I tātarihia e tēnei kaupapa ngā raraunga mai i ngā whakamātautau nui e rua e whai wāhi ana ki ngā huringa e ono o te rehu piretiroi roto i te whare mō ngā tau e rua i te tāone o Iquitos i te Amazon i Peru. I whakawhanakehia e mātou he tauira maha-taumata ā-wāhi hei tautuhi i ngā take o te hekenga o te taupori Aedes aegypti i ahu mai i (i) te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke iti-rahi (ULV) i roto i te whare tata, me (ii) te whakamahinga ULV i roto i ngā whare tata, i ngā whare tata rānei. I whakaritea e mātou te taunga o te tauira ki te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa taumaha whai huatanga rehu pea i runga i ngā mahi pirau wā me te ā-wāhi rerekē hei hopu i ngā pānga whakaroa o ngā patu pepeke ULV.
E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua ko te whakahekenga o te nui o te A. aegypti i roto i te whare i ahu mai i te rehu i roto i te whare kotahi, engari kāore he pānga atu o te rehu i roto i ngā whare tata. Me aromatawai te whai huatanga o ngā mahi rehu i runga i te wā mai i te rehu whakamutunga, nā te mea kāore mātou i kite i tētahi pānga tāpiri mai i te rehu i muri mai. I runga i tā mātou tauira, i whakatau tata mātou kua heke te whai huatanga o te rehu mā te 50% tata ki te 28 rā i muri i te rehu.
Ko te whakahekenga o te taupori waeroa Aedes aegypti i roto i te whare i whakawhirinaki tuatahi ki te maha o ngā rā mai i te maimoatanga whakamutunga i roto i tētahi whare, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te kapi rehu i ngā wāhi morearea, me te auau o te rehu i whakawhirinaki ki te kaha o te tuku i te mate i te rohe.
Ko Aedes aegypti te kawe matua o ētahi momo huakita ka taea te whakaputa i ngā mate urutā nui, tae atu ki te huaketo dengue (DENV), te huaketo chikungunya, me te huaketo Zika. Ko te tangata te kai matua o tēnei momo waeroa, ā, he maha ngā wā ka kai i te tangata. He pai te urutau ki ngā taiao tāone [1,2,3,4] ā, kua nohoia e ia ngā rohe maha i ngā rohe wera me ngā rohe iti [5]. I roto i te nuinga o ēnei rohe, ka hoki mai ngā pakarutanga dengue i ia wā, ā, e tata ana ki te 390 miriona ngā keehi i ia tau [6, 7]. I te korenga o tētahi maimoatanga, o tētahi kano ārai mate whai hua, e wātea whānuitia ana, ko te aukati me te whakahaere i te tukunga dengue e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakaiti i ngā taupori waeroa mā roto i ngā mahi whakahaere kawe, ko te nuinga o te wā ka rehuhia ngā patu pepeke e aro ana ki ngā waeroa pakeke [8].
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia e mātou ngā raraunga mai i ngā whakamātautau mara nui e rua, kua tāruatia, o te rehu pyrethroid roto i te rahinga tino iti i te tāone o Iquitos, i te Amazon o Peru [14], hei whakatau tata i ngā pānga o te rehu tino iti ki te nui o te Aedes aegypti o te whare i tua atu i te whare takitahi. I aromatawaihia e tētahi rangahau o mua te pānga o ngā maimoatanga tino iti i runga i te mea kei roto, kei waho rānei i tētahi rohe wawaotanga nui ake ngā whare. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whai mātou ki te wehewehe i ngā pānga maimoatanga i tētahi taumata pai ake, i te taumata whare takitahi, kia mārama ai te takoha whanaunga o ngā maimoatanga i roto i te whare ki ngā maimoatanga i roto i ngā whare tata. I te wā poto, i whakatau tata mātou i te pānga tāpiri o te rehu auau ki te rehu hou ki te whakaiti i te nui o te Aedes aegypti o te whare kia mārama ai te auau o te rehu e hiahiatia ana, me te aromatawai i te hekenga o te whai huatanga o te rehu i roto i te wā. Ka taea e tēnei tātari te āwhina i te whakawhanake i ngā rautaki whakahaere ira me te whakarato mōhiohio mō te whakapūtātanga o ngā tauira hei matapae i tō rātou whai huatanga [22, 23, 24].
He whakaaturanga ā-kanohi o te kaupapa tawhiti mowhiti i whakamahia hei tatau i te ōwehenga o ngā whare i roto i tētahi mowhiti i tētahi tawhiti mai i te whare i i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke i te wiki i mua i te t (kei roto katoa ngā whare i i te 1000 m o te rohe ārai). I roto i tēnei tauira mai i te L-2014, i roto te whare i i rongoatia, ā, i whakahaerehia te rangahau pakeke i muri i te tuarua o ngā rauna rehu. Ko ngā mowhiti tawhiti e hangai ana ki ngā tawhiti e mōhiotia ana ka rere ngā waeroa Aedes aegypti. Ko ngā mowhiti tawhiti B e hangai ana ki tētahi tohatoha ōrite i ia 100 m.
I whakamātauhia e mātou tētahi inenga māmā noa iho b mā te tatau i te ōwehenga o ngā whare i roto i tētahi mowhiti i tētahi tawhiti kua whakaritea mai i te whare i i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke i te wiki i mua i te t (Kōnae tāpiri 1: Ripanga 4).
ko h te maha o ngā whare i roto i te mowhiti r, ā, ko r te tawhiti i waenganui i te mowhiti me te whare i. Ka whakatauhia ngā tawhiti i waenganui i ngā mowhiti me te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
Te ōritenga o te tauira ki te mahi pānga rehu i roto i te whare kua taumahahia te wā. Ko ngā rārangi whero matotoru ake e tohu ana i ngā tauira tino pai, ko te rārangi matotoru rawa e tohu ana i ngā tauira tino pai, ā, ko ngā rārangi matotoru kē atu e tohu ana i ngā tauira kāore i te tino rerekē te WAIC o te tauira tino pai. B Te mahi pirau i whakamahia ki ngā rā mai i te rehu whakamutunga i roto i ngā tauira tino pai e rima, i whakaritea e te WAIC toharite i ngā whakamātautau e rua.
Ko te whakahekenga e matapaetia ana o te maha o ngā Aedes aegypti mō ia whare e pā ana ki te maha o ngā rā mai i te rehu whakamutunga. Ko te whārite i hoatuhia e whakaatu ana i te whakahekenga hei ōwehenga, ko te ōwehenga tere (RR) te ōwehenga o te horopaki rehu ki te turanga kore-rehu.
I whakatauhia e te tauira te hekenga o te whai huatanga o te rehu mā te 50% tata ki te 28 ngā rā i muri i te rehu, ko ngā taupori Aedes aegypti kua tata ora katoa tata ki te 50–60 ngā rā i muri i te rehu.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, ka whakaahuahia e mātou ngā pānga o te rehu pyrethroid iti-rahi o roto ki te nui o te Aedes aegypti o te whare, he pānga ki te wā me te whānuitanga o te rehu tata ki te whare. Mā te mārama ake ki te roa me te whānuitanga o te pānga o te rehu ki ngā taupori Aedes aegypti ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā whāinga tino pai mō te kapinga wāhi me te auau rehu e hiahiatia ana i ngā wā wawaotanga whakahaere kawe, me te whakamōhio i te whakatauira i te whakataurite i ngā rautaki whakahaere kawe pea. E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua ko te whakahekenga o te taupori Aedes aegypti i roto i te whare kotahi i ahu mai i te rehu i roto i te whare kotahi, engari ko te rehu o ngā whare i ngā rohe tata kāore he pānga atu. Ko ngā pānga o te rehu ki te nui o te Aedes aegypti o te whare i whakawhirinaki nui ki te wā mai i te rehu whakamutunga, ā, i heke haere i roto i ngā rā 60. Kāore i kitea he whakahekenga anō i roto i ngā taupori Aedes aegypti hei hua o te pānga tāpiri o ngā rehu whare maha. I roto i te poto, kua heke te maha o ngā Aedes aegypti. Ko te maha o ngā waeroa Aedes aegypti i roto i te whare e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te wā kua pahure mai i te rehu whakamutunga i roto i taua whare.
Ko tētahi herenga nui o tā mātou rangahau ko te korenga i whakahaere i te pakeke o ngā waeroa pakeke Aedes aegypti i kohia. I kitea i roto i ngā tātaritanga o mua o ēnei whakamātautau [14] he ia ki te horapa o ngā uwha pakeke he taitamariki ake (he nui ake te ōwehenga o ngā uwha kāore anō kia whānau) i roto i ngā wāhi i rongoatia ki te L-2014 ki te whakaritea ki te rohe ārai. Nō reira, ahakoa kāore i kitea he pānga whakamārama atu o te rehu i roto i ngā whare tata ki te nui o te A. aegypti i roto i tētahi whare, kāore e taea e mātou te tino whakapono kāore he pānga ā-rohe ki ngā whanaketanga taupori A. aegypti i ngā wāhi e rehu pinepine ana.
Ko ētahi atu herenga o tā mātou rangahau ko te kore e taea te whakamārama i tētahi rehu ohorere i mahia e te Manatū Hauora tata ki te 2 marama i mua i te rehu whakamātautau L-2014 nā te kore o ngā mōhiohio taipitopito mō tōna wāhi me te wā. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tātaritanga o mua he rite tonu ngā pānga o ēnei rehu puta noa i te rohe rangahau, e hanga ana i tētahi tūāpapa noa mō ngā kiato o Aedes aegypti; ina hoki, i tīmata te ora ake o ngā taupori Aedes aegypti i te wā i whakahaerehia ai te rehu whakamātautau [14]. I tua atu, ko te rerekētanga o ngā hua i waenga i ngā wā whakamātautau e rua pea nā ngā rerekētanga o te hoahoa rangahau me te rerekētanga o te ngoikore o Aedes aegypti ki te cypermethrin, me te S-2013 he tairongo ake i te L-2014 [14]. Ka ripoatahia e mātou ngā hua tino ōrite mai i ngā rangahau e rua, ā, ka whakaurua te tauira i whakauruhia ki te whakamātautau L-2014 hei tauira whakamutunga mā mātou. I te mea he pai ake te hoahoa whakamātautau L-2014 mō te aromatawai i te pānga o te rehu hou ki ngā taupori waeroa Aedes aegypti, ā, kua whanake te ātete o ngā taupori Aedes aegypti o te rohe ki ngā piretiro i te mutunga o te tau 2014 [41], i whakaarohia e mātou he kōwhiringa matatika ake tēnei tauira, ā, he pai ake hoki mō te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga o tēnei rangahau.
Ko te pikinga papatahi o te kōpiko pirau rehu i kitea i roto i tēnei rangahau, tērā pea nā te huinga o te tere pirau o te cypermethrin me te whanaketanga o te taupori waeroa. Ko te patu pepeke cypermethrin i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau he pyrethroid e pirau ana mā te photolysis me te hydrolysis (DT50 = 2.6–3.6 rā) [44]. Ahakoa e kiia ana ko ngā pyrethroid he tere te pirau i muri i te tono, ā, he iti noa ngā toenga, he puhoi ake te tere pirau o ngā pyrethroid i roto i te whare i waho, ā, kua whakaatuhia e ētahi rangahau ka taea e te cypermethrin te noho tonu i roto i te hau me te puehu o roto mō ngā marama i muri i te rehu [45,46,47]. He maha ngā whare i Iquitos e hangaia ana i roto i ngā ara pōuri, whaiti me te iti o ngā matapihi, e whakamārama ana pea i te hekenga o te tere pirau nā te photolysis [14]. Hei tāpiri, he tino paitini te cypermethrin ki ngā waeroa Aedes aegypti ngāwari i ngā horopeta iti (LD50 ≤ 0.001 ppm) [48]. Nā te āhua wai-kore o te cypermethrin toenga, kāore pea e pā ki ngā torongū namu wai, e whakamārama ana i te whakaoranga o ngā pakeke mai i ngā nohoanga torongū hohe i roto i te wā e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i roto i te rangahau taketake, me te nui ake o te ōwehenga o ngā uwha kore-whakaputa hua i roto i ngā wāhi kua rongoatia i ngā rohe ārai [14]. Ko te huringa ora o te namu Aedes aegypti mai i te hua ki te pakeke ka roa pea i te 7 ki te 10 ngā rā i runga i te pāmahana me te momo namu.[49] Ko te whakaroa i te whakaoranga o ngā taupori namu pakeke ka taea te whakamārama atu mā te meka ka patua, ka peia rānei e te cypermethrin toenga ētahi pakeke hou kua puta mai me ētahi pakeke kua whakaurua mai i ngā wāhi kāore anō kia rongoatia, me te whakahekenga o te whakaputa hua nā te whakahekenga o te maha o ngā pakeke [22, 50].
Ko ngā tauira i whakauru i te hītori katoa o te rehu whare o mua he iti ake te tika me te ngoikore o ngā whakatau pānga i ngā tauira i whakauru noa i te rā rehu hou. Kaua tēnei e tangohia hei taunakitanga kāore e hiahiatia kia rongoatia anō ngā whare takitahi. Ko te whakaoranga o ngā taupori A. aegypti i kitea i roto i tā mātou rangahau, me ngā rangahau o mua [14], i muri tata mai i te rehu, e kī ana me rongoatia anō ngā whare i te auau i whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga tuku ā-rohe hei whakahoki anō i te pehitanga o A. aegypti. Ko te auau rehu me aro nui ki te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te pangia o ngā Aedes aegypti wahine, ka whakatauhia e te roa e tumanakohia ana o te wā whakatipu o waho (EIP) - te wā e pau ana kia pangia e te kawe kua kai nui i te toto pangia te kaihautū e whai ake nei. Hei utu, ka whakawhirinaki te EIP ki te momo huaketo, te pāmahana, me ētahi atu āhuatanga. Hei tauira, i roto i te take o te kirika dengue, ahakoa ka patua e te rehu patu pepeke ngā kawe pakeke kua pangia, ka noho tonu te taupori tangata ki te pangia mō ngā rā 14, ā, ka pangia pea ngā waeroa hou [54]. Hei whakahaere i te horapa o te kirika dengue, me poto ake ngā wā i waenga i ngā rehu i ngā wā i waenga i ngā maimoatanga patu pepeke hei whakakore i ngā waeroa hou e puta ake ana ka ngau pea i ngā manaaki kua pangia i mua i te pangia e ētahi atu waeroa. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā rā e whitu hei aratohu me te ine watea mō ngā tari whakahaere pepeke. Nō reira, ko te rehu patu pepeke ia wiki mō te iti rawa o te 3 wiki (hei kapi i te wā pangia katoa o te manaaki) ka rawaka hei ārai i te horapa o te kirika dengue, ā, e kī ana ā mātou hua kāore e tino heke te whai huatanga o te rehu o mua i taua wā [13]. Ina hoki, i Iquitos, i angitu ngā mana hauora ki te whakaiti i te horapa o te dengue i te wā o te pakarutanga mā te whakahaere i ngā huringa e toru o te rehu patu pepeke iti rawa te rahinga i roto i ngā wāhi kati i roto i te wā o ētahi wiki ki ētahi marama.
Hei whakamutunga, e whakaatu ana ā mātou hua ko te pānga o te rehu i roto i te whare i herea ki ngā whare i mahia ai, ā, kāore te rehu i ngā whare tata i whakaiti i ngā taupori Aedes aegypti. Ka taea e ngā waeroa pakeke Aedes aegypti te noho tata, i roto rānei i te whare ka whānau mai, ka huihui mai ki te 10 m te tawhiti, ā, ka haere i te tawhiti toharite o te 106 m.[36] Nō reira, ko te rehu i te rohe huri noa i te whare, kāore pea he pānga nui ki te maha o Aedes aegypti i roto i taua whare. E tautoko ana tēnei i ngā kitenga o mua kāore he pānga o te rehu i waho, i te taha rānei o ngā whare [18, 55]. Heoi, e ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, tera pea he pānga ā-rohe ki ngā whanaketanga taupori A. aegypti kāore e taea e tā mātou tauira te kite.
Wā tuku: Hui-tanguru-06-2025