatau e pā ana ki te whakahaere mate. Ka tātarihia, ka matapakihia hoki ngā kaupapa kua tautuhia ki roto i te wāhanga e whai ake nei.
Hei whakautu i te Pātai 1, i whakaatuhia e ngā whakautu ki ngā raraunga kounga (n=128) ko ngā tohunga ahuwhenua te rauemi i whakamahia pinepinetia, me te neke atu i te 84% o ngā kaiwhakatipu i kī ko ngā tohunga ahuwhenua te puna matua o ngā mōhiohio ātete ki te harore (n=108). He mea whakamīharo, ehara i te mea ko ngā tohunga ahuwhenua anake te rauemi i whakahuatia pinepinetia, engari ko rātou anake te puna o ngā mōhiohio ātete ki te harore mō te ōwehenga nui o ngā kaiwhakatipu, me te neke atu i te 24% (n=31) o ngā kaiwhakatipu i whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā tohunga ahuwhenua, i kī rānei ko te rauemi motuhake. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakatipu (arā, 72% o ngā whakautu, n=93 rānei) i tohu ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakawhirinaki rātou ki ngā tohunga ahuwhenua mō ngā tohutohu, te pānui rangahau, te kōrero rānei ki ngā pāpāho. Ko ngā pāpāho ipurangi me ngā pāpāho tānga rongonui i whakahuatia pinepinetia hei puna pai mō ngā mōhiohio ātete ki te harore. I tua atu, i whakawhirinaki ngā kaihanga ki ngā pūrongo ahumahi, ngā pānui ā-rohe, ngā maheni, ngā pāpāho taiwhenua, ngā puna rangahau rānei kāore i tohu i tā rātou urunga. He maha ngā puna pāpāho hiko me ngā pāpāho tānga i whakahuatia pinepinetia e ngā kaihanga, e whakaatu ana i ā rātou mahi matatau ki te tiki me te tātari i ngā rangahau maha.
Ko tētahi atu puna kōrero nui ko ngā kōrero me ngā tohutohu mai i ētahi atu kaihanga, inā koa mā te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā hoa me ngā hoa noho tata. Hei tauira, P023: "Te whakawhitiwhiti ahuwhenua (ka kitea wawetia ngā mate e ngā hoa i te raki)" me P006: "Ngā hoa, ngā hoa noho tata me ngā kaimahi pāmu." Hei tāpiri, i whakawhirinaki ngā kaihanga ki ngā rōpū ahuwhenua ā-rohe (n = 16), pērā i ngā rōpū kaimahi pāmu, ngā rōpū rehu, me ngā rōpū ahuwhenua. I whakahuatia pinepinetia ko ngā tāngata whenua i uru ki ēnei kōrero. Hei tauira, P020: "Te rōpū whakapai ake pāmu ā-rohe me ngā kaikōrero manuhiri" me P031: "He rōpū rehu ā-rohe tā mātou e whakarato ana i ngā kōrero whai hua ki ahau."
I whakahuatia ngā rā mahi mara hei puna kōrero anō (n = 12), he maha ngā wā ka honoa ki ngā tohutohu a ngā tohunga ahuwhenua, ngā pāpāho tā me ngā kōrero ki ngā hoa mahi (ā-rohe). I tētahi atu taha, kāore i te maha ngā wā ka whakahuatia ngā rauemi ipurangi pēnei i a Google me Twitter (n = 9), ngā māngai hokohoko me ngā pānuitanga (n = 3). E whakaatu ana ēnei hua i te hiahia mō ngā rauemi kanorau me te wātea mō te whakahaere ātete harore whai hua, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā manakohanga a ngā kaiwhakatipu me te whakamahinga o ngā puna kōrero me te tautoko rerekē.
Hei whakautu i te Pātai 2, i pātaihia ngā kaiwhakatipu he aha rātou i pai ake ai ki ngā puna mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whakahaere ātete ki ngā harore patu harore. I whakaatuhia e te tātari kaupapa e whā ngā kaupapa matua e whakaatu ana i te take e whakawhirinaki ai ngā kaiwhakatipu ki ngā puna mōhiohio motuhake.
Ina whiwhi pūrongo ā-umanga me ā-kāwanatanga, ka whakaarohia e ngā kaihanga ngā puna mōhiohio e kitea ana e rātou he pono, he pono, he hou tonu. Hei tauira, P115: "He mōhiohio hou ake, he pono, he pono, he kounga teitei" me P057: "Nā te mea kua tirohia ngā meka me te whakaū i ngā rauemi. He rauemi hou ake, ā, e wātea ana i te pāmu." E kite ana ngā kaihanga i ngā mōhiohio mai i ngā tohunga he pono, he kounga teitei ake. Ko ngā tohunga ahuwhenua, ina koa, e tirohia ana he tohunga mātau ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakawhirinaki ki te whakarato tohutohu pono me te tika. I kī tētahi kaihanga: P131: "[Ko taku tohunga ahuwhenua] e mōhio ana ki ngā take katoa, he tohunga ia i te mara, e whakarato ana i te ratonga utu, ko te tumanako ka taea e ia te tuku i te tohutohu tika" me tētahi atu P107: "Kei te wātea tonu, ko te tohunga ahuwhenua te rangatira nā te mea kei a ia te mātauranga me ngā pūkenga rangahau."
He maha ngā wā ka whakaahuahia ngā tohunga ahuwhenua he hunga pono, ā, he ngāwari hoki te whakawhirinaki atu a ngā kaihanga. Hei tāpiri, ka kitea ngā tohunga ahuwhenua hei hononga i waenga i ngā kaihanga me ngā rangahau hou. E kitea ana rātou he mea nui ki te hono i te āputa i waenga i ngā rangahau whakarāpopoto e ahua motumotu ana i ngā take ā-rohe me ngā take 'i runga i te whenua' 'i runga i te pāmu' rānei. Ka whakahaerehia e rātou he rangahau kāore pea i ngā kaihanga te wā, ngā rauemi rānei hei whakahaere me te whakamārama i tēnei rangahau mā roto i ngā kōrero whai tikanga. Hei tauira, i kī a P010: 'Kei ngā tohunga ahuwhenua te kupu whakamutunga. Ko rātou te hononga ki ngā rangahau hou, ā, he mātau ngā kaimahi pāmu nā te mea e mōhio ana rātou ki ngā take, ā, kei runga i tā rātou utu.' Ā, i tāpiri atu a P043:, 'Whakawhirinaki ki ngā tohunga ahuwhenua me ngā mōhiohio e tukuna ana e rātou. E koa ana ahau kei te haere tonu te kaupapa whakahaere ātete ki ngā harore – ko te mātauranga te mana, ā, kāore au e whakapau katoa i aku moni ki ngā matū hou.'
Ka taea te horapa o ngā pua harore pirinoa mai i ngā pāmu tata, i ngā rohe rānei i roto i ngā huarahi maha, pērā i te hau, te ua me ngā pepeke. Nō reira, he mea nui te mōhiotanga ā-rohe nā te mea koinei te rārangi tuatahi o te parepare ki ngā raruraru pea e pā ana ki te whakahaere ātete ki ngā harore. I tētahi wā, i kī te kaiuru P012, "Ko ngā hua mai i [te tohunga ahuwhenua] he mea ā-rohe, he māmā ake ki ahau te whakapā atu ki a rātou me te tiki mōhiohio mai i a rātou." I homai e tētahi atu kaihanga he tauira o te whakawhirinaki ki ngā whakaaro o ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ā-rohe, me te whakanui he pai ake ki ngā kaihanga ngā tohunga e wātea ana i te rohe, ā, he hītori kua whakamātauhia mō te whakatutuki i ngā hua e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, P022: "Kei te teka te tangata i runga i ngā pāpāho pāpori - whakapūmau i ō potae (whakawhirinaki nui ki te hunga e mahi tahi ana koe).
E whakanuia ana e ngā kaihanga ngā tohutohu whai take a ngā tohunga ahuwhenua nā te mea he kaha tō rātou noho ā-rohe, ā, e mōhio ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe. E ai ki a rātou ko ngā tohunga ahuwhenua te hunga tuatahi ki te tautuhi me te mārama ki ngā raruraru pea o te pāmu i mua i te puta mai. Mā tēnei ka taea e rātou te whakarato tohutohu kua whakaritea kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te pāmu. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā wā ka toro atu ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ki te pāmu, ka whakarei ake i tō rātou kaha ki te whakarato tohutohu me te tautoko kua whakaritea. Hei tauira, P044: "Whakawhirinaki ki te tohunga ahuwhenua nā te mea kei te rohe katoa ia, ā, ka kitea e ia he raruraru i mua i taku mōhio. Kātahi ka taea e te tohunga ahuwhenua te tuku tohutohu whai take. E mōhio pai ana te tohunga ahuwhenua ki te rohe nā te mea kei roto ia i te rohe. He mahi ahuwhenua taku i te nuinga o te wā. He whānui ā mātou kiritaki i ngā rohe rite."
E whakaatu ana ngā hua i te rite o te umanga mō ngā whakamātautau ātete ki ngā harore patu harore arumoni, ngā ratonga tātaritanga rānei, me te hiahia kia tutuki i aua ratonga ngā paerewa o te watea, te mārama, me te wā tika. Tērā pea ka whakaratohia he aratohu nui i te mea ka noho ngā hua rangahau ātete ki ngā harore patu harore hei mea hokohoko utu nui.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he tūhura i ngā tirohanga me ngā waiaro o ngā kaiwhakatipu ki ngā ratonga toronga e pā ana ki te whakahaere ātete ki te harore patu. I whakamahia e mātou he huarahi ako take kounga hei whiwhi māramatanga taipitopito mō ngā wheako me ngā tirohanga a ngā kaiwhakatipu. I te mea kei te piki haere tonu ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te ātete ki te harore patu me te ngaronga o ngā hua5, he mea nui kia mārama ki te huarahi e whiwhi ai ngā kaiwhakatipu i ngā mōhiohio me te tautuhi i ngā huarahi tino whai hua hei hora i aua mōhiohio, inā koa i ngā wā e nui ana te mate.
I pātai mātou ki ngā kaihanga ko ēhea ngā ratonga toronga me ngā rauemi i whakamahia e rātou hei tiki mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whakahaere ātete ki ngā harore, me te arotahi motuhake ki ngā hongere toronga pai rawa atu i roto i te ahuwhenua. E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e rapu tohutohu ana i ngā tohunga ahuwhenua utu, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ki ngā mōhiohio mai i te kāwanatanga, i ngā umanga rangahau rānei. He rite tonu ēnei hua ki ngā rangahau o mua e whakaatu ana i te hiahia whānui mō te toronga tūmataiti, me ngā kaihanga e whakanui ana i te tohungatanga o ngā kaitohutohu ahuwhenua utu53,54. I kitea anō hoki e tā mātou rangahau he maha ngā kaihanga e whai wāhi kaha ana ki ngā huihuinga ipurangi pēnei i ngā rōpū kaihanga ā-rohe me ngā rā mara kua whakaritea. Kei roto hoki i ēnei whatunga ngā umanga rangahau tūmatanui me te tūmataiti. He rite tonu ēnei hua ki ngā rangahau o nāianei e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o ngā huarahi hapori19,37,38. Mā ēnei huarahi ka taea te mahi tahi i waenga i ngā whakahaere tūmatanui me te tūmataiti, ā, ka ngāwari ake te uru atu ki ngā mōhiohio e tika ana ki ngā kaihanga.
I tirotirohia hoki e mātou te take e pai ake ai ngā kaihanga ki ētahi whakaurunga, me te rapu i ngā āhuatanga e pai ake ai te kukume i ētahi whakaurunga ki a rātou. I whakapuaki ngā kaihanga i te hiahia kia uru atu ki ngā tohunga pono e tika ana mō te rangahau (Kaupapa 2.1), he mea e pā tata ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā tohunga ahuwhenua. Ina koa, i kī ngā kaihanga mā te utu i tētahi tohunga ahuwhenua ka taea e rātou te uru atu ki ngā rangahau matatau me te kore e nui te wā e pau ana, ka āwhina i te wikitoria i ngā here pēnei i te here wā, te kore whakangungu me te mōhio ki ngā tikanga motuhake. He rite ēnei kitenga ki ngā rangahau o mua e whakaatu ana he maha ngā wā ka whakawhirinaki ngā kaihanga ki ngā tohunga ahuwhenua ki te whakahaere i ngā tukanga uaua20.