Ko ngā aukati i Ūropi i ēnei rā tata nei he tohu mō te tipu haere o ngā āwangawanga mō te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke me te hekenga o te taupori pī. Kua tautuhia e te Tari Tiaki Taiao neke atu i te 70 ngā patu pepeke he tino paitini ki ngā pī. Anei ngā kāwai matua o ngā patu pepeke e hono ana ki te matenga o ngā pī me te hekenga o ngā kaiwhakamomona.
Ngā Neonicotinoid Ko ngā Neonicotinoid (neonics) he momo patu pepeke e whakaeke ana i te pūnaha io matua o ngā pepeke, ka pāngia ai te pūnaha io matua o ngā pepeke, ka mate ai rātou. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka kohia pea ngā toenga neonicotinoid i roto i te hae me te nekita o ngā tipu kua rongoatia, ka tū hei mōrearea pea ki ngā kaiwhakapūpū. Nā tēnei me te whakamahinga whānui o ēnei, he nui ngā āwangawanga kei te whai wāhi nui ngā neonicotinoid ki te whakahekenga o ngā kaiwhakapūpū.
He pumau hoki ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid ki te taiao, ā, ina whakamahia hei rongoā purapura, ka tukuna ki ngā toenga hae me te nekita o ngā tipu kua rongoatia. Kotahi te purapura hei patu i tētahi manu waiata. Ka taea hoki e ēnei patu pepeke te whakapoke i ngā awa, ā, he tino paitini ki ngā mea ora i roto i te wai. Ko te take o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid e whakaatu ana i ngā raruraru matua e rua me ngā tukanga rēhita patu pepeke me ngā tikanga aromatawai mōrearea o nāianei: te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rangahau pūtaiao e utua ana e te umanga kāore e rite ki ngā rangahau kua arotakehia e ngā hoa, me te koretake o ngā tukanga aromatawai mōrearea o nāianei hei whakamārama i ngā pānga kino o ngā patu pepeke.
I rēhita tuatahitia a Sulfoxaflor i te tau 2013, ā, he nui ngā tautohetohe kua puta. He momo hou te Suloxaflor o te patupatu sulfenimide me ōna āhuatanga matū e rite ana ki ngā patupatu neonicotinoid. Whai muri i te whakataunga a te kooti, i rēhita anō te US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i te sulfenamide i te tau 2016, me te whakawhāiti i tōna whakamahinga hei whakaiti i te pānga ki ngā pī. Ahakoa ka whakaitihia e tēnei ngā wāhi whakamahi me te whakawhāiti i te wā whakamahi, ko te paitini pūnaha o te sulfoxaflor e whakarite ana kāore ēnei mahi e whakakore rawa i te whakamahinga o tēnei matū. Kua whakaatuhia hoki ka whakararu ngā pyrethroid i te whanonga ako me te rapu kai a ngā pī. He maha ngā wā e hono ana ngā pyrethroid ki te mate o ngā pī, ā, kua kitea he nui te whakaiti i te momona o ngā pī, ka whakaiti i te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā pī hei pakeke, ā, ka roa ake te wā o te kore pakeke. He whānuitia te kitea o ngā pyrethroid i roto i te hae. Ko ngā pyrethroid e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te bifenthrin, te deltamethrin, te cypermethrin, te phenethrin, me te permethrin. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te Fipronil mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke o roto me te kari, ā, he tino paitini ki ngā pepeke. He paitini āhua-iti, ā, kua honoa ki ngā raruraru homoni, te mate pukupuku tairoi, te paitini roro, me ngā pānga whakaputa uri. Kua whakaaturia te whakaiti a te Fipronil i te mahi whanonga me ngā āheinga ako i roto i ngā pī. Ngā Organophosphates. Ka whakamahia ngā Organophosphates pērā i te malathion me te spikenard i roto i ngā kaupapa whakahaere namu, ā, ka taea te whakararu i ngā pī. He tino paitini ēnei e rua ki ngā pī me ētahi atu rauropi kāore i te whainga, ā, kua pūrongohia ngā matenga o ngā pī me ngā rehu tino iti te paitini. Ka pāngia ngā pī e ēnei pesticides mā roto i ngā toenga i mahue ki runga i ngā tipu me ētahi atu mata i muri i te rehu namu. Kua kitea he toenga kei roto i te hae, te ware pi me te honi.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-12-2023