BeauveriaKo te bassiana me te Metarhizium anisopliae ētahi o ngā harore entomopathogenic (EPF) tino nui, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau tata nei ka taea hoki e rātou te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā tipu i muri i te werohanga horihori. Hei aromatawai tika ake i te whakatipuranga me ngā pānga whakatairanga tipu oBeauveria bassianame te Metarhizium anisopliae i runga i ngā hua ahuwhenua, i roto i tēnei rangahau, i rongoatia ngā tipu kānga ki te 13 momo Beauveria bassiana me te 73 momo Metarhizium anisopliae, ia, hei harore rhizosphere i roto i te pūnaha hydroponic. I aroturukitia, i tuhia hoki ngā tawhā tipu tipu, tae atu ki te teitei o te tipu, te roa o te pakiaka, me te taumaha hou, mō ngā rā 35 karapīpiti hei whakaū i te pānga whakatairanga tipu o te werohanga harore entomopathogenic. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te aromatawai tere whakaora harore (FRR) ka taea e Beauveria bassiana me Metarhizium anisopliae te noho endophytic i roto i ngā kiko kānga. I te rā 7, ko te tere kitenga o Beauveria bassiana he 100% i roto i ngā kakau me ngā rau, engari i te rā 28, ka heke te tere kitenga i roto i ngā kakau ki te 11.1% me roto i ngā rau ki te 22.2%. Heoi, kāore i kitea a *Beauveria bassiana* i roto i ngā pakiaka tae noa ki te rā 28, me te tere kitenga o te 33.3%. I roto i te wā tirotiro, i wehea ngā momo *Metarhizium anisopliae* mai i ngā pakiaka, ngā kakau, me ngā rau o te tipu me te tere kitea teitei. Nā te whakanui PCR o ngā roopu DNA motuhake ki te harore i whakaū anō te noho pūmau o *Beauveria bassiana* me *Metarhizium anisopliae* i roto i ngā kiko rerekē; i whakaatuhia e tēnei tikanga he aro nui ake ki te kitea me te tauhohenga pai 100%. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā uara tuatahi i roto i te otinga hydroponic, i te rā 21, kua heke te kiato harore ki raro iho i te 1%. Nō reira, i angitu ngā momo harore e rua kua tīpakohia o te entomopathogenic ki te whakatū i te noho endophytic, kaua ki te noho, o te rhizosphere kānga, ā, i whakatairanga nui i tōna tipu i roto i te pūnaha hydroponic. He nui te kaha o ngā harore entomopathogenic ki te whakamahi i roto i te ahuwhenua rauropi, tae atu ki te whakamahi hei patu pepeke koiora me te tongi koiora.
Kua whakamātauhia te hiranga o ngā harore entomopathogenic (EPF) hei kaiwhakahaere koiora (BCA) mō te whakahaere i ngā momo pepeke nā te whānui o te awhe manaaki, te ngāwari o te whakaputa, te pumau, me te kaha ki te patu i ngā pepeke.1,2,3I Haina, e whakamahia ana te *Beauveria bassiana* me te *Metarhizium anisopliae* hei whakahaere pumau i ngā pepeke kino nui o te kānga (pērā i te kutukutu kānga me te noke miro) kia kore ai e whakamahia nuitia ngā patupatu matū.4I roto i te whakahaere riha me te harore, he tino uaua ake te whanaungatanga tapatoru i waenga i ngā tipu, ngā riha, me te harore i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā riha me ngā tukumate harore.
He maha ngā tipu e noho tahi ana me ngā harore endophytic5, e noho ana i roto i ngā kiko tipu me te kore e whara nui i a rātou6Ko ngā harore endophytic he rauropi e puta mai ana i muri i te whakatūnga o tētahi hononga tahi ki tō rātou kaihautū.7Ka taea e rātou te whakatairanga tika, ā-kore rānei i te tipu o ngā tipu, me te whakarei ake i tō rātou urutau ki ngā āhuatanga kino, tae atu ki ngā ahotea koiora me ngā ahotea kore koiora.8, 9, 10He āhuatanga whakawhanaungatanga me ngā āhuatanga noho nui o ngā harore endophytic, pērā i te noho tahi, te horapa, te motuhaketanga o te tipu manaaki, me te noho tahi o ngā kiko tipu rerekē.11Kua aro nui te rangahau ki te whakamahinga o ngā harore endophytic hei rauropi endophytic, ā, kua whakaatuhia hoki he maha ngā painga ahurei ki ngā rauropi endophytic tuku iho.
Ka taea e Beauveria bassiana me Metarhizium anisopliae te pangia e te tini o ngā tipu, tae atu ki te witi, te pīni soya, te raihi, ngā pīni, te riki, te tōmato, te nikau, te karepe, te rīwai me te miro, engari kāore i te herea ki ēnei.12Ko te mate urutā ā-rohe, ā-tinana rānei, ka pā ki ngā pakiaka, ki ngā kakau, ki ngā rau, me ngā kiko o roto o ngā tipu.11Mā te pangia horihori mā te maimoatanga purapura, te whakatō rau, me te whakamakuku oneone ka taea te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā tipu mā te pangia endophytic e te harore.13,14,15,16Nā te rongoā purapura ki te Beauveria bassiana me te Metarhizium anisopliae i hua ai te mate endophytic i roto i ngā kiko tipu, ā, i whakatairanga hoki i te tipu o te tipu mā te whakanui ake i te teitei o te kakau, te roa o te pakiaka, te taumaha hou o te pakiaka, me te taumaha hou o te kakau.17,18,19Te werohanga oneone me terauKo te rehu i te Beauveria bassiana ngā tikanga tono e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, ka taea te whakatairanga nui i te tipu o ngā tipu kānga.20
Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i ngā pānga whakatairanga tipu me ngā āhuatanga whakatipuranga o ngā tipu kānga a Beauveria bassiana me Metarhizium anisopliae me ō rātou pānga ki te tipu o ngā tipu i roto i ngā pūnaha hydroponic.
I roto i tētahi whakamātautau 35-rā, i whakatairangahia te tipu o te kānga e te maimoatanga ki ngā harore Beauveria bassiana me Metarhizium anisopliae. E ai ki te Pikitia 1, ko te pānga whakaohooho o ngā harore ki ngā momo okana kānga i runga i tō rātou taumata tipu.
Te tipu o te tipu kānga i raro i ngā maimoatanga rerekē i te roanga o te wā. Mai i te maui ki te matau, ko ngā rārangi tae rerekē e tohu ana i ngā tipu kānga i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, te rōpū i rongoatia ki a Beauveria bassiana, me te rōpū i rongoatia ki a Metarhizium anisopliae.
I tirotirohia anōtia te whakatōpūtanga o ngā kiko kānga e *Beauveria bassiana* me *Metarhizium anisopliae* mā te whakamahi i te whakanui PCR. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 5 i whakatōpūtia e *Beauveria bassiana* te 100% o ngā kiko okana kānga katoa i ia wāhi tauira (7–35 rā). I kitea ngā hua ōrite mō *Metarhizium anisopliae* i roto i ngā kiko rau, engari kāore i te noho tonu te whakatōpūtanga e tēnei harore ki te 100% i roto i ngā kakau me ngā rau kānga.
He mea nui ngā tikanga werohanga mō ngā tauira noho harore.28Parsa me ētahi atu.29i kitea ka taea e *Beauveria bassiana* te noho ki ngā tipu i roto i te endophytically ina rehuhia, ina whakamakukuhia rānei, engari ko te noho pakiaka ka taea anake mā te whakamakuku. I roto i te sorghum, i kōrero a Tefera rāua ko Vidal nā te werohanga rau i whakapiki ake i te tere o te noho o *Beauveria bassiana* i roto i te kakau, engari nā te werohanga purapura i whakapiki ake i te tere o te noho i roto i ngā pakiaka me ngā kakau. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i werohangahia e mātou ngā pakiaka ki ngā harore e rua mā te tāpiri i tētahi whakatārewatanga conidial tika ki te pūnaha hydroponic. Mā tēnei tikanga ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te horapa harore, nā te mea ka taea e te wai rere te whakahaere i te nekehanga o ngā conidia harore ki ngā pakiaka kānga. Haunga ngā tikanga werohanga, ko ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i ngā moroiti oneone, te pāmahana, te haumākū whanaunga, te reo matūkai, te tau me ngā momo tipu, te kiato werohanga, me ngā momo harore ka pā ki te angitu o te noho o ngā kiko tipu e ngā harore.28
Hei tāpiri atu, ko te whakanui PCR o ngā roopu DNA motuhake ki te harore he tikanga hou, he tairongo hoki mō te kimi i ngā endophytes harore. Hei tauira, i muri i te whakatipu i ngā kiko tipu i runga i ngā pāpāho harore whiriwhiri, he iti noa te maha o ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi kite kore utu (FRR) i kitea mō *Beauveria bassiana*, engari i puta mai i te tātaritanga PCR he 100% te kitenga. Ko te iti o te taupori o ngā harore endophytic i roto i ngā kiko tipu, ko te aukati koiora rānei o ngā kiko tipu te take pea o te kore angitu o te tipu harore i runga i ngā pāpāho whiriwhiri. Ka taea te whakamahi pono i te whakanui PCR ki te ako i ngā harore endophytic.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau o mua ka taea e ētahi pepeke endophytic te mahi hei tongi koiora mā te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā tipu. Jaber et al. [16]i rīpoatahia ko ngā purapura witi i werohia ki te Beauveria bassiana mō ngā rā 14 he nui ake te teitei o te kākano, te roa o te pakiaka, te taumaha o te pakiaka hou, me te taumaha o te kākano i ngā tipu kāore i werohia. Russo et al.[30]i pūrongohia ko te rehu rau o te kānga ki te Beauveria bassiana i whakapiki i te teitei o te tipu, te maha o ngā rau me te maha o ngā pona taringa tuatahi.
I roto i tā mātou rangahau, e rua ngā harore entomopathogenic kua tīpakohia, ko Beauveria bassiana me Metarhizium anisopliae, i tino whakatairanga i te tipu o te kānga i roto i te pūnaha whakatipu tipu hydroponic, ā, i whakatū hoki i te noho pūmau o ngā kiko rerekē o ngā tipu kānga, e matapaetia ana ka whakatairanga i te tipu mō te wā roa.
He rerekē, i kitea e Moloignane me ētahi atu ahakoa e 4 wiki i muri i te whakamakuku oneone, kāore he rerekētanga nui o te teitei o te tipu, te maha o ngā pakiaka, te maha o ngā rau, te taumaha hou, me te taumaha maroke i waenga i ngā waina karepe i rongoatia, i kore hoki i rongoatia ki te *Beauveria bassiana*. Kāore tēnei i te miharo, nā te mea ka taea te hono tata te kaha endophytic o ngā momo harore motuhake ki te momo tipu manaaki, te momo tipu, ngā āhuatanga kai, me ngā awe taiao. I rangahau a Tull rāua ko Meying i te pānga o te maimoatanga purapura *Beauveria bassiana* (GHA) ki te tipu kānga. I kitea e rāua ko *Beauveria bassiana* he kaiwhakatairanga tipu i roto i te kānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga e ranea ana ngā matūkai, ā, kāore i kitea he pānga whakaohooho i raro i ngā āhuatanga kāore i te nui ngā matūkai. Nō reira, kāore i te mārama te tikanga o te urupare a te tipu ki ngā pānga endophytic o te harore, ā, me rangahau anō.
I tirotirohia e mātou ngā pānga o ngā harore entomopathogenic *Beauveria bassiana* me *Metarhizium anisopliae* hei kaiwhakatairanga tipu i roto i te kānga. Heoi, kāore anō kia mārama mēnā ko te tikanga matua he rhizosphere, he endophytic rānei. I aroturukihia e mātou ngā whanaketanga taupori o *Beauveria bassiana* me *Metarhizium anisopliae* i roto i ngā otinga hydroponic me ngā kiko tipu hei whakamārama i ā rātou tikanga mahi. Mā te whakamahi i ngā waeine hanga koroni (CFU) hei tohu, i kitea e mātou he tere te heke o te nui o *Beauveria bassiana* me *Metarhizium anisopliae* i roto i te otinga hydroponic. I muri i te wiki kotahi, ko te kukū toenga o *Metarhizium anisopliae* he iti iho i te 10%, ā, ko *Beauveria bassiana* he iti iho i te 1%. I roto i te otinga kānga hydroponic, tata ngaro ngā harore e rua i te rā 28. I whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau whakahaere he kaha tonu te ora o ngā conidia o ngā harore e rua i roto i te pūnaha hydroponic i muri i te wiki kotahi. Nō reira, ko ngā harore endophytic, e pāngia ana e te piri o ngā conidial, te mōhiotanga o te manaaki, me ngā ara taketake, koinei te tino take o te hekenga nui o te harore i roto i te pūnaha hydroponic. Hei tāpiri, ko te mahi whakatairanga tipu o ngā harore e ahu mai ana i tā rātou mahi endophytic, ehara i te mahi rhizosphere.
Ko ngā mahi koiora e hono ana ki te kiato o te taupori. Mā te ine i te maha o ngā harore endophytic i roto i ngā kiko tipu ka taea e tātou te whakatū i tētahi hononga i waenga i te whakaohooho tipu tipu me te kiato o te taupori harore endophytic. Me rangahau anō ngā tikanga e whakaohooho ana i te tipu tipu i roto i ngā taunekeneke harore-tipu entomopathogenic. Ehara i te mea he nui te kaha o ngā harore entomopathogenic ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke koiora engari he mahi nui anō hoki tā rātou ki te whakaohooho i te tipu tipu, e whakatuwhera ana i ngā tirohanga hou mō ngā taunekeneke taiao i waenga i ngā tipu, ngā pepeke, me ngā harore entomopathogenic.
E iwa tekau ngā tipu kānga hauora, he rite te tipu, i tīpakohia matapōkeretia mai i ia rōpū whakamātautau. Ko te oneone whakatipu i te taha o ngā pakiaka o ia tipu i horoia marietia ki te wai whakapūkara kia kore ai e kino te pūnaha pakiaka. Ko ngā tipu kānga i rongoatia, he rite te tipu i ngā wāhanga o runga me raro i te whenua, i whakatōkia ki roto i tētahi pūnaha whakatipu kānga hydroponic.
I tātarihia ngā raraunga whakamātautau katoa mā te whakamahi i te tātari rerekētanga ara-kotahi (ANOVA) i roto i te IBM SPSS Statistics (putanga 20.0), ā, i whakatauhia te hiranga o ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā maimoatanga mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau HSD a Tukey (P ≤ 0.05).
Nā te mea i hokona mai ngā rauemi tipu mai i tētahi kaihokohoko whaimana ā-rohe, kāore i hiahiatia he raihana. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā tipu, o ngā rauemi tipu rānei i roto i tēnei rangahau e tutuki ana i ngā aratohu ā-ao, ā-motu, me/ranei ngā aratohu whakahaere e tika ana.
Hei whakamutunga, e rua ngā harore entomopathogenic, *Beauveria bassiana* me *Metarhizium anisopliae*, i whai wāhi pai ki te whakatairanga i te tipu o te tipu kānga i muri i te werohanga rhizosphere ki te pūnaha hydroponic. I taea e ēnei harore e rua te whakatū i te koroni pūnaha o ngā whekau me ngā kiko kānga katoa mā te pūnaha pakiaka i roto i te wiki kotahi. I whakaatuhia e ngā whanaketanga taupori harore i roto i te otinga hydroponic me te koroni harore o ngā kiko kānga, i tua atu i te mahi rhizosphere, he nui ake te takoha a te mahi endophytic o ngā harore ki te whakatairanga tipu tipu i kitea. I whakaatuhia e te whanonga endophytic o ngā harore ētahi āhuatanga motuhake ki ngā momo. Ko te whakanui ake i ngā roopu DNA motuhake ki te harore mā te whakamahi i te PCR i kitea he tairongo ake i ngā tikanga kimi koroni e whakamahi ana i ngā pāpāho whiriwhiri harore. Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga hei aroturuki tika ake i te koroni harore me tō rātou tohatoha ā-wāhi i roto i ngā kiko tipu. Me rangahau anō hei whakamārama i ngā tikanga e urupare ai ngā tipu me ngā pepeke tipu ki ngā pānga endophytic o ngā harore (ngā mōhiohio tāpiri).
E wātea ana ngā huinga raraunga i hangaia i te wā o tēnei rangahau mai i te kaituhi e pā ana mēnā he tono e tika ana.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-20-2026