Kua rongo a Karl Dirks, nāna i whakatō te 1,000 eka whenua ki Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, mō te pikinga o ngā utu o te glyphosate me te glufosinate, engari kāore ia i te mataku mō tēnei. I mea ia: "Ki taku whakaaro ka whakatikahia te utu. Ka piki haere tonu ngā utu teitei. Kāore au i te tino manukanuka. Nō te rōpū tāngata ahau kāore anō kia manukanuka, engari he paku tupato. Ka kitea e tātou he huarahi."
Heoi, kāore a Chip Bowling, kua whakatō i te 275 eka o te kānga me te 1,250 eka o te pīni soya ki Newberg, Maryland, i te tino harikoa. Nō nā tata nei ia i ngana ki te tono glyphosate mai i a R&D Cross, he kaiwhakarato purapura me ngā whakaurunga ā-rohe, engari kāore i taea e te kaiwhakarato te hoatu he utu motuhake, he rā tuku rānei. E ai ki a Bowling, i te takutai rāwhiti, he nui ā rātou kotinga (mō ngā tau maha karapīpiti). Engari i ia tau torutoru, ka puta he tau me te hua tino noa. Mena he wera, he maroke te raumati e whai ake nei, tera pea he whiu kino ki ētahi kaimahi pāmu.
Kua hipa ake ngā utu o te glyphosate me te glufosinate (Liberty) i ngā utu teitei o mua nā te ngoikore tonu o te tuku, ā, kāore e tumanakohia he whakapainga i mua i te kōanga e whai ake nei.
E ai ki a Dwight Lingenfelter, he tohunga taru i te Whare Wānanga o Penn State, he maha ngā take mō tēnei, tae atu ki ngā raruraru mekameka tuku e mau tonu ana i puta mai i te mate urutā hou o te niumōnia karauna, te kore e taea te keri i te toka phosphate hei hanga glyphosate, ngā take ipu me te rokiroki, tae atu ki te katinga me te whakatuwheratanga anō o tētahi tipu nui a Bayer CropScience i Louisiana nā te Āwhā Ida.
E whakapono ana a Lingenfelter: "Nā te hononga o ngā āhuatanga maha i tēnei wā i puta ai tēnei." I mea ia ko te utu mō te glyphosate whānui i te $12.50 ia karani i te tau 2020 kei te tono inaianei ki te $35 ki te $40. Ko te Glufosinate-ammonium, i wātea mō te US$33 ki te US$34 ia karani i taua wā, kei te tono inaianei ki te US$80. Mena he waimarie koe ki te tono i ētahi patu taru, kia rite ki te tatari.
"E whakaaro ana ētahi, mēnā ka taea te tae mai o te ota, tērā pea kāore e tae mai tae noa ki te marama o Hune o te tau e tū mai nei, i muri mai rānei i te raumati. Mai i te tirohanga o te patu taru, he raruraru tēnei. Ki taku whakaaro koinei te wāhi e noho nei tātou i nāianei. Nā reira, me whakaaroaro whānui ki ngā mea ka taea te mahi hei whakaora i ngā hua," te kī a Lingenfelter. Ko te korenga o te "tarutaru-rua" ka arahi pea ki te pānga taha o te 2,4-D, te korenga rānei o te clethodim. He kōwhiringa pono a Clethodim mō te whakahaere taru.
Kī tonu te koretake o te tukunga o ngā hua glyphosate
I kī a Ed Snyder o Snyder's Crop Service i Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, kāore ia i te whakapono ka whakamahia e tana kamupene te glyphosate i te puna e whai ake nei.
I kī a Snyder koinei tana kōrero ki ana kiritaki. Kāore e taea e rātou te hoatu i tētahi rā e matapaetia ana. Kāore e taea te oati e hia ngā hua ka taea e koe te tiki. I kī anō ia, ki te kore he glyphosate, ka huri pea ana kiritaki ki ētahi atu patu taru tuku iho, pērā i te Gramoxone (paraquat). Ko te rongo pai ko ngā ranunga waitohu kei roto te glyphosate, pērā i te Halex GT mō muri i te putanga mai, kei te wātea tonu.
I kī a Shawn Miller o Melvin Weaver and Sons kua tino piki te utu o ngā patu taru. Kua kōrero ia ki ngā kaihoko mō te utu teitei rawa atu e pai ana rātou ki te utu mō te hua, me pēhea hoki te whakanui ake i te uara o te patu taru mō ia karani ina whiwhi rātou i ngā taonga.
Kāore a Miller e whakaae ki ngā ota mō te tau 2022, nā te mea ka whakaritea te utu mō ngā hua katoa i te wā tuku, he rerekē rawa tēnei i te wā i taea ai te whakarite utu i mua i te wā. Heoi, kei te whakapono tonu ia ka puta mai ngā hua i te taenga mai o te kōanga, ā, kei te inoi ia kia pēnei tonu. I mea ia: "Kāore e taea e mātou te whakatakoto utu nā te mea kāore mātou e mōhio kei hea te utu. Kei te manukanuka te katoa mōna."
He iti noa te whakamahinga a ngā tohunga i ngā patu taru
Mō ngā kaiwhakatipu e waimarie ana ki te whiwhi hua i mua i te tīmatanga o te kōanga, e kī ana a Lingenfelter me whakaaro rātou ki te penapena hua, ki te whakamātau rānei i ētahi atu huarahi hei whakapau i te tīmatanga o te kōanga. I mea ia, kaua e whakamahi i te Roundup Powermax 32-aune, engari he pai ake te whakaiti ki te 22 aune. Hei tāpiri, ki te iti te tuku, me hopu te wā e rehu ai - ahakoa hei patu, hei rehu rānei ki ngā hua.
Mā te whakarērea o ngā momo pīni soya 30-inihi te roa, ka huri ki ngā momo 15-inihi te roa, ka matotoru ake te tuanui, ka whakataetae hoki ki ngā taru kino. He pono, he kōwhiringa te whakarite whenua i ētahi wā, engari i mua i tēnā, me whai whakaaro ki ōna ngoikoretanga: te pikinga o ngā utu wahie, te ngaronga o te oneone, me te whakangaromanga o te whenua kāore i te ngakihia mō te wā roa.
I kī a Lingenfelter he mea nui anō hoki te rangahau, he rite ki te whakahaere i ngā tumanakohanga o tētahi mara e taketake tonu ana.
"I roto i te tau, i ngā tau e rua rānei e tū mai nei, tera pea ka kite tātou i ētahi atu mara taru," tana kī. "Mō ētahi taru, kia rite ki te whakaae ko te auau whakahaere he tata ki te 70% noa iho, kaua ki te 90% o mua."
Engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki tō tēnei whakaaro. I kī a Lingenfelter, ki te nui ake ngā taru, he iti iho ngā hua, ā, he uaua ki te whakahaere i ngā taru raruraru. Mēnā ka pāngia e ngā waina amaranth me te amaranth, kāore e ranea te 75% o te auau whakahaere taru. Mō te shamrock, te quinoa pakiaka whero rānei, he rawaka pea te 75%. Mā te momo taru e whakatau te nui o te ngāwari o te whakahaere i a rātou.
I kī a Gary Snyder o Nutrien, e mahi tahi ana me te 150 ngā kaiwhakatipu i te tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Pennsylvania, ahakoa ko tēhea patu taru ka tae mai, ahakoa he glyphosate, he glufosinate rānei, ka tohaina, ā, ka whakamahia kia tupato.
I mea ia me whakawhānui ake ngā kaiwhakatipu i ā rātou whiringa patu taru i te puna e tū mai nei, ā, me whakaoti wawe tonu ngā mahere kia kore ai e raru nui ngā taru i te wā e whakatō ana. E tohutohu ana ia ki ngā kaiwhakatipu kāore anō kia whiriwhiri i ngā kānga ranu kia hoko i ngā purapura me te whiringa ira pai rawa atu mō te whakahaere taru i muri mai.
"Ko te raru nui ko ngā purapura tika. Rehuhia wawe tonu. Kia aro ki ngā taru i roto i te hua. Kei te wātea tonu ngā hua i puta mai i te tekau tau atu i 1990, ā, ka taea tēnei. Me whai whakaaro ki ngā tikanga katoa," te kī a Snyder.
I kī a Bowling ka puritia e ia ngā kōwhiringa katoa. Mēnā ka piki tonu ngā utu o ngā whakaurunga, tae atu ki ngā patu taru, ā, kāore e taea te pupuri i ngā utu hua whenua, kei te whakaaro ia ki te huri i ētahi atu mara ki te pīni soya, nā te mea he iti ake te utu o te whakatipu pīni soya. Tērā pea ka huri anō ia i ētahi atu mara ki te whakatipu tarutaru kai.
Ko te tumanako a Lingenfelter kāore ngā kaiwhakatipu e tatari kia tae ki te mutunga o te hotoke, ki te kōanga rānei, ka tīmata te aro ki tēnei take. I mea ia: "Ko taku tumanako ka aro nui te katoa ki tēnei take. Kei te āwangawanga ahau kei mau ohorere te tini o te tangata i taua wā. E whakaaro ana rātou i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi i te tau e tū mai nei, ka tukuna he ota ki te kaihokohoko, ā, ka taea e rātou te kawe ki te kāinga i te taraka o ngā patu taru, ngā patu pepeke rānei i taua rā anō. I taku whakaaro ki tēnā, tera pea kua hurihia ō rātou kanohi."
Te wā tuku: Hakihea-15-2021