Patupatu pepekeKo te ātete o ngā arthropoda kawe mate, he mea nui ki te ahuwhenua, ki te pūtaiao kararehe, me te hauora tūmatanui, he tūmomo mōrearea nui ki ngā kaupapa whakahaere i ngā kawe mate o te ao. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua he nui te mate o ngā kawe mate arthropoda ngote toto ina horomia ana te toto kei roto ngā aukati o te 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, te tuarua o ngā whākōkī i roto i te ara metabolic tyrosine). I tirotirohia e tēnei rangahau te whai huatanga o ngā aukati HPPD i roto i ngā patu taru β-triketone ki ngā momo kawe namu nui e toru, tae atu ki ērā e kawe ana i ngā mate tuku iho pērā i te malaria, ngā mate pāwera hou pērā i te kirika dengue me te huaketo Zika, me ngā tūmomo mōrearea huaketo hou pērā i te huaketo oropuche me te huaketo ursutu.I roto i ēnei momo waeroa ko ngā waeroa e pāngia ana e te pyrethroid me ngā waeroa e ātete ana ki te pyrethroid.
Ko te nitisidone anake (ehara i te mesotrione, sulfadiazine, thiamethoxam rānei) i whakaatu i te kaha nui ki te whakahaere i ngā waeroa i te wā i pā ai ngā waeroa ngote toto ki ngā mata i rongoatia. Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te ngoikore ki te nitisidone i waenga i ngā waeroa Anopheles gambiae e tairongo ana ki ngā patu pepeke me ngā momo waeroa he maha ngā tikanga ātete. I whakaatuhia e te matū he whai huatanga ōrite ki ngā momo waeroa e toru i whakamatautauria, e tohu ana i te kaha whānui ki te kawe mate nui.
E whakaatu ana tēnei rangahau he tikanga mahi hou tā te nitisidone, he rerekē i ngā whakarōpūtanga o te Komiti Ātete Pepeke (IRAC) o nāianei, e aro ana ki te tukanga nakunaku toto. Ko te whai huatanga o te Nitisidone ki ngā momo ātete me tōna kaha ki te whakauru atu ki ngā tikanga whakahaere pepeke o nāianei, pērā i ngā kupenga waeroa kua rongoatia me te rehu pepeke o roto, he mea pai mō te whakawhānui ake i ngā rautaki ārai me te whakahaere i te malaria, te kirika dengue, te mate huaketo Zika, me ētahi atu mate huaketo hou.
He mea whakamīharo, ko ngā whakamātautau koiora paerewa a te World Health Organization e whakamahi ana i ngā waeroa whāngai huka anake hei whakamātautau i ngā kukū wehewehe o ngā patu pepeke kāore pea e whakamate i ngā waeroa ngote toto.[38] E whakaatu ana tēnei i te hiranga o te whakaaro ki ngā rerekētanga pea o ngā horopeta whai hua i waenga i ngā waeroa ngote toto me ngā waeroa kore ngote toto, ka pā pea ki te whai huatanga toenga me te whanaketanga ātete. Ahakoa ko ngā horopeta wehewehe (DD) ka whakatauhia i runga i ngā uara LD99 mō ngā waeroa ngote toto, ka pā pea ngā rerekētanga o te āhua o te pepeke ki tō rātou ngoikore, nō reira, ko te whakamātautau i ngā waeroa ngote toto anake, kāore pea e whakaata katoa i te whānuitanga o ngā taumata ātete.
I arotahi tēnei rangahau ki te whai huatanga o ngā momo waeroa e toru—ko Anopheles gambiae, ko Aedes aegypti, me Culex quinquefasciatus—i roto i tētahi whakamātautau ngote toto, e whakatauira ana i te taunga o te waeroa ki runga i te pakitara, ā, hei whāinga mō te maimoatanga o roto me ngā patu pepeke roa-ora (IRS). I mate ngā waeroa uwha katoa i te wā i pā ai ki ngā mata kua pania ki te nitisidone, engari kāore i mate ki ētahi atu aukati HPPD β-triketone. Ko te whakamahi i te tangohanga o ngā aukati HPPD e ngā waewae waeroa he rautaki whai hua mō te wikitoria i te ātete patu pepeke me te whakapai ake i te whakahaere i ngā mate. E tautoko ana tēnei rangahau i te hiahia mō ētahi atu rangahau me te whakawhanaketanga o te nitisidone mō te maimoatanga o roto me ngā patu pepeke roa-ora hei whakakapi mō ngā rehu patu pepeke o nāianei.
E toru ngā tikanga mō te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te nitisidone hei patu ngarara o waho i whakaritea. I tātarihia ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā whakamātautau mā te whakamahi i te paninga ā-kiri, te paninga waewae pepeke, me te paninga pounamu, tae atu ki te tikanga paninga, te tikanga tuku patu ngarara, me te roa o te wā whakamahana.
Heoi, ahakoa te rerekētanga o ngā reiti mate i waenga i a New Orleans me Mukhza i te horopeta teitei rawa, he nui ake te whai huatanga o ngā kukū katoa i New Orleans (he ngāwari ki te whakamahi) i Mukhza (he ātete) i muri i ngā haora 24.
Hei tūhura i ngā rautaki whakahaere pepeke hou, he huarahi whai hua ki te kimi i ngā matū patu pepeke hou ko te whakawhānui i te rangahau ki tua atu i ngā whāinga tuku iho o te pūnaha io me ngā ira whakakorenga paitini kia uru atu ai ngā tikanga ngote toto pepeke. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua he paitini te nitisidone i muri i te horomia e ngā pepeke ngote toto, i muri rānei i te mimiti o te kiri i muri i te paninga o te kiri (ma te whakamahi i te whakarewa).
Mā te whakauru i ngā raraunga mai i ngā tikanga kimi maha ka taea te whakapai ake i te pono o ngā aromatawai whai huatanga o ngā patu pepeke. Heoi, me mōhio ko ngā tikanga e toru e whakaarohia ana, ko te tikanga tono ā-papa te mea iti rawa te tohu i ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te mara. Ko te tono tika o ngā patu pepeke ki te uma o ngā waeroa mā te whakamahi i te wairewa kāore e rite ki te whakaaturanga noa ki te Anopheles gambiae sl. [47], ahakoa ka taea e ia te whakarato i tētahi tohu tata o te ngoikore o Anopheles ki tētahi matū motuhake. Ahakoa e ine ana ngā tikanga pereti karāhe me te pounamu i te mahi koiora mā te pa o te waewae, kāore e rite tika ngā hua. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te wā whakaaturanga me te kapi o te mata te awe nui ki te mate e kitea ana me ia tikanga kimi; nō reira, he mea nui te whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga kimi tika mō te aromatawai tika i te whai huatanga o ngā patu pepeke.
Ka whakamahia e te rehu patu pepeke toenga-pānga (RIA) te whanonga okiokinga i muri i te whāngai o ngā waeroa, ka meinga rātou kia horomia ngā patu pepeke ina pā ki ngā mata kua rongoatia. Ko te pirau o ngā patu pepeke, te korenga o te kapi rehu, me te whakahaere i ngā mata kua rongoatia (hei tauira, te horoi i ngā pakitara i muri i te maimoatanga) ka taea te whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te RIA. E rua ngā uauatanga o ēnei take: (1) ka taea e ngā waeroa te ora i te wā e pāngia ana e ngā horopeta kore-whakamate; me (2) ahakoa ko te ātete te mea nui e akiakihia ana e te kōwhiringa whakamate, ka taea e te whakakī tonu ki ngā horopeta iti-whakamate te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te ātete mā te tuku i ētahi tāngata ātete kia ora me te pupuri i ngā iraira e pā ana ki te whakaiti i te ngoikore [54]. Nā te mea i whakamahia e mātou ngā waeroa whāngai toto hei utu mō ngā waeroa whāngai huka paerewa ahumahi, kāore i taea te whakataurite tika ki ngā raraunga kua whakaputaina i mua. Heoi, he mea whakatenatena te whakataurite i te horopeta wehewehe (DD) me te āhua o te pihi urupare-horopeta o te nitisidone me ngā raraunga mō ētahi atu matū [47]. Ka whakakotahi te horopeta wehewehe i te wā whakaaturanga pumau me te nui o te patu pepeke i pania ki te ipu, me te nui o te matū kua mimitihia i runga i te wā whakapā tuturu ki te waewae. I runga i ēnei hua, he kaha ake te nitisidone i te thiamethoxam, spinosad, mefenoxam, me te dinotefuran [47], ā, he mea tino pai mō ngā whakatakotoranga patu pepeke hou o roto e hiahia ana kia arotauhia anō. Ina whakaarohia te pikinga o te pihi horopeta-whakautu (i tataitia mā te tatau i ngā pikinga LC95 me LC50 i te Pikitia 3), ko te nitisidone te pihi tino pari, e tohu ana i tōna whai huatanga teitei. He rite tēnei ki ngā rangahau o mua mō te nitisidone i roto i ngā whakamātautau whāngai toto me te kiri i runga i tētahi atu momo dipteran, te ngaru tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans) [26]. I whakamātauhia e mātou te whai huatanga o te nitisidone (mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau pereti karāhe) mā te whakaatu i ngā waeroa Kissou (Pikitia S1A) ngā waeroa New Orleans rānei (Pikitia S1B) ki te nitisidone i mua i te whāngai. I noho whai hua tonu te nitisidone ki ngā waewae, e whakatauira ana i te horopaki o ngā waeroa e tau ana ki runga i te pakitara i rongoatia ki te nitisidone i mua i te whāngai, e hiahia ana kia rangahauhia anō. Ka taea te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te nitisidone (me ētahi atu aukati HPPD) ki ngā waewae mā te whakakotahi me ngā mea āwhina pēnei i te rapeseed methyl ester (RME), e ai ki te whakaahuatanga mō ētahi atu patu pepeke [44, 55]. Mā te whakamātautau i ngā pānga o te RME ki te *Gnaphalium affine* i mua i te whāngai (Pikitia S2), i kitea e mātou i te kukū o te 5 mg/m², ko te whakakotahitanga me ngā mea āwhina pēnei i te RME i tino whakapiki i te mate o ngā waeroa.
He mea whakamere te tere o te patu i ngā waeroa mā te nitisidone kāore i hangaia i roto i ngā momo ātete. Ko te puhoi o te mate o te momo VK7 2014 pea nā te matotoru o te kiri, te iti o te kai toto, te tere rānei o te nakunaku toto—ngā āhuatanga kāore i rangahauhia e mātou. I whakaatuhia e te Nitisidone he iti te paitini ki te momo waeroa Culex muheza ātete, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia mō ētahi atu rangahau i ngā kukū teitei ake (25 ki te 125 mg/m²). Hei tāpiri, he rite ki te Culex, he iti ake te aro o ngā waeroa Aedes ki te nitisidone i te Anopheles, e tohu ana pea i ngā rerekētanga ā-tinana i waenga i ngā momo e rua e pā ana ki te kai toto me te tere nakunaku [27]. E whakaatu ana ēnei rerekētanga i te hiranga o te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te momo i te aromatawai i ngā patu pepeke i whakahohehia e te toto. Ahakoa tōna mahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te toto me te whakaroa, tera pea he uara mahi a te nitisidone nā te mea ka taea e ia te mahi i mua i te whānautanga o ngā waeroa, te whakaiti rānei i tō rātou hua whānui. Nā tōna tikanga mahi ahurei, arā, ko te aro ki te ara whakahekenga tyrosine mā te aukati i te 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), he pai te nitisidone hei wāhanga o tētahi rautaki whakahaere whārite whānui. Heoi anō, me whai whakaaro ki te āheinga o te whakawhanake i te ātete rongoā nā ngā whakarerekētanga ira i te wāhi ūnga, nā ngā urutaunga pākia rānei, ā, kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau hei tūhura i ēnei tikanga.
E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua ka patua e te nitisidone ngā waeroa ngote toto mā te pā o te waewae, he tikanga kāore i kitea me te mesotrione, sulfadiazine, me te thiamethoxam. Kāore tēnei pānga patu e wehewehe i waenga i ngā momo waeroa e tairongo ana, e tino ātete ana rānei ki ētahi atu momo patu pepeke, tae atu ki ngā pyrethroid, ngā organochlorides, me ngā carbamates pea. Hei tāpiri, ko te whai huatanga o te mimiti kiri o te nitisidone kāore i te herea ki ngā momo Anopheles anake; kua whakaūtia tēnei e tōna whai huatanga ki a Culex pipiens pallens me Aedes aegypti. E tautoko ana ā mātou raraunga i te hiahia mō ētahi atu rangahau hei whakapai ake i te mimiti o te nitisidone, hei tauira, mā te whakarei ake i te mimiti kiri, mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā adjuvants. Mā tōna tikanga mahi ahurei, ka whakamahia pai e te nitisidone te whanonga ngote toto o ngā waeroa uwha. Nā tēnei ka waiho hei kaitono pai mō ngā rehu patu pepeke o roto me ngā kupenga waeroa me te mahi patu pepeke roa, inā koa i ngā wāhi kua ngoikore ngā tikanga whakahaere waeroa tuku iho nā te horapa tere o te ātete pyrethroid.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-23-2025