Ahakoa nō roto mai ngā nematode pirinoa tipu i ngā momo nematode mōrearea, ehara i te mea he pepeke tipu, engari he mate tipu.
Ko te nematode pūtake-pūtake (Meloidogyne) te nematode pirinoa tipu tino horapa me te kino rawa atu o te ao. E kiia ana neke atu i te 2000 ngā momo tipu o te ao, tae atu ki te nuinga o ngā hua ahuwhenua katoa, he tino pāngia e te mate nematode pūtake-pūtake. Ka pangia e ngā nematode pūtake-pūtake ngā pūtau kiko pakiaka o te tinana ka hanga he pukupuku, ka pā ki te mimiti o te wai me ngā matūkai, ka hua ake he whakaroa i te tipu o te tipu, he iti haere, he kōwhai, he maroke, he miro rau, he hē te āhua o te hua, tae noa ki te mate o te tipu katoa, ka hua ake he whakaiti i te hua o te ao.
I ngā tau tata nei, ko te whakahaere i te mate nematode te arotahi a ngā kamupene tiaki tipu me ngā whare rangahau o te ao. Ko te nematode cyst soya tētahi o ngā take nui mō te whakaiti i te hanga soya i Brazil, i te United States me ētahi atu whenua kaweake soya nui. I tēnei wā, ahakoa kua whakamahia ētahi tikanga ā-tinana, ngā mahi ahuwhenua rānei hei whakahaere i te mate nematode, pērā i: te tirotiro i ngā momo ātete, te whakamahi i ngā pakiaka ātete, te hurihanga hua, te whakapai ake i te oneone, me ētahi atu, ko ngā tikanga whakahaere tino nui ko te whakahaere matū, ko te whakahaere koiora rānei.
Te tikanga o te mahi hononga-pūtake
Ko te hītori o te nematode pakiaka-pona ko te hua manu, te torongū tuatahi, te torongū tuarua, te torongū tuatoru, te torongū tuawhā, me te pakeke. He iti te torongū, he rite ki te kutukutu, he heteromorphic te pakeke, he rārangi te toa, ā, he āhua pea te uwha. Ka taea e te torongū tuarua te heke i roto i te wai o ngā pūwero oneone, te rapu i te pakiaka o te tipu manaaki mā roto i ngā ira tairongo o te pane, te whakaeke i te tipu manaaki mā te wero i te kiri mai i te rohe toronga o te pakiaka manaaki, kātahi ka haere mā roto i te wāhi i waenga i ngā pūtau, ka neke ki te pito pakiaka, ka tae ki te meristem o te pakiaka. I muri i te taenga o te torongū tuarua ki te meristem o te pito pakiaka, ka hoki ngā torongū ki te ahunga o te paihere toto ka tae ki te rohe whanaketanga xylem. I konei, ka werohia e te torongū tuarua ngā pūtau manaaki ki te ngira waha ka werohia ngā mea huna o te repe esophageal ki roto i ngā pūtau pakiaka manaaki. Ka taea e te auxin me ngā whākōkī rerekē kei roto i ngā mea huna o te repe esophageal te akiaki i ngā pūtau manaaki kia huri hei "pūtau nunui" me ngā karihi maha-uinga, he nui ngā okana iti me te pākia kaha. I raro i te mana o ngā pūtau nunui, ka nui haere, ka pupuhi ngā pūtau cortical e karapoti ana i ngā pūtau nunui, ka hanga i ngā tohu noa o ngā pona pakiaka i runga i te mata o te pakiaka. Ka whakamahia e ngā torongū tuarua o te tau rangatahi ngā pūtau nunui hei wāhi kai hei mimiti i ngā matūkai me te wai, ā, kāore e neke. I raro i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana, ka taea e ngā torongū tuarua o te tau rangatahi te akiaki i te kaihautū ki te whakaputa pūtau nunui i roto i te 24 hāora i muri i te pangia, ā, ka whanake hei kutukutu pakeke i muri i ngā whakarerenga e toru i roto i ngā rā 20 e whai ake nei. Whai muri i tēnā, ka neke ngā toa, ka wehe atu i ngā pakiaka, ka noho pūmau ngā uwha, ka haere tonu te whanaketanga, ka tīmata te whakatakoto hua i te 28 rā pea. Ina neke ake te pāmahana i te 10 ℃, ka pao ngā hua i roto i te pona pakiaka, ka puta ngā torongū tuatahi o te tau rangatahi ki roto i ngā hua, ka keri ngā torongū tuarua o te tau rangatahi i roto i ngā hua, ka waiho te kaihautū ki te oneone anō kia pangia.
He whānuitia ngā momo manaaki o ngā nematode pūtake-pūtake, ā, ka taea e rātou te pirinoa ki ngā momo manaaki neke atu i te 3000, pērā i ngā huawhenua, ngā hua kai, ngā hua hokohoko, ngā rākau hua, ngā tipu whakapaipai me ngā taru. Ko ngā pakiaka o ngā huawhenua e pāngia ana e ngā nematode pūtake-pūtake ka puta tuatahi he pona rerekē te rahi, he mā miraka i te tīmatanga, ā, he parauri mā i te wā o muri mai. I muri i te pangia e te nematode pūtake-pūtake, he poto ngā tipu i roto i te whenua, kua memenge, kua kōwhai rānei ngā manga me ngā rau, kua pōturi te tipu, he mārama te tae o te rau, ā, he ngoikore te tipu o ngā tipu tino mate, kua memenge ngā tipu i te tauraki, ā, kua mate kino te tipu katoa. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakahaere i te urupare parepare, te pānga aukati me te kino ā-tinana i puta mai i ngā nematode pūtake-pūtake ki ngā hua i āwhina i te whakaekenga o ngā pathogens i roto i te oneone pērā i te fusarium wilting me ngā huakita pirau pakiaka, nā reira ka puta he mate uaua me te nui ake o ngā mate.
Ngā mahi ārai me te whakahaere
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā patu huakita tuku iho ki ngā patu huakita me ngā patu huakita kore-patu huakita, e ai ki ngā tikanga whakamahinga rerekē.
Kaiwhakamahana
Kei roto ko ngā hauwaiora halogenated me ngā isothiocyanates, ā, ko ngā mea kāore e whakapūkara ko te organophosphorus me ngā carbamates. I tēnei wā, i roto i ngā patupatu kua rēhitatia ki Haina, ko te bromomethane (he matū whakangaro ozone, e aukatihia haeretia ana) me te chloropicrin he matū hauwaiora halogenated, ka taea te aukati i te hanganga pūmua me ngā tauhohenga matū koiora i te wā e manawa ana ngā nematodes knot root. Ko ngā whakapūkara e rua ko te methyl isothiocyanate, ka taea te whakangaro me te tuku i te methyl isothiocyanate me ētahi atu matū ngota iti i roto i te oneone. Ka taea e te methyl isothiocyanate te tomo ki te tinana o te nematode knot root ka herea ki te globulin kawe hāora, ka aukati i te manawa o te nematode knot root kia puta ai te pānga whakamate. Hei tāpiri, kua rēhitatia hoki te sulfuryl fluoride me te calcium cyanamide hei whakapūkara mō te whakahaere i ngā nematodes knot root i Haina.
Tērā anō ētahi whakakākahu hauwai halogenated kāore i rēhitatia ki Haina, pērā i te 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, me ētahi atu, kua rēhitatia ki ētahi whenua o Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika hei whakakapi mō te bromomethane.
Kore-pahū
Tae atu ki te organophosphorus me ngā carbamates. I roto i ngā patu rāina kāore i whakapūhia kua rēhitatia ki tō tātou whenua, ko te phosphine thiazolium, Methapophos, phoxiphos me chlorpyrifos nō te organophosphorus, ko te carboxanil, aldicarb me te carboxanil butathiocarb nō te carbamate. Ka whakararuraru ngā nematocides kāore i whakapūhia i te mahi a te pūnaha io o ngā nematodes knot pakiaka mā te herea ki te acetylcholinesterase i roto i ngā synapses o ngā nematodes knot pakiaka. I te nuinga o te wā, kāore e patua e rātou ngā nematodes knot pakiaka, engari ka ngaro noa te kaha o ngā nematodes knot pakiaka ki te kimi i te wāhi manaaki me te pangia, nō reira ka kiia rātou he "paralyzers nematodes". He tino paitini ngā nematocides tuku iho kāore i whakapūhia, he rite tonu te tikanga mahi ki ngā vertebrates me ngā arthropods ki ngā nematodes. Nō reira, i raro i ngā here o ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā āhuatanga pāpori, kua whakaitihia, kua whakamutua rānei e ngā whenua whakawhanake nui o te ao te whanaketanga o ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus me te carbamate, ā, kua tahuri ki te whanaketanga o ētahi patu pepeke hou he nui te whai huatanga me te iti te paitini. I ngā tau tata nei, i roto i ngā patu pepeke hou kāore i te carbamate/organophosphorus kua rēhitatia ki te EPA ko te spiralate ethyl (i rēhitatia i te tau 2010), te difluorosulfone (i rēhitatia i te tau 2014) me te fluopyramide (i rēhitatia i te tau 2015).
Engari ko te mea pono, nā te nui o te paitini, te aukati i ngā patupatu organophosphorus, kāore i te maha ngā patupatu nematode e wātea ana i nāianei. E 371 ngā patupatu nematode i rēhitatia ki Haina, 161 o ēnei he matū hohe o te abamectin, ā, 158 he matū hohe o te thiazophos. Ko ēnei matū hohe e rua ngā wāhanga tino nui mō te whakahaere i ngā patupatu nematode i Haina.
I tēnei wā, kāore i te maha ngā nematocides hou, ko te fluorene sulfoxide, te spiroxide, te difluorosulfone me te fluopyramide ngā kaiārahi. Hei tāpiri, mō ngā patu pepeke koiora, he kaha te pūmanawa mākete o te Penicillium paraclavidum me te Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 kua rēhitatia e Kono.
Patene ā-ao mō te whakahaere i ngā nematode pona pakiaka soya
Ko te nematode pona pakiaka soya tētahi o ngā tino take e heke ai te hua o te soya i ngā whenua nui e kaweake ana i te soya, inā koa ko te Hononga o Amerika me Brazil.
E 4287 ngā pateni tiaki tipu e pā ana ki ngā nematode pakiaka pīni soya kua tukuna puta noa i te ao i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei. Ko te nematode pakiaka pīni soya o te ao i tono pateni i ngā rohe me ngā whenua, ko te tuatahi ko te Tari Pākehā, ko te tuarua ko Haina, me te Hononga o Amerika, ko Brazil te rohe tino nui o te nematode pakiaka pīni soya, 145 noa iho ngā tono pateni. Ā, ko te nuinga o ēnei i ahu mai i ngā kamupene o te ao.
I tēnei wā, ko te abamectin me te phosphine thiazole ngā kaihoko matua mō ngā nematode pakiaka i Haina. Ā, kua tīmata hoki te whakatakoto i te hua kua patenttia, te fluopyramide.
Avermectin
I te tau 1981, i whakaurua te abamectin ki te mākete hei whakahaere i ngā pirinoa puku i roto i ngā kararehe whakangote, ā, i te tau 1985 hei patu pepeke. Ko te Avermectin tētahi o ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ēnei rā.
Phosphine thiazate
He patu pepeke organophosphorus hou, whai hua, whānui hoki te whānuitanga, kāore i te whakapūkarahia te Phosphine thiazolium, i whakawhanakehia e te Kamupene Ishihara i Hapani, ā, kua tukuna ki te mākete i roto i ngā whenua maha pērā i a Hapani. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau tuatahi he endosorption me te kawe a te phosphine thiazolium i roto i ngā tipu, ā, he whānui te whānuitanga o te mahi ki ngā nematode pirinoa me ngā pepeke. He maha ngā hua nui ka pāngia e ngā nematode pirinoa tipu, ā, he tino pai ngā āhuatanga koiora, ā-tinana, ā-matū hoki o te phosphine thiazolium mō te tono oneone, nō reira he kaihoko pai hei whakahaere i ngā nematode pirinoa tipu. I tēnei wā, ko te phosphine thiazolium tētahi o ngā nematocides anake kua rēhitatia ki ngā huawhenua i Haina, ā, he tino pai te mimiti o roto, nō reira kāore e taea te whakamahi hei whakahaere i ngā nematode me ngā pepeke mata oneone anake, engari ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei whakahaere i ngā mite rau me ngā pepeke mata rau. Ko te tikanga matua o te mahi a ngā phosphine thiazolium ko te aukati i te acetylcholinesterase o te rauropi ūnga, e pā ana ki te rauropi o te nematode 2nd larval stage. Ka taea e te Phosphine thiazole te aukati i te mahi, te kino me te pao o ngā nematode, nō reira ka taea e ia te aukati i te tipu me te whakaputa uri o ngā nematode.
Fluopyramide
Ko te Fluopyramide he patu harore pyridyl ethyl benzamide, i whakawhanakehia, i hokohokohia hoki e Bayer Cropscience, kei roto tonu i te wā patent. He kaha patu nematicidal a Fluopyramide, ā, kua rēhitatia hei whakahaere i te nematode pona pakiaka i roto i ngā hua, ā, he nematicid rongonui ake i tēnei wā. Ko te tikanga o tana mahi he aukati i te manawa mitochondrial mā te aukati i te whakawhiti irahiko o te succinic dehydrogenase i roto i te mekameka manawa, me te aukati i ētahi wāhanga o te huringa tipu o ngā huakita pathogenic kia tutuki ai te kaupapa o te whakahaere i ngā huakita pathogenic.
Kei roto tonu i te wā patent te matū hohe o te fluropyramide i Haina. O ana tono patent tono ki ngā nematode, e 3 nō Bayer, ā, e 4 nō Haina, e whakakotahitia ana me ngā biostimulants, ētahi atu matū hohe rānei hei whakahaere i ngā nematode. Inaa, ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi matū hohe i roto i te wā patent hei whakahaere i ētahi whakatakotoranga patent i mua i te wā hei hopu i te mākete. Pērā i ngā pepeke lepidoptera pai rawa atu me te thrips agent ethyl polycidin, neke atu i te 70% o ngā tono patent ā-rohe e tonoa ana e ngā umanga ā-rohe.
Ngā patu pepeke koiora mō te whakahaere i ngā nematode
I ngā tau tata nei, kua aro nuitia ngā tikanga whakahaere koiora e whakakapi ana i te whakahaere matū o ngā nematode pona pakiaka i te kāinga me tāwāhi. Ko te wehewehe me te tirotiro i ngā moroiti he kaha ki te whawhai ki ngā nematode pona pakiaka ngā āhuatanga matua mō te whakahaere koiora. Ko ngā momo matua i pūrongohia mō ngā moroiti whawhai o ngā nematode pona pakiaka ko Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus me Rhizobium. Ko Myrothecium, Paecilomyces me Trichoderma, heoi, he uaua ki ētahi moroiti te whakamahi i ō rātou pānga whawhai ki ngā nematode pona pakiaka nā te uauatanga o te whakatipu horihori, te pānga whakahaere koiora kore pumau rānei i te mara.
He pirinoa whai hua a Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ki ngā hua o te nematode pūtake-ki-te-tonga me te Cystocystis albicans. Ko te tere o te pirinoa o ngā hua o te nematode pūtake-ki-te-tonga he teitei ki te 60%~70%. Ko te tikanga aukati a Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ki ngā nematode pūtake-ki-te-tonga, i muri i te pa atu o Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ki ngā oocyst kutukutu raina, i roto i te papa matotoru, ka karapotia e te mycelium o ngā huakita whakahaere koiora te hua katoa, ā, ka matotoru te pito o te mycelium. Ka pakaru te mata o te anga hua nā ngā mahi a ngā metabolites o waho me te chitinase harore, kātahi ka uru mai ngā harore ka whakakapi. Ka taea hoki e ia te whakaputa paitini e patu ana i ngā nematode. Ko tana mahi matua ko te patu i ngā hua. E waru ngā rēhitatanga pesticides i Haina. I tēnei wā, kāore he momo inenga matū a Paecilomyces lilacclavi hei hoko, engari ko tana whakatakotoranga pateni i Haina he pateni mō te whakaranu me ētahi atu patu pepeke hei whakanui ake i te kaha o te whakamahinga.
Tangohanga tipu
Ka taea te whakamahi haumaru i ngā hua tipu tūturu hei whakahaere i ngā nematode pona pakiaka, ā, ko te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi tipu, o ngā matū nematoid rānei i hangaia e ngā tipu hei whakahaere i ngā mate nematode pona pakiaka, he mea hangai ake ki ngā whakaritenga o te haumaru taiao me te haumaru kai.
Kei roto i ngā okana katoa o te tipu ngā wāhanga nematoid o ngā tipu, ā, ka taea te tiki mā te whakamaroke mamaoa, te tango rauropi, te kohikohi i ngā mea huna o te pakiaka, me ētahi atu. E ai ki ō rātou āhuatanga matū, ka wehea te nuinga ki ngā matū kore-pūngoi me te wairewa wai, te wairewa rauropi rānei, me ngā matū rauropi pūngoi, ā, ko ngā matū kore-pūngoi te nuinga. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā wāhanga nematoid o te maha o ngā tipu hei whakahaere i ngā nematode pona pakiaka i muri i te tangohanga māmā, ā, he māmā noa te kitea o ngā tangohanga tipu ki te whakataurite ki ngā matū hohe hou. Heoi, ahakoa he pānga patu pepeke tōna, he maha ngā wā kāore i te mārama te matū hohe tūturu me te kaupapa patu pepeke.
I tēnei wā, ko te neem, te matrine, te veratrine, te scopolamine, te tea saponin me ērā atu ngā patu pepeke matua o ngā tipu arumoni e whakamate ana i ngā nematode, he iti noa iho, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei hanga tipu ārai nematode mā te whakato tahi, mā te taha rānei.
Ahakoa ka pai ake te pānga o te whakakotahitanga o ngā tangohanga tipu hei whakahaere i te nematode pona pakiaka, kāore anō kia tino hokohokohia i tēnei wā, engari kei te whakarato tonu i tētahi whakaaro hou mō ngā tangohanga tipu hei whakahaere i te nematode pona pakiaka.
tongi koiora-organic
Ko te mea nui o te tongi koiora-organic ko te kaha o ngā moroiti hoariri ki te whakatipu i roto i te oneone, i te oneone rhizosphere rānei. E whakaatu ana ngā hua mā te whakamahi i ētahi rauemi rauropi pērā i te anga kōura me te pāpaka me te paraoa hinu ka taea te whakapai ake i te pānga whakahaere koiora o te nematode pona pakiaka. Ko te whakamahi i te hangarau whakapūkara totoka hei whakapūkara i ngā moroiti hoariri me te tongi rauropi hei whakaputa tongi koiora-organic he tikanga whakahaere koiora hou hei whakahaere i te mate nematode pona pakiaka.
I roto i te rangahau mō te whakahaere i ngā nematode huawhenua me te tongi koiora-organic, i kitea he pai te pānga o ngā moroiti hoariri i roto i te tongi koiora-organic ki ngā nematode pona pakiaka, inā koa ko te tongi rauropi i hangaia mai i te whakapūtanga o ngā moroiti hoariri me te tongi rauropi mā te hangarau whakapūtanga totoka.
Heoi, he hononga nui tō te pānga whakahaere o te tongi rauropi ki ngā nematode pona pakiaka ki te taiao me te wā whakamahinga, ā, he iti ake te whai huatanga o tōna whakahaere i ērā o ngā patu pepeke tuku iho, ā, he uaua ki te hokohoko.
Heoi, hei wāhanga o te whakahaere rongoā me te tongi, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā nematode mā te tāpiri i ngā patupatu matū me te whakauru i te wai me te tongi.
I te mea he nui ngā momo hua kotahi (pērā i te kūmara, te pīni soya, me ētahi atu) e whakatōkia ana ki te kāinga me tāwāhi, kei te piki haere te nui o te mate nematode, ā, kei te tūtaki hoki te whakahaere i te mate nematode ki tētahi wero nui. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā momo patu pepeke kua rēhitatia ki Haina i whakawhanakehia i mua i te tekau tau atu i 1980, ā, kāore i te rawaka ngā matū hohe hou.
He painga motuhake tō ngā matū koiora i roto i te tukanga whakamahinga, engari kāore i te rite te whai huatanga ki ngā matū, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga e whakawhāitihia ana tō rātou whakamahinga. Mā roto i ngā tono patent e tika ana, ka kitea ko te whanaketanga o nāianei o ngā nematocides kei te taha tonu o te whakakotahitanga o ngā hua tawhito, te whanaketanga o ngā patupatu koiora, me te whakaurunga o te wai me te tongi.
Wā tuku: Mei-20-2024