Ko ngā patupatu koiora tētahi o ngā taputapu nui hei whakatinana i te "rautaki Pūnaha Kai Kakariki" i Hapani. E whakaahua ana tēnei pepa i te whakamāramatanga me te kāwai o ngā patupatu koiora i Hapani, ā, e whakarōpū ana i te rēhitatanga o ngā patupatu koiora i Hapani, kia taea ai te whakarato tohutoro mō te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu koiora i ētahi atu whenua.
Nā te iti o te whenua ahuwhenua e wātea ana i Hapani, me nui ake te whakamahi i ngā patupatu me ngā maniua hei whakapiki i ngā hua o ia rohe. Heoi, nā te nui o ngā patupatu matū kua piki ake te taumahatanga ki te taiao, ā, he mea nui rawa te tiaki i te oneone, te wai, te kanorau koiora, ngā whenua tuawhenua me te haumarutanga kai hei whakatutuki i te whanaketanga ahuwhenua me te taiao pumau. Nā te nui o ngā toenga patupatu i roto i ngā hua e arai ana ki te pikinga ake o ngā mate tūmatanui, ka whakamahia e ngā kaimahi pāmu me te marea ngā patupatu koiora haumaru ake, ā, he pai ake hoki ki te taiao.
He rite ki te kaupapa ahuwhenua-ki-te-maara a Ūropi, i te marama o Mei 2021 i whakawhanakehia e te kāwanatanga o Hapani he "Rautaki Pūnaha Kai Kakariki" e whai ana ki te whakaiti i te whakamahinga taumaha mōrearea o ngā patu pepeke matū mā te 50% i te tau 2050, me te whakanui ake i te rohe whakatipu rauropi ki te 1 miriona hm2 (he rite ki te 25% o te rohe whenua ahuwhenua o Hapani). E whai ana te rautaki ki te whakarei ake i te hua me te pumau o te kai, te ahuwhenua, te ngahere me te hī ika mā roto i ngā mahi Manawanui auaha (MeaDRI), tae atu ki te whakahaere pepeke whakauru, ngā tikanga tono whakapai ake me te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi hou. I roto i ēnei, ko te mea nui ko te whakawhanake, te tono me te whakatairanga i te whakahaere pepeke whakauru (IPM), ā, ko ngā patu pepeke koiora tētahi o ngā taputapu nui.
1. Te whakamāramatanga me te kāwai o ngā patu pepeke koiora i Hapani
Ko ngā patupatu koiora he rite ki ngā patupatu matū, ki ngā patupatu hangai rānei, ā, ko te tikanga he patupatu he haumaru, he pai rānei ki te tangata, ki te taiao me te rauropi e whakamahi ana, e hangai ana rānei ki ngā rauemi koiora. E ai ki te pūtake o ngā kai hohe, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā patupatu koiora ki ēnei wāhanga e whai ake nei: tuatahi, ngā patupatu pūtake moroiti, tae atu ki ngā huakita, ngā harore, ngā huaketo me ngā kararehe koiora taketake (kua whakarerekētia te ira) ngā rauropi ora moroiti me ā rātou matū whakaputanga; tuarua ko ngā patupatu pūtake tipu, tae atu ki ngā tipu ora me ā rātou tangohanga, ngā kaihoko tiaki kua whakauruhia ki roto i ngā tipu (ngā hua kua whakarerekētia te ira); tuatoru, ngā patupatu nō te kararehe, tae atu ki ngā nematode entomopathetic ora, ngā kararehe pirinoa me ngā kararehe kaipahua me ngā tangohanga kararehe (pēnei i ngā pheromones). Ka whakarōpūhia hoki e te United States me ētahi atu whenua ngā patupatu pūtake kohuke tūturu pēnei i te hinu kohuke hei patupatu koiora.
E whakarōpūtia ana e te SEIJ o Hapani ngā patupatu koiora ki ngā patupatu koiora ora me ngā matū koiora, ngā patupatu, ā, e whakarōpūtia ana ngā pheromones, ngā matū koiora (ngā paturopi ahuwhenua), ngā tangohanga tipu, ngā patupatu i ahu mai i ngā kohuke, ngā tangohanga kararehe (pēnei i te paitini arthropod), ngā nanoantibodies, me ngā kaihoko tiaki tipu hei patupatu matū koiora. E whakarōpūtia ana e te Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Japan ngā patupatu koiora Hapanihi ki ngā arthropod hoariri tūturu, ngā nematodes hoariri tūturu, ngā moroiti me ngā matū koiora, ā, e whakarōpūtia ana a Bacillus thuringiensis kua kore e whakahohetia hei moroiti, ā, e kore e whakaurua ngā patupatu ahuwhenua ki te wāhanga o ngā patupatu koiora. Heoi, i roto i te whakahaere patupatu tūturu, he whāiti te tautuhi i ngā patupatu koiora Hapanihi hei patupatu koiora ora, arā, "ngā kaihoko whakahaere koiora pēnei i ngā moroiti hoariri, ngā moroiti mate tipu, ngā moroiti mate pepeke, ngā nematodes pirinoa pepeke, ngā arthropod pirinoa me ngā kaipahua e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke". Arā, ko ngā patupatu koiora Hapanihi he patupatu e hokohoko ana i ngā rauropi ora pēnei i ngā moroiti, ngā nematode entomopathetic me ngā rauropi hoariri tūturu hei kai hohe, engari ko ngā momo me ngā momo matū pūtake koiora kua rēhitatia ki Hapani kāore i roto i te kāwai o ngā patupatu koiora. Hei tāpiri, e ai ki ngā "Measures for the Treatment of the Safety Results of Safety Assessment tests related to the application for Registration of microbial pesticides" a Hapani, kāore ngā moroiti me ngā tipu kua whakarerekētia ira i raro i te whakahaere a ngā patupatu koiora i Hapani. I ngā tau tata nei, kua tīmatahia hoki e te Manatū Ahuwhenua, Ngāherehere me te Hī ika te tukanga aromatawai anō mō ngā patupatu koiora, ā, kua whakawhanakehia he paerewa hou mō te kore rēhitatanga o ngā patupatu koiora hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga ka pā kino te tono me te horapa o ngā patupatu koiora ki te nohonga, ki te tipu rānei o ngā kararehe me ngā tipu i roto i te taiao ora.
Ko te "Rārangi o ngā Whakauru Whakato Waro" hou i tukuna e te Manatū Ahuwhenua, Ngāherehere me te Hī ika o Hapani i te tau 2022 e kapi ana i ngā patupatu koiora katoa me ētahi patupatu koiora nō te pūtake koiora. Kāore ngā patupatu koiora Hapani e whakaurua ki te whakatūnga o te Kai Whakaaetia i ia Rā (ADI) me ngā rohe toenga mōrahi (MRL), e rua nei ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te whakaputa hua ahuwhenua i raro i te Paerewa Ahuwhenua Waro Hapani (JAS).
2. He tirohanga whānui mō te rēhitatanga o ngā patu pepeke koiora i Hapani
Hei whenua ārahi i roto i te whanaketanga me te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke koiora, he pūnaha whakahaere rēhita patu pepeke tino whānui kei a Hapani, ā, he nui ngā momo rēhita patu pepeke koiora. E ai ki ngā tatauranga a te kaituhi, tae noa ki te tau 2023, e 99 ngā whakaritenga patu pepeke koiora kua rēhitatia, ā, he whai hua i Hapani, e 47 ngā kai hohe, e 8.5% o te katoa o ngā kai hohe o ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia. I roto i ēnei, e 35 ngā kai e whakamahia ana mō ngā patu pepeke (tae atu ki te 2 ngā nematocides), e 12 ngā kai e whakamahia ana mō te whakahoromata, ā, kāore he patu taru, he whakamahinga kē atu rānei (Pikitia 1). Ahakoa kāore ngā pheromones i roto i te kāwai patu pepeke koiora i Hapani, he maha ngā wā ka whakatairangahia, ka whakamahia ngātahitia me ngā patu pepeke koiora hei whakaurunga whakato rauropi.
2.1 Ngā patu pepeke koiora o ngā hoariri tūturu
E 22 ngā matū hohe o ngā patu pepeke koiora hoariri tūturu kua rēhitatia ki Hapani, ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei hei pepeke pirinoa, hei pepeke kaipahua me hei mite kaipahua i runga i ngā momo koiora me te momo mahi. I roto i ēnei, ka kai ngā pepeke kaipahua me ngā mite kaipahua i ngā pepeke kino hei kai, ā, ka whānau ngā pepeke pirinoa i roto i ngā pepeke pirinoa, ā, ka whāngai ā rātou torongū kua pao i te manaaki, ka whanake hei patu i te manaaki. Ko ngā pepeke hymenoptera pirinoa, pērā i te pī aphid, te pī aphid, te pī aphid, te pī aphid, te pī hemiptera me te Mylostomus japonicus, kua rēhitatia ki Hapani, e whakamahia ana mō te whakahaere i ngā aphid, ngā namu me ngā ngārara mā i runga i ngā huawhenua e whakatipuria ana i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, ā, ko ngā mea kai chrysoptera, ngā pepeke pepeke, ngā ladybug me ngā thrips e whakamahia ana mō te whakahaere i ngā aphid, ngā thrips me ngā ngārara mā i runga i ngā huawhenua e whakatipuria ana i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi. Ko te nuinga o ngā mite kaipahua e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te pūngāwerewere whero, te mite rau, te tyrophage, te pleurotarsus, te thrips me te namu mā i runga i ngā huawhenua, ngā putiputi, ngā rākau hua, ngā pīni me ngā rīwai i whakatōkia i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi, tae atu ki ngā huawhenua, ngā rākau hua me te tī i whakatōkia i roto i ngā mara. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Kāore i whakahoutia te rēhitatanga o ngā hoariri tūturu pērā i a O. sauteri.
2.2 Ngā Patupatu Moroiti
E 23 ngā momo matū hohe o ngā patu pepeke moroiti kua rēhitatia ki Hapani, ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei ki ngā patu pepeke/patu pepeke harore huaketo, ngā patu pepeke/patu pepeke kitakita me ngā patu pepeke/patu pepeke harore harore e ai ki ngā momo me ngā whakamahinga o ngā moroiti. I roto i ēnei, ka patua, ka whakahaeretia rānei e ngā patu pepeke moroiti ngā pepeke mā te pangia, te whakanui me te huna i ngā paitini. Ka whakahaeretia e ngā patu pepeke moroiti ngā huakita mate mā te whakataetae koroni, te huna i ngā patu pepeke, ngā matū tuarua rānei, me te whakaoho i te ātete tipu [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Ngā nematocides harore (kaipahua) Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Ngā patu pepeke moroiti Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, ngā Fusarium oxysporum kore-mate me te momo mate pepeke mottle Pepper, Ā, kāore i whakahoutia te rēhitatanga o ngā patu pepeke moroiti pērā i te Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus me te Drechslera monoceras.
2.2.1 Ngā patu pepeke moroiti
Ko ngā patu pepeke huaketo polyhedroid granular me te karihi kua rēhitatia ki Hapani e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke motuhake pērā i te kutukutu aporo, te kutukutu tī me te kutukutu rau roa tī, tae atu ki te Streptococcus aureus i runga i ngā hua pērā i ngā hua, huawhenua me ngā pīni. Hei patu pepeke huakita e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ko te Bacillus thuringiensis e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke lepidoptera me te hemiptera i runga i ngā hua pērā i ngā huawhenua, ngā hua, te raihi, te rīwai me te tarutaru. I roto i ngā patu pepeke harore kua rēhitatia, ko te Beauveria bassiana e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke waha ngaungau me te ngau pērā i ngā thrips, ngā pepeke unahi, ngā rere mā, ngā mite, ngā pītara, ngā taimana me ngā aphids i runga i ngā huawhenua, ngā hua, ngā paina me te tī. E whakamahia ana te Beauveria brucei hei whakahaere i ngā pepeke coleoptera pērā i ngā longiceps me ngā pītara i roto i ngā rākau hua, ngā rākau, ngā angelica, ngā puawai cherry me ngā harore shiitake. E whakamahia ana te Metarhizium anisopliae hei whakahaere i ngā thrips i roto i te whakatipu huawhenua me ngā mango i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi; I whakamahia te Paecilomyces furosus me te Paecilopus pectus hei whakahaere i te ngārara mā, ngā aphids me te pūngāwerewere whero i roto i ngā huawhenua me ngā rōpere i whakatipuria ki te whare kati kōtuhi. Ka whakamahia te harore hei whakahaere i ngā ngārara mā me ngā thrips i roto i ngā whakatipu huawhenua, ngā māngo, ngā chrysanthemum me te lisiflorum i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi.
Hei te mea ko te Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum anake te patu nematode moroiti kua rēhitatia, ā, he whai hua hoki i Hapani, e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā nematode pona pakiaka i roto i ngā huawhenua, rīwai me te piki.
2.2.2 Ngā matū koiora iti
Ko te momo huaketo-rite-haokita kōwhai zucchini Mosaic i whakawhāitihia te momo huaketo i rēhitatia ki Hapani i whakamahia hei whakahaere i te mate Mosaic me te pirau fusarium i puta mai i te huaketo e pā ana ki te kūkamo. I roto i ngā haokita huakita kua rēhitatia ki Hapani, ka whakamahia a Bacillus amylolitica hei whakahaere i ngā mate harore pēnei i te pirau parauri, te poke hina, te mate pango, te mate whetu mā, te koriri paura, te poke pango, te poke rau, te mate ira, te waikura mā me te pirau rau i runga i ngā huawhenua, ngā hua, ngā putiputi, ngā hopi me te tupeka. I whakamahia a Bacillus simplex hei ārai me te rongoā i te pirau huakita me te pirau huakita o te raihi. Ka whakamahia a Bacillus subtilis hei whakahaere i ngā mate huakita me te harore pēnei i te poke hina, te koriri paura, te mate whetu pango, te pupuhi raihi, te koriri rau, te pirau pango, te pirau rau, te ira mā, te ira iti, te mate pukupuku, te pirau, te mate poke pango, te mate ira parauri, te pirau rau pango me te mate ira huakita o ngā huawhenua, ngā hua, te raihi, ngā putiputi me ngā tipu whakapaipai, ngā pīni, ngā rīwai, ngā hopi, te tupeka me ngā harore. Ko ngā momo kāreti pirau ngohengohe Erwenella kāore e pāngia e te mate, e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te pirau ngohengohe me te mate pukupuku i runga i ngā huawhenua, ngā hua rākau, ngā hua cyclone me ngā rīwai. E whakamahia ana a Pseudomonas fluorescens hei whakahaere i te pirau, te pirau pango, te pirau pango kitakita me te pirau puku putiputi i runga i ngā huawhenua rau. E whakamahia ana a Pseudomonas roseni hei whakahaere i te pirau ngohengohe, te pirau pango, te pirau puku putiputi, te ira kitakita, te ira pango kitakita, te pakaru kitakita, te pirau ngohengohe kitakita, te ngenge kākano kitakita, te ngenge peka kitakita me te ngenge kitakita i runga i ngā huawhenua me ngā hua. E whakamahia ana a Phagocytophage mirabile hei whakahaere i te mate pupuhi pakiaka o ngā huawhenua cruciferous, ā, e whakamahia ana ngā kitakita kete kōwhai hei whakahaere i te koriri paura, te pokepokea pango, te anthrax, te pokepokea rau, te pokepokea hina, te pupuhi raihi, te ngenge kitakita, te ngenge kitakita, te parauri parauri, te mate tipu kino me te ngenge tipu i runga i ngā huawhenua, ngā rōpere me te raihi, me te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā pakiaka hua. E whakamahia ana a Lactobacillus plantarum hei whakahaere i te pirau ngohengohe i runga i ngā huawhenua me ngā rīwai. I roto i ngā patu harore kua rēhitatia ki Hapani, i whakamahia te Scutellaria microscutella hei ārai me te whakahaere i te pirau sclerotium i roto i ngā huawhenua, te pirau pirau pango i roto i ngā aniana me te kāriki. E whakamahia ana te Trichoderma viridis hei whakahaere i ngā mate kitakita me ngā mate harore pērā i te mate pāwera raihi, te mate pāwera parauri kitakita, te mate pāwera rau me te mate pāwera raihi, tae atu ki te mate pāwera papura asparagus me te mate hiraka ma tupeka.
2.3 Ngā nematode entomopathogenic
E rua ngā momo nematode entomopathogenic kua rēhitatia whai hua ki Hapani, ā, ko ā rātou tikanga patu pepeke [1-2, 11] ko te nuinga o te wā ko te kino o te mīhini whakaeke, te kai kai me te pakaru o te pūtau kiko, me ngā huakita tauutuutu e whakaputa ana i ngā paitini. Ko Steinernema carpocapsae me S. glaseri, kua rēhitatia ki Hapani, e whakamahia ana i runga i te kūmara, te oriwa, te piki, te putiputi me ngā tipu rau, te pua cherry, te paramu, te pītiti, te hua whero, te aporo, te harore, te huawhenua, te tarutaru me te ginkgo. Te whakahaere i ngā pepeke pepeke pēnei i a Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica me te harore whero. Kāore i whakahoutia te rēhitatanga o te nematode entomopathogenic S. kushidai.
3. Whakarāpopototanga me te tirohanga
I Hapani, he mea nui ngā patupatu koiora hei whakarite i te haumarutanga kai, te tiaki i te taiao me te kanorau koiora, me te pupuri i te whanaketanga ahuwhenua pumau. He rerekē ki ngā whenua me ngā rohe pēnei i te Hononga o Amerika, te Kotahitanga o Ūropi, Haina me Vietnam [1, 7-8], he whāiti te tautuhi i ngā patupatu koiora Hapani hei kaihoko whakahaere koiora ora kāore i whakarerekētia te ira ka taea te whakamahi hei whakaurunga whakato rauropi. I tēnei wā, e 47 ngā patupatu koiora kua rēhitatia, ā, he whai hua i Hapani, nō ngā hoariri tūturu, ngā moroiti me ngā pepeke nematode mate, ā, e whakamahia ana mō te aukati me te whakahaere i ngā angaanga kino, ngā nematode pirinoa tipu me ngā mate i runga i te whakatipu kati kōtuhi me ngā hua whenua pēnei i ngā huawhenua, ngā hua, te raihi, ngā rākau tī, ngā rākau, ngā putiputi me ngā tipu whakapaipai me ngā kari. Ahakoa he pai ngā painga o ēnei patupatu koiora ko te haumaru teitei, te iti o te mōrearea o te ātete ki te rongoā, te rapu-ā-koe, te whakakore pirinoa anō rānei i ngā pepeke i raro i ngā tikanga pai, te roa o te wā whai hua me te penapena mahi, he ngoikoretanga anō hoki pērā i te pumau ngoikore, te puhoi o te whai hua, te hototahi ngoikore, te whānuitanga whakahaere me te wā matapihi whakamahinga whāiti. I tētahi atu taha, he iti noa iho te whānuitanga o ngā hua me ngā mea whakahaere mō te rēhitatanga me te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu koiora i Hapani, ā, kāore e taea te whakakapi i ngā patupatu matū kia tino whai hua ai. E ai ki ngā tatauranga [3], i te tau 2020, ko te uara o ngā patupatu koiora i whakamahia i Hapani he 0.8% noa iho, he iti iho i te ōwehenga o te maha o ngā kai hohe kua rēhitatia.
Hei huarahi whanaketanga matua mō te umanga patu pepeke ā muri ake nei, kei te rangahauhia, kei te whakawhanakehia, kei te rēhitahia hoki ngā patu pepeke koiora mō te whakaputanga ahuwhenua. I te taha o te ahunga whakamua o te pūtaiao me te hangarau koiora me te hiranga o te painga utu o te rangahau me te whanaketanga patu pepeke koiora, te whakapainga o te haumaru me te kounga kai, te kawenga taiao me ngā whakaritenga whanaketanga ahuwhenua pumau, kei te tere tonu te tipu o te mākete patu pepeke koiora o Hapani. E ai ki te whakatau a Inkwood Research ka tipu te mākete patu pepeke koiora Hapani i te tere tipu ā-tau o te 22.8% mai i te tau 2017 ki te 2025, ā, e matapaetia ana ka eke ki te $729 miriona i te tau 2025. Mā te whakatinanatanga o te "Rautaki Pūnaha Kai Kakariki", kei te whakamahia ngā patu pepeke koiora i roto i ngā kaimahi pāmu Hapani.
Wā tuku: Mei-14-2024