Ko te karaka, he tipu nō te whānau Arantioideae o te whānau Rutaceae, tētahi o ngā hua moni nui rawa atu o te ao, e kapi ana i te hauwhā o te katoa o ngā hua o te ao. He maha ngā momo karaka, tae atu ki te karaka kiri whānui, te karaka, te pōmelo, te karepe, te rēmana me te rēmana. I roto i te neke atu i te 140 whenua me ngā rohe, tae atu ki Haina, Brazil me te Hononga o Amerika, i eke te rohe whakato karaka ki te 10.5530 miriona hm2, ā, ko te putanga he 166.3030 miriona tana. Ko Haina te whenua whakaputa me te hoko karaka nui rawa atu o te ao, i ngā tau tata nei, kei te piki haere tonu te rohe whakato me te putanga, i te tau 2022, ko te rohe tata ki te 3,033,500 hm2, ko te putanga he 6,039 miriona tana. Heoi, he nui te umanga karaka o Haina engari kāore i te kaha, ā, he nui te āputa i waenganui i te Hononga o Amerika me Brazil me ētahi atu whenua.
Ko te rākau karaka te rākau hua e nui ana te rohe whakatipu me te tūnga ōhanga tino nui i te tonga o Haina, he mea nui ki te whakaiti i te rawakore ahumahi me te whakaora i ngā taiwhenua. Nā te whakapai ake i te tiaki taiao me te mōhiotanga hauora me te whanaketanga o te ao whānui me te whakamōhiotanga o te umanga karaka, kei te piki haere te rongonui o te karaka matomato me te karaka rauropi hei wāhi wera mō te kai a te tangata, ā, kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō te tuku kounga teitei, kanorau me te taurite ā-tau. Heoi, i ngā tau tata nei, kua pāngia te umanga karaka o Haina e ngā āhuatanga taiao (te pāmahana, te ua, te kounga oneone), te hangarau whakaputa (ngā momo, te hangarau whakatipu, te whakaurunga ahuwhenua) me te aratau whakahaere, me ētahi atu āhuatanga, he raruraru pēnei i te momo pai me te kino, te ngoikore o te kaha ki te ārai i ngā mate me ngā pepeke, te kore e kaha te mōhiotanga waitohu, he whakamuri te aratau whakahaere, ā, he uaua te hoko hua ā-wā. Hei whakatairanga i te whanaketanga matomato me te kounga teitei o te umanga karaka, he mea nui kia whakapakarihia te rangahau mō te whakapai ake i ngā momo, te kaupapa me te hangarau o te whakaiti taumaha me te whakaiti rongoā, te whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai hua. He mea nui ngā patupatu i roto i te huringa whakaputa karaka, ā, ka pā tika ki te hua me te kounga o te karaka. I ngā tau tata nei, kua nui ake te uaua o te whiriwhiri i ngā patupatu pepeke mō te whakaputanga karaka matomato nā te tino kino o te āhuarangi me ngā pepeke me ngā tarutaru.
I roto i te rapunga i roto i te pātengi raraunga rēhitatanga patu pepeke o te Whatunga Mōhiohio Patu Pepeke o Haina, i kitea e tae noa ki te 24 o Ākuhata, 2023, e 3,243 ngā hua patu pepeke kua rēhitatia hei rongoā whai mana mō ngā hua karaka i Haina. E 1515ngā patu pepeke, e 46.73% o te tapeke o ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia. E 684 ngā patu pepeke acaricide, e 21.09% te tapeke; e 537 ngā patu harore, e 16.56% te tapeke; e 475 ngā patu taru, e 14.65% te tapeke; e 132ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu, e 4.07%. E wehea ana te paitini o ngā patu pepeke i tō tātou whenua kia 5 ngā taumata mai i te teitei ki te iti: te paitini tino paitini, te paitini teitei, te paitini waenga, te paitini iti me te paitini ngawari. E 541 ngā hua paitini ngawari, e 16.68% o te katoa o ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia. E 2,494 ngā hua paitini iti, e 76.90% o te katoa o ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia. E 208 ngā hua paitini ngawari, e 6.41% o te katoa o ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia.
1. Te tūnga rēhitatanga o ngā patu pepeke/patu acaricides citrus
E 189 ngā momo matū hohe o ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga citrus i Haina, e 69 o ēnei he matū hohe kotahi te horopeta, ā, e 120 he matū hohe whakauru. He nui ake te maha o ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia i ētahi atu kāwai, tae atu ki te 1,515 katoa. I roto i ēnei, e 994 ngā hua katoa i rēhitatia i roto i te horopeta kotahi, ā, ko ngā patu pepeke matua e 5 ko te acetamidine (188), te avermectin (100), te spiroxylate (58), te hinu kohuke (53) me te ethozole (51), e 29.70% te nui. E 521 ngā hua katoa i whakaranua, ā, ko ngā patu pepeke matua e 5 i roto i te rahinga kua rēhitatia ko te actinospirin (52 ngā hua), te actinospirin (35 ngā hua), te actinospirin (31 ngā hua), te actinospirin (31 ngā hua) me te dihydrazide (28 ngā hua), e 11.68% te nui. E kitea ana i te Ripanga 2, i roto i ngā hua kua rēhitatia e 1515, e 19 ngā momo horopeta, ko ngā mea matua e 3 ko ngā hua whakaemulsion (653), ngā hua whakatārewatanga (518) me ngā paura mākū (169), ko te tapeke he 88.45%.
E 83 ngā momo matū hohe o ngā acaricides e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga citrus, tae atu ki te 24 momo matū hohe takitahi me te 59 momo matū hohe whakauru. E 684 ngā hua acaricide i rēhitatia (tuarua ki ngā patu pepeke), e 476 o ēnei he matū takitahi, e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga 3. Ko ngā patu pepeke matua e 4 i roto i te maha o ngā patu pepeke kua rēhitatia ko te acetylidene (126), te triazoltin (90), te chlorfenazoline (63) me te phenylbutin (26), e 44.59% te katoa. E 208 ngā hua i whakaranua, ā, ko ngā patu pepeke matua e 4 i roto i te maha kua rēhitatia ko te aviculin (27), te dihydrazide · ethozole (18), te aviculin · hinu kohuke (15), me te Aviculin · hinu kohuke (13), e 10.67% te katoa. I roto i ngā hua kua rēhitatia e 684, e 11 ngā momo horopeta, ko ngā mea matua e 3 ko ngā hua whakaemulsion (330), ngā hua whakatārewatanga (198) me ngā paura mākū (124), e 95.32% te katoa.
He nui ake ngā momo me ngā rahinga o ngā whakatakotoranga patu pepeke/acaricidal horopeta kotahi (haunga te kaihopu whakatārewatia, te microemulsion, te emulsion whakatārewatia me te emulsion wai) i ngā mea whakauru. Tekau mā waru ngā momo whakatakotoranga horopeta kotahi me te iwa ngā momo whakatakotoranga whakauru. Tekau mā tahi ngā momo horopeta kotahi me te rima ngā momo horopeta whakauru o ngā acaricides. Ko ngā mea whakahaere o ngā patu pepeke whakauru ko Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (pūngāwerewere whero), Gall mite (tiki waikura, pūngāwerewere waikura), Whiteflies (Whiteflies, whiteflies, black spiny whiteflies), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (aphid karaka, aphids), practical flies (Orange Macropha), lettuce leaf miner (leaf miner), weevil (weevil hina) me ētahi atu pepeke. Ko ngā mea matua e whakahaeretia ana e te horopeta kotahi ko Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (pūngāwerewere whero), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), ngā namu mahi (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), ngā kai keri rau (leafleafers), ngā kai keri rau (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), me Longicidae (Longicidae). Me ētahi atu pepeke. Ko ngā mea e whakahaeretia ana e ngā acaricides kua rēhitatia ko ngā mite o phyllodidae (pūngāwerewere whero), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), te pūrerehua kai keri rau (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphids) me ētahi atu. Mai i ngā momo patupatu kua rēhitatia me ngā acaricides ko ngā patupatu matū te nuinga, 60 me te 21 momo. E iwa noa iho ngā momo i ahu mai i ngā pūtake koiora me ngā pūtake kohuke, tae atu ki te neem (2) me te matrine (3) i ahu mai i ngā pūtake tipu me ngā pūtake kararehe, me te Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) me te avermectin (103) i ahu mai i ngā pūtake moroiti. Ko ngā pūtake kohuke ko te hinu kohuke (62), te ranunga whanariki kōhatu (7), ā, ko ētahi atu kāwai ko te konutai rosin (6).
2. Te rēhitatanga o ngā patu harore citrus
E 117 ngā momo matū hohe o ngā hua patu harore, e 61 ngā momo matū hohe takitahi, me te 56 ngā momo matū hohe whakauru. E 537 ngā hua patu harore e pā ana, e 406 o ēnei he horopeta takitahi. Ko ngā patu pesticides matua e 4 kua rēhitatia ko te imidamine (64), te mancozeb (49), te copper hydroxide (25) me te copper king (19), e 29.24% te katoa. E 131 ngā hua i whakaranua, ā, ko ngā patu pesticides matua e 4 kua rēhitatia ko te Chunlei · Wang copper (17), te Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), te azole · deisen (8), me te azole · imimine (7), e 7.64% te katoa. E kitea ana i te Ripanga 2, e 18 ngā momo horopeta o te 537 ngā hua patu harore, ā, ko ngā momo matua e 3 me te maha nui ko te paura mākū (159), te hua whakatārewatanga (148) me te granule marara-wai (86), e 73.18% te katoa. Tekau mā ono ngā momo horopeta kotahi o te patu harore, me te whitu ngā momo horopeta whakauru.
Ko ngā mea hei whakahaere i ngā patu harore ko te paura koriri, te pāpaka, te ira pango (whetu pango), te pokepokea hina, te mate kapia, te mate anthrax me ngā mate rokiroki (pirau pakiaka, pirau pango, penicillium, pokepokea matomato me te pirau waikawa). Ko ngā patu harore he patu pepeke matū te nuinga, e 41 ngā momo patu pepeke matū hangai, ā, 19 noa iho ngā momo pūtake koiora me ngā pūtake kohuke kua rēhitatia, kei roto i ēnei ko ngā pūtake tipu me ngā pūtake kararehe ko te berberine (1), te carvall (1), te tango sopranoginseng (2), te allicin (1), te D-limonene (1). Ko ngā pūtake moroiti ko te mesomycin (4), te priuremycin (4), te avermectin (2), te Bacillus subtilis (8), te Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Ko ngā pūtake kohuke ko te waikura kapuro (1), te parahi kingi (19), te ranunga whanariki kōhatu (6), te waikura parahi (25), te konupūmā parahi whanariki (11), te whanariki (6), te hinu kohuke (4), te konupūmā parahi whanariki taketake (7), te wai Bordeaux (11).
3. Te rēhitatanga o ngā patu taru citrus
E 20 ngā momo matū whai hua mō te patu taru, 14 ngā momo matū whai hua kotahi, me te 6 ngā momo matū whai hua whakauru. E 475 ngā hua patu taru katoa i rēhitatia, tae atu ki te 467 ngā matū takitahi me te 8 ngā matū whakauru. E ai ki te Ripanga 5, ko ngā patu taru matua e 5 i rēhitatia ko te glyphosate isopropylamine (169), te glyphosate ammonium (136), te glyphosate ammonium (93), te glyphosate (47) me te glyphosate ammonium ammonium pai (6), e 94.95% te katoa. E kitea ana i te Ripanga 2, e 7 ngā momo horopeta o ngā patu taru, ko ngā mea tuatahi e 3 he hua wai (302), ngā hua pūmua wairewa (78) me ngā hua paura wairewa (69), e 94.53% te katoa. Mō ngā momo, i hangaia ngā patu taru katoa e 20 mā te matū, ā, kāore he hua koiora i rēhitatia.
4. Te rēhitatanga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu citrus
E 35 ngā momo matū hohe o ngā kaiwhakatika tipu tipu, tae atu ki te 19 ngā momo kaihoko takitahi me te 16 ngā momo kaihoko whakauru. E 132 ngā hua kaiwhakatika tipu tipu katoa, 100 o ēnei he horopeta kotahi. E ai ki te Ripanga 6, ko ngā kaiwhakatika tipu citrus matua e 5 ko te waikawa gibberellinic (42), te benzylaminopurine (18), te flutenidine (9), te 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) me te S-inducidin (5), e 59.85% te katoa. E 32 ngā hua i whakaranua, ā, ko ngā hua matua e 3 ko te benzylamine · te waikawa gibberellanic (7), te waikawa 24-epimeranic · te waikawa gibberellanic (4) me te waikawa 28-epimeranic · te waikawa gibberellanic (3), e 10.61% te katoa. E kitea ana i te Ripanga 2, e 13 ngā momo inenga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu, ko ngā mea matua e 3 ko ngā hua wairewa (52), ngā hua kirīmi (19) me ngā hua paura wairewa (13), e 63.64% te katoa. Ko ngā mahi matua a ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu ko te whakahaere i te tipu, te whakahaere i te wana, te tiaki i ngā hua, te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā hua, te whakawhānui, te tae, te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga me te tiaki. E ai ki ngā momo kua rēhitatia, ko ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu matua ko te hanga matū, me te 14 ngā momo katoa, ā, e 5 noa iho ngā momo pūtake koiora, ko ngā pūtake moroiti ko te S-allantoin (5), ā, ko ngā hua matū koiora ko te waikawa gibberellanic (42), te benzylaminopurine (18), te trimetanol (2) me te brassinolactone (1).
4. Te rēhitatanga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu citrus
E 35 ngā momo matū hohe o ngā kaiwhakatika tipu tipu, tae atu ki te 19 ngā momo kaihoko takitahi me te 16 ngā momo kaihoko whakauru. E 132 ngā hua kaiwhakatika tipu tipu katoa, 100 o ēnei he horopeta kotahi. E ai ki te Ripanga 6, ko ngā kaiwhakatika tipu citrus matua e 5 ko te waikawa gibberellinic (42), te benzylaminopurine (18), te flutenidine (9), te 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) me te S-inducidin (5), e 59.85% te katoa. E 32 ngā hua i whakaranua, ā, ko ngā hua matua e 3 ko te benzylamine · te waikawa gibberellanic (7), te waikawa 24-epimeranic · te waikawa gibberellanic (4) me te waikawa 28-epimeranic · te waikawa gibberellanic (3), e 10.61% te katoa. E kitea ana i te Ripanga 2, e 13 ngā momo inenga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu, ko ngā mea matua e 3 ko ngā hua wairewa (52), ngā hua kirīmi (19) me ngā hua paura wairewa (13), e 63.64% te katoa. Ko ngā mahi matua a ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu ko te whakahaere i te tipu, te whakahaere i te wana, te tiaki i ngā hua, te whakatairanga i te tipu o ngā hua, te whakawhānui, te tae, te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga me te tiaki. E ai ki ngā momo kua rēhitatia, ko ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu matua ko te hanga matū, me te 14 ngā momo katoa, ā, e 5 noa iho ngā momo pūtake koiora, ko ngā pūtake moroiti ko te S-allantoin (5), ā, ko ngā hua matū koiora ko te waikawa gibberellanic (42), te benzylaminopurine (18), te trimetanol (2) me te brassinolactone (1).
Wā tuku: Pipiri-24-2024