I roto i ngā tau 20 kua pahure ake nei, kua tere te whanaketanga o ngā patu pepeke akuaku o tōku whenua. Tuatahi, nā te whakaurunga mai o ngā momo hou me ngā hangarau matatau mai i tāwāhi, tuarua, nā ngā mahi a ngā wāhanga o te motu e tika ana i taea ai te whakaputa i te nuinga o ngā rauemi mata matua me ngā momo horopeta o ngā patu pepeke akuaku. Me te whakahua i te kounga teitei me te whanaketanga o ngā momo whanaketanga rongoā hou. Ahakoa he maha ngā momo rauemi mata o ngā patu pepeke, mō ngā patu pepeke akuaku, ko ngā piretiroi tonu ngā mea matua e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā. Nā te mea kua whanakehia e ngā pepeke ngā taumata ātete rerekē ki ngā piretiroi i ētahi wāhi, ā, he ātete whakawhiti, e pā ana ki tōna whakamahinga. Heoi, nā te mea he maha ngā painga ahurei pērā i te iti o te paitini me te tino whai hua, he uaua ki te whakakapi ki ētahi atu momo i roto i tētahi wā. Ko ngā momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te tetramethrin, Es-bio-allethrin, d-allethrin, methothrin, pyrethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin me te dextramethrin whai rawa Allethrin me ētahi atu. I roto i ēnei, ko te allethrin whai rawa D-trans ka whakawhanakehia motuhaketia, ka hangaia hoki i tōku whenua. Ka wehea te wāhanga waikawa o te allethrin noa mai i ngā isomers cis me trans, ā, ka wehea ngā isomers maui me te matau hei whakanui ake i te ōwehenga o tōna tinana whai hua, kia pai ake ai te whai huatanga o te Hua. I taua wā anō, ka hurihia te tinana koretake hei tinana whai mana, ka whakaiti ake i te utu. E tohu ana tēnei kua uru te hanga pyrethroids i tōku whenua ki te mara o te whanaketanga motuhake me te urunga ki te mara o te stereochemistry me te hangarau mahi whatu teitei. Ko te dichlorvos i roto i ngā patu pepeke organophosphorus te momo me te hua nui rawa atu me te tono whānui rawa atu nā tōna pānga knockdown kaha, te kaha patu kaha me te mahi whakakorikori taiao, engari kua whakawhāitihia te whakamahinga o te DDVP me te chlorpyrifos. I te tau 1999, e ai ki te taunakitanga a te WHO, i whakawhanakehia e te Hunan Research Institute of Chemical Industry tētahi patu pepeke me te acaricide whānui-ahurea, tere te mahi, ko te pirimiphos-methyl te ka taea te whakamahi hei whakahaere i ngā waeroa, ngā namu, ngā pepeke pepeke me ngā noke.
I roto i ngā carbamates, ka whakamahia te propoxur me te Zhongbucarb i roto i ngā rahinga nui. Heoi, e ai ki ngā raraunga e tika ana, he raruraru paitini te hua pirau o te sec-butacarb, te methyl isocyanate. Kāore tēnei hua i whakaurua ki te rārangi o ngā hua patu pepeke horoi whare i whakaputaina e te World Health Organization i te tau 1997, ā, haunga a Haina, kāore he whenua kē atu o te ao i whakamahi i tēnei hua mō ngā hua patu pepeke horoi whare. Hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā patu pepeke horoi whare, me te hangai ki ngā paerewa o te ao, i te 23 o Poutū-te-rangi, 2000, i whakakotahi te Pesticide Control Institute o te Manatū Ahuwhenua me ngā āhuatanga o tōku whenua, mō Zhongbuwei, kua hangaia ngā ture e tika ana mō te nekehanga āta haere ki te whakamutu i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke horoi whare.
He tokomaha ngā kairangahau mō ngā rongoā whakatipu pepeke, ā, he maha ngā momo, pērā i: diflubenzuron, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, me ētahi atu. I ētahi wāhi, ka whakamahia ēnei hei whakahaere i ngā torongū i ngā wāhi whakatipu namu me ngā namu, ā, kua tutuki ngā hua pai. Kei te rongonui haere, kei te whakamahia hoki.
I ngā tau tata nei, kua rangahauhia, kua hangaia hoki e ngā wāhanga pērā i Te Whare Wānanga o Fudan ngā pheromones mō ngā namu whare, ā, kua whakawhanakehia motuhaketia e Te Whare Wānanga o Wuhan ngā parvovirus pepeke pepeke. He whānui ngā tūmanakohanga tono mō ēnei hua. Kei te whanakehia ngā hua patu pepeke moroiti, pērā i: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, huaketo pepeke pepeke me Metarhizium anisopliae hei hua horoi. Ko ngā kaiwhakaora matua ko te piperonyl butoxide, te octachlorodipropyl ether, me te synergist amine. Hei tāpiri, i ngā tau tata nei, nā te raruraru o te tūmanakohanga tono o te octachlorodipropyl ether, i tangohia e te Nanjing Forestry Research Institute te AI-1 synergist mai i te turpentine, ā, i whakawhanakehia e te Shanghai Entomology Research Institute me te Nanjing Agricultural University he kaihoko synergist 94o. Kei reira anō ngā amines synergistic whai muri, ngā synergist, me te whanaketanga o ngā synergist i ahu mai i ngā tipu S-855.
I tēnei wā, e 87 ngā matū hohe o ngā patu pepeke kei roto i te mana rēhitatanga patu pepeke haumaru i tō tātou whenua, arā: 46 (52.87%) o ngā piretiro, 8 (9.20%) o ngā ōkawahāora, 5 o ngā kāpāmate (1) (5.75%), 5 ngā matū kore-waro (5.75%), 4 ngā moroiti (4.60%), 1 te ōkawahauroine (1.15%), me ētahi atu momo 18 (20.68%).
Wā tuku: Maehe-20-2023