I roto i tētahi kaupapa o mua e whakamātautau ana i ngā whare tukatuka kai ā-rohe mō ngā waeroa i Thailand, i kitea he pai te kaha ārai-waewae o ngā hinu kakara (EO) o Cyperus rotundus, te galangal me te hinamona ki a Aedes aegypti. I roto i te ngana ki te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā mea tuku ihongā patu pepekeme te whakapai ake i te whakahaere i ngā taupori waeroa ātete, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he tautuhi i te hononga kaha i waenga i ngā pānga whakamate pakeke o te ethylene oxide me te paitini o te permethrin ki ngā waeroa Aedes aegypti, tae atu ki ngā momo ātete-pyrethroid me ngā momo tairongo.
Hei aromatawai i te hanganga matū me te kaha whakamate o te EO i tangohia mai i ngā rhizome o C. rotundus me A. galanga me te kiri o C. verum ki te momo ngawari o Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) me te momo ātete Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). Ae. Aedes aegypti pakeke kaha. I whakahaerehia hoki he whakamātautau koiora pakeke o te ranunga EO-permethrin ki runga i ēnei waeroa Aedes kia mārama ai ki tōna kaha mahi tahi. momo aegypti.
I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga matū mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tātari GC-MS e 48 ngā matū i kitea mai i ngā EO o C. rotundus, A. galanga me C. verum, e 80.22%, 86.75% me 97.24% o ngā wāhanga katoa. Ko te Cyperene (14.04%), te β-bisabolene (18.27%), me te cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ngā wāhanga matua o te hinu cyperus, te hinu galangal, me te hinu balsamic. I roto i ngā whakamātautau patu pakeke koiora, he whai hua ngā C. rotundus, A. galanga me C. verum EV ki te patu i ngā Ae. aegypti, MCM-S me te PMD-R LD50 he 10.05 me te 9.57 μg/mg wahine, 7.97 me te 7.94 μg/mg wahine, me te 3.30 me te 3.22 μg/mg wahine. Ko te whai huatanga o te MCM-S me te PMD-R Ae ki te patu i ngā pakeke. Ko te aegypti i roto i ēnei EO he tata ki te piperonyl butoxide (ngā uara PBO, LD50 = 6.30 me te 4.79 μg/mg wahine, ia), engari kāore i te tino kitea pērā i te permethrin (ngā uara LD50 = 0.44 me te 3.70 ng/mg wahine ia). Heoi, i kitea e ngā whakamātautau koiora whakakotahi he hononga tahi i waenga i te EO me te permethrin. He hononga tahi nui me te permethrin ki ngā momo waeroa Aedes e rua. I kitea te Aedes aegypti i roto i te EM o C. rotundus me A. galanga. Nā te tāpiritanga o ngā hinu C. rotundus me A. galanga i tino whakaiti i ngā uara LD50 o te permethrin i runga i te MCM-S mai i te 0.44 ki te 0.07 ng/mg me te 0.11 ng/mg i roto i ngā uwha, ia, me ngā uara ōwehenga synergy (SR) o te 6.28 me te 4.00. Hei tāpiritanga, i tino whakaitihia hoki e ngā EO C. rotundus me A. galanga ngā uara LD50 o te permethrin i runga i te PMD-R mai i te 3.70 ki te 0.42 ng/mg me te 0.003 ng/mg i roto i ngā uwha, ia, me ngā uara SR o te 8.81 me te 1233.33.
Te pānga tahi o te huinga EO-permethrin hei whakanui ake i te paitini pakeke ki ngā momo waeroa Aedes e rua. E whakaatu ana a Aedes aegypti i te tūranga pai mō te ethylene oxide hei hononga tahi ki te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te ārai-waeroa, inā koa kāore e whai hua, kāore rānei i te tika ngā matū tuku iho.
Ko te waeroa Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) te kawe matua o te kirika dengue me ētahi atu mate huaketo pangia pērā i te kirika kōwhai, te chikungunya me te huaketo Zika, he tūmomo mōrearea nui, pumau hoki ki te tangata[1, 2]. Ko te huaketo dengue te kirika toto tino kino e pā ana ki te tangata, e tata ana ki te 5–100 miriona ngā take e puta ana i ia tau, ā, neke atu i te 2.5 piriona tāngata puta noa i te ao e tūpono ana [3]. Ko ngā pakarutanga o tēnei mate pangia he taumahatanga nui ki ngā taupori, ki ngā pūnaha hauora me ngā ōhanga o te nuinga o ngā whenua toropika [1]. E ai ki te Manatū Hauora o Thailand, e 142,925 ngā take o te kirika dengue me te 141 ngā mate i pūrongohia puta noa i te motu i te tau 2015, neke atu i te toru ngā wā o te maha o ngā take me ngā mate i te tau 2014 [4]. Ahakoa ngā taunakitanga o mua, kua whakakorea, kua tino whakaitihia rānei te kirika dengue e te waeroa Aedes. Whai muri i te whakahaeretanga o Aedes aegypti [5], kua piki haere ngā reiti mate, ā, kua horapa te mate puta noa i te ao, nā te maha o ngā tekau tau o te mahana o te ao. He uaua te whakakore me te whakahaere i te Ae. Aedes aegypti nā te mea he kawe waeroa kāinga e moe tahi ana, e whāngai ana, e okioki ana, e whānau ana hoki i roto i te kāinga tangata me te taha o te kāinga i te awatea. Hei tāpiri, kei tēnei waeroa te kaha ki te urutau ki ngā huringa taiao, ki ngā raruraru rānei i puta mai i ngā kaupapa taiao (pērā i te tauraki) me ngā mahi whakahaere tangata, ā, ka taea e ia te hoki ki tōna tau taketake [6, 7]. Nā te mea kua whakaaetia ngā kano ārai mate kirika dengue i ēnei wā tata nei, ā, kāore he rongoā motuhake mō te kirika dengue, ko te aukati me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te tuku dengue e whakawhirinaki katoa ana ki te whakahaere i ngā kawe waeroa me te whakakore i te pā atu o te tangata ki ngā kawe.
Ina koa, he mea nui te whakamahinga o ngā matū hei whakahaere i ngā waeroa i roto i te hauora tūmatanui hei wāhanga nui o te whakahaere whānui o ngā pepeke. Ko ngā tikanga matū rongonui ko te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke iti-paitini e mahi ana ki ngā torongū waeroa (ngā patu pepeke) me ngā waeroa pakeke (ngā patu pepeke). He mea nui te whakahaere torongū mā te whakaiti i te pūtake me te whakamahi auau i ngā matū patu pepeke pēnei i ngā organophosphates me ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu pepeke. Heoi, ko ngā pānga kino ki te taiao e pā ana ki ngā patu pepeke hangai me te tiaki uaua me te uaua o ā rātou mahi he mea nui tonu [8, 9]. Ko te whakahaere tuku iho i ngā patu pepeke hohe, pēnei i te whakahaere pakeke, ko te huarahi tino whai hua hei whakahaere i ngā pakarutanga huaketo nā te mea ka taea te whakakore tere i ngā kawe mate pāwera me te tauine nui, me te whakaiti i te roa o te ora me te roa o te ora o ngā taupori kawe ā-rohe [3]. , 10]. E whā ngā momo patu pepeke matū: ko ngā organochlorine (e kiia ana ko te DDT anake), ko ngā organophosphates, ko ngā carbamates, me ngā pyrethroids te pūtake o ngā kaupapa whakahaere patu pepeke, ko ngā pyrethroids te momo tino angitu. He tino whai hua rātou ki ngā momo arthropods, ā, he iti te whai huatanga. I tēnei wā, ko ngā piretiro hangai te nuinga o ngā patu pepeke arumoni, e 25% pea o te mākete patu pepeke o te ao [11, 12]. Ko te permethrin me te deltamethrin he patu pepeke piretiro whānui kua whakamahia puta noa i te ao mō ngā tekau tau hei whakahaere i ngā momo pepeke whai tikanga ahuwhenua me te hauora [13, 14]. I ngā tau 1950, i whiriwhiria te DDT hei matū whiriwhiri mō te kaupapa whakahaere namu hauora tūmatanui ā-motu o Thailand. Whai muri i te whakamahinga whānui o te DDT i ngā rohe e pangia ana e te malaria, ka āta whakamutua e Thailand te whakamahinga o te DDT i waenga i te tau 1995 me te tau 2000, ā, ka whakakapia ki ngā piretiro e rua: te permethrin me te deltamethrin [15, 16]. I whakaurua ēnei patu pepeke piretiro i ngā tau tōmua o te tau 1990 hei whakahaere i te malaria me te kirika dengue, mā roto i ngā maimoatanga kupenga moenga me te whakamahinga o ngā kohu wera me ngā rehu tino iti te paitini [14, 17]. Heoi, kua ngaro te whai huatanga nā te kaha o te ātete ki ngā namu me te korenga o te whakarongo a te marea nā te āwangawanga mō te hauora o te marea me te pānga ki te taiao o ngā matū hangai. He wero nui tēnei ki te angitu o ngā kaupapa whakahaere i ngā mate urutā [14, 18, 19]. Kia whai hua ake ai te rautaki, me whai i ngā mahi ārai tika me te wā tika. Ko ngā tikanga whakahaere kua tūtohutia ko te whakakapi i ngā matū taiao, te huri i ngā matū o ngā momo rerekē, te tāpiri i ngā matū honohono, me te whakaranu i ngā matū, te whakamahi rānei i ngā matū o ngā momo rerekē i te wā kotahi [14, 20, 21]. Nō reira, he hiahia nui kia kitea me te whakawhanake i tētahi huarahi kē atu e pai ana ki te taiao, e watea ana, e whai hua ana hoki, ā, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aro atu ki tēnei hiahia.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā patu pepeke i ahu mai i te taiao, inā koa ko ērā i ahu mai i ngā wāhanga tipu, te kaha ki te aromatawai i ngā huarahi kē atu hei whakahaere i ngā namu o nāianei me ngā mea kei te heke mai [22, 23, 24]. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu ka taea te whakahaere i ngā kawe namu nui mā te whakamahi i ngā hua tipu, inā koa ko ngā hinu kakara (EO), hei patu pakeke. Kua kitea ngā āhuatanga patu pakeke ki ētahi momo namu nui i roto i te maha o ngā hinu huawhenua pēnei i te herewi, te kumine, te zedoaria, te anihi, te pepa paipa, te taimi, te Schinus terebinthifolia, te Cymbopogon citratus, te Cymbopogon schoenanthus, te Cymbopogon giganteus, te Chenopodium ambrosioides, te Cochlospermum planchonii, te Eucalyptus ter eticornis. , te Eucalyptus citriodora, te Cananga odorata me te Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Inaianei, kāore e whakamahia ana te ethylene oxide anake, engari me te whakakotahitanga ki ngā matū tipu kua tangohia, ki ngā patu pepeke hangai rānei, ka puta he rerekētanga o te paitini. Ko ngā whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke tuku iho pērā i ngā organophosphates, ngā carbamates me ngā pyrethroids me te ethylene oxide/tangohanga tipu ka mahi tahi, ka mahi tahi rānei i roto i ō rātou pānga paitini, ā, kua whakaatuhia he whai hua ki ngā kawe mate me ngā pepeke [31,32,33,34,35]. Heoi, ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau mō ngā pānga paitini tahi o ngā whakakotahitanga o ngā phytochemicals me ngā matū hangai, kāore rānei, kua mahia ki ngā kawe pepeke ahuwhenua me ngā pepeke, kaua ki ngā waeroa nui ki te taha hauora. Heoi anō, ko te nuinga o ngā mahi mō ngā pānga tahi o ngā whakakotahitanga patu pepeke tipu-hangai ki ngā kawe waeroa kua arotahi ki te pānga patu pepeke.
I roto i tētahi rangahau o mua i whakahaerehia e ngā kaituhi hei wāhanga o tētahi kaupapa rangahau tonu e tirotiro ana i ngā patu whakamate mai i ngā tipu kai taketake i Thailand, i kitea he kaha pea ngā waikura ethylene mai i Cyperus rotundus, te galangal me te hinamona ki ngā Aedes pakeke, Īhipa [36]. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i te whai huatanga o ngā EO i wehea mai i ēnei tipu rongoā ki ngā waeroa Aedes. aegypti, tae atu ki ngā momo ātete-pyrethroid me ngā momo tairongo. Kua tātarihia hoki te pānga tahi o ngā ranunga rua o te waikura ethylene me ngā pyrethroid hangai me te whai huatanga pai i roto i ngā pakeke hei whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke tuku iho me te whakanui ake i te ātete ki ngā kawe waeroa, inā koa ki a Aedes. Aedes aegypti. E pūrongo ana tēnei tuhinga i te āhuatanga matū o ngā hinu kakara whai hua me tō rātou kaha ki te whakarei ake i te paitini o te permethrin hangai ki ngā waeroa Aedes. aegypti i roto i ngā momo tairongo-pyrethroid (MCM-S) me ngā momo ātete (PMD-R).
I hokona mai ngā rhizome o te C. rotundus me te A. galanga me te kiri o te C. verum (Pikitia 1) i whakamahia mō te tango hinu kakara mai i ngā kaiwhakarato rongoā otaota i te Porowini o Chiang Mai, Thailand. I tutuki te tautuhi pūtaiao o ēnei tipu mā te kōrero tahi me Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, he tohunga otaota otaota, Tari Koiora, Kāreti Pūtaiao, Whare Wānanga o Chiang Mai (CMU), Porowini o Chiang Mai, Thailand, me te kaipūtaiao a Wannari Charoensap; i roto i te Tari Rongoā, Kāreti Rongoā, Whare Wānanga o Carnegie Mellon, kei te rongoatia ngā tauira Ms. Voucher o ia tipu i roto i te Tari Parasitology i te Kura Rongoā o te Whare Wānanga o Carnegie Mellon mō te whakamahinga a meake nei.
I whakamaroketia takitahitia ngā tauira tipu i te atarangi mō ngā rā 3–5 i roto i tētahi wāhi tuwhera me te hauhautanga kaha me te pāmahana taiao tata ki te 30 ± 5 °C hei tango i te makuku i mua i te tangohanga o ngā hinu kakara tūturu (EO). I hurihia te 250 karamu o ia tipu maroke mā te mīhini hei paura matotoru, ā, i whakamahia hei wehe i ngā hinu kakara (EO) mā te whakamaroke mamaoa. Ko te taputapu whakamaroke he koroka whakamahana hiko, he pounamu porowhita raro-3000 mL, he pou tango, he whakapūmau, me tētahi taputapu Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Hapani). Tāpirihia he 1600 ml wai whakamaroke me te 10-15 ngā pirepire karāhe ki te pounamu, kātahi ka whakamahana ki te 100°C tata ki te whakamahi i tētahi whakamahana hiko mō te iti rawa 3 hāora tae noa ki te otinga o te whakamaroke, ā, kāore he EO e puta. I wehea te paparanga EO mai i te wāhanga wai mā te whakamahi i tētahi awaawa wehewehe, i whakamaroketia ki runga i te konutai whanariki kore wai (Na2SO4) ā, i rongoatia ki roto i tētahi pounamu parauri hiri i te 4°C tae noa ki te whakamātautau i te hanganga matū me te mahi pakeke.
I whakahaerehia te hanganga matū o ngā hinu kakara i te wā kotahi me te whakamātautau koiora mō te matū pakeke. I whakahaerehia te tātari kounga mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha GC-MS kei roto ko tētahi chromatograph hau Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A kua rite ki tētahi taputapu kite papatipu whā-pole kotahi (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) me tētahi MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Pou irahiko – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × matotoru kiriata 0.25 µm). Ko te roanga o te whakahaere GC-MS katoa he 20 meneti. Ko ngā tikanga tātari ko te pāmahana o te werowero me te raina whakawhiti he 250 me te 280 °C, ia; kua whakaritea te pāmahana oumu kia piki ake mai i te 50°C ki te 250°C i te tere o te 10°C/min, ko te hau kawe he herium; te tere rere 1.0 ml/min; ko te rōrahi werowero he 0.2 µL (1/10% mā te rōrahi i roto i te CH2Cl2, ōwehenga wehewehe 100:1); Ka whakamahia he pūnaha ionization irahiko me te kaha ionization o te 70 eV mō te kimi GC-MS. Ko te whānuitanga hopu he 50–550 ngā waeine papatipu ngota (amu) ā, ko te tere matawai he 2.91 ngā matawai ia hekona. Ko ngā ōrau whanaunga o ngā wāhanga ka whakaatuhia hei ōrau kua whakatauritea e te horahanga tihi. Ko te tautuhi i ngā kai EO e ahu mai ana i tō rātou taupū pupuri (RI). I tatauhia te RI mā te whakamahi i te whārite a Van den Dool me Kratz [37] mō te raupapa n-alkanes (C8-C40) ā, i whakaritea ki ngā taupū pupuri mai i ngā tuhinga [38] me ngā pātengi raraunga whare pukapuka (NIST 2008 me Wiley 8NO8). Ko te tuakiri o ngā matū i whakaaturia, pērā i te hanganga me te tātai ngota, i whakaūhia mā te whakataurite ki ngā tauira pono e wātea ana.
I hokona mai i Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) ngā paerewa tātari mō te permethrin hangai me te piperonyl butoxide (PBO, mana whakahaere pai i roto i ngā rangahau synergy). I hokona arumonitia ngā kete whakamātautau pakeke a te World Health Organization (WHO) me ngā horopeta tātaritanga o te pepa kua whakakiia ki te permethrin (0.75%) mai i te WHO Vector Control Center i Penang, Malaysia. Ko ngā matū me ngā matū katoa i whakamahia he kounga tātari, ā, i hokona mai i ngā umanga ā-rohe i te Porowini o Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Ko ngā waeroa i whakamahia hei whakamātautau i roto i te whakamātautau koiora pakeke he waeroa Aedes taiwhanga e hono noa ana. aegypti, tae atu ki te momo Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) e ngawari ana ki te hopu me te momo Pang Mai Dang ātete (PMD-R). I riro mai te momo MCM-S mai i ngā tauira ā-rohe i kohia i te rohe o Muang Chiang Mai, Porowini o Chiang Mai, Thailand, ā, kua puritia i roto i te rūma pepeke o te Tari Parasitology, Kura Hauora CMU, mai i te tau 1995 [39]. Ko te momo PMD-R, i kitea he ātete ki te permethrin, i wehea mai i ngā waeroa mara i kohia tuatahitia mai i Ban Pang Mai Dang, Rohe Mae Tang, Porowini o Chiang Mai, Thailand, ā, kua puritia i te whare wānanga kotahi mai i te tau 1997 [40]. I whakatipuhia ngā momo PMD-R i raro i te pēhanga whiriwhiri hei pupuri i ngā taumata ātete mā te whakamahi i te 0.75% permethrin mā te whakamahi i te kete kite WHO me ētahi whakarerekētanga [41]. Ia momo o Ae. I whakatōkia takitahitia a Aedes aegypti i roto i tētahi taiwhanga kore-pāwera i te 25 ± 2 °C me te haumākū whanaunga 80 ± 10% me te wā mārama/pōuri 14:10 hāora. Tata ki te 200 ngā torongū i puritia ki roto i ngā paepae kirihou (33 cm te roa, 28 cm te whānui me te 9 cm te teitei) i whakakīia ki te wai puna i te mātotoru o te 150–200 ngā torongū mō ia paepae, ā, i whāngaihia kia rua ngā wā i te rā ki ngā pihikete kuri kua whakahoromatatia. I puritia ngā kutukutu pakeke ki roto i ngā whare herehere makuku, ā, i whāngaihia tonutia ki te otinga huka 10% wai me te otinga tirikara multivitamin 10%. Ka ngotea tonutia e ngā waeroa uwha te toto hei whānau hua. Ka taea te whakamahi tonu i ngā waeroa uwha e rua ki te rima ngā rā te pakeke kāore anō kia whāngaihia ki te toto i roto i ngā whakamātautau koiora pakeke.
I whakahaerehia he whakamātautau koiora urupare-mate o te EO ki ngā waeroa wahine pakeke Aedes, aegypti, MCM-S me PMD-R mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga kiri i whakarerekētia kia rite ki te kawa paerewa a te WHO mō te whakamātautau ngoikore [42]. I whakaranua te EO mai i ia tipu ki tētahi whakarewa tika (hei tauira, te etanoru, te acetone rānei) kia whiwhi ai i tētahi raupapa kua oti te whakarite o ngā kukū 4-6. I muri i te whakamoenga ki te hauhā waro (CO2), i paunatia takitahi ngā waeroa. Kātahi ka puritia ngā waeroa kua whakamoenga kia kaua e nekeneke i runga i te pepa tātari maroke i runga i tētahi pereti makariri ritenga i raro i tētahi karuārai stereo hei ārai i te whakahohenga anō i te wā o te tukanga. Mō ia maimoatanga, i pania te 0.1 μl o te otinga EO ki te pronotum o runga o te wahine mā te whakamahi i tētahi Hamilton handlebar microdispenser (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). E rua tekau mā rima ngā wahine i rongoatia ki ia kukū, me te mate mai i te 10% ki te 95% mō te iti rawa 4 ngā kukū rerekē. Ko ngā waeroa i rongoatia ki te whakarewa hei mana whakahaere. Hei ārai i te poke o ngā tauira whakamātautau, whakakapia te pepa tātari ki tētahi pepa tātari hou mō ia EO i whakamatautauria. Ko ngā horopeta i whakamahia i roto i ēnei whakamātautau koiora ka whakaatuhia i roto i ngā maikirokaramu o te EO mō ia mirikaramu o te taumaha tinana wahine ora. I aromatawaihia hoki te ngohe PBO pakeke i roto i te huarahi rite ki te EO, me te PBO i whakamahia hei mana whakahaere pai i roto i ngā whakamātautau mahi tahi. Ko ngā waeroa i rongoatia i roto i ngā rōpū katoa i whakanohoia ki roto i ngā kapu kirihou, ā, i hoatu he 10% sucrose me te 10% tirikara multivitamin. I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau koiora katoa i te 25 ± 2 °C me te 80 ± 10% haumākū whanaunga, ā, i tuaruatia kia whā ngā wā me ngā mana whakahaere. I tirohia te mate i roto i te wā whakatipu 24-hāora, ā, i whakaūtia e te kore urupare a te waeroa ki te whakaohooho ā-ringa, kātahi ka tuhia i runga i te toharite o ngā tāruarua e whā. I tuaruatia ngā maimoatanga whakamātautau kia whā ngā wā mō ia tauira whakamātautau mā te whakamahi i ngā puranga waeroa rerekē. I whakarapopototia ngā hua, ā, i whakamahia hei tatau i te ōrau o te reiti mate, i whakamahia hei whakatau i te horopeta whakamate 24-hāora mā te tātari probit.
I aromatawaihia te pānga patu-ā-pūmau o te EO me te permethrin mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga whakamātautau paitini ā-rohe [42] e ai ki te whakaahuatanga o mua. Whakamahia te acetone, te etanoru rānei hei whakarewa hei whakarite i te permethrin i te kukū e hiahiatia ana, me te ranunga rua o te EO me te permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin i konatunatua ki te EO i te kukū LD25). I aromatawaihia ngā kete whakamātautau (permethrin me te EO-permethrin) ki ngā momo MCM-S me te PMD-R o Ae. Aedes aegypti. I hoatu ki ia waeroa uwha 25 e whā ngā horopeta o te permethrin hei whakamātautau i tōna whai huatanga ki te patu i ngā pakeke, me ia maimoatanga i whakahokia kia whā ngā wā. Hei tautuhi i ngā kaitautoko EO kaitono, i tukuna kia 4 ki te 6 ngā horopeta o te EO-permethrin ki ia waeroa uwha 25, me ia tono i whakahokia kia whā ngā wā. Ko te maimoatanga PBO-permethrin (permethrin i konatunatua ki te kukū LD25 o te PBO) i mahi anō hei mana whakahaere pai. Ko ngā horopeta i whakamahia i roto i ēnei whakamātautau koiora ka whakaatuhia i roto i ngā nanokaramu o te tauira whakamātautau mō ia mirikaramu o te taumaha tinana wahine ora. E whā ngā aromatawai whakamātautau mō ia momo waeroa i whakahaerehia i runga i ngā puranga i whakatipuria takitahitia, ā, i kohikohia ngā raraunga mate me te tātari mā te whakamahi i a Probit hei whakatau i te horopeta whakamate 24-hāora.
I whakatikatikaina te reiti mate mā te whakamahi i te tātai Abbott [43]. I tātarihia ngā raraunga kua whakatikatikaina mā te tātari whakatauira Probit mā te whakamahi i te kaupapa tatauranga rorohiko SPSS (putanga 19.0). I tatauhia ngā uara mate o te 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% me te 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 me te LD99, ia) mā te whakamahi i ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95% e rite ana (95% CI). I aromatawaihia ngā inenga o te hiranga me ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā tauira whakamātautau mā te whakamahi i te whakamātautau chi-square, te whakamātautau Mann-Whitney U rānei i roto i ia whakamātautau koiora. I kiia ngā hua he hiranga tatauranga i te P.< 0.05. Ka whakatauhia te tauwehenga ātete (RR) i te taumata LD50 mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei [12]:
Ko te RR > 1 e tohu ana i te ātete, ā, ko te RR ≤ 1 e tohu ana i te aro. Ko te uara ōwehenga synergy (SR) o ia kaitono synergist ka tatauhia penei [34, 35, 44]:
E toru ngā wāhanga o tēnei āhuatanga: ko te uara SR o te 1±0.05 e kiia ana kāore he pānga kitea, ko te uara SR o te >1.05 e kiia ana he pānga mahi tahi, ā, ko te uara SR o te hinu wai kōwhai mārama ka taea te whiwhi mā te whakamaroke mamaoa o ngā rhizome o C. rotundus me A. galanga me te kiri o C. verum. Ko ngā hua i tatauhia i runga i te taumaha maroke ko te 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), me te 0.54% (v/v). w) ia (Ripanga 1). I whakaatuhia e te rangahau GC-MS mō te hanganga matū o ngā hinu o C. rotundus, A. galanga me C. verum te aroaro o ngā matū 19, 17 me te 21, arā, ko te 80.22, 86.75 me te 97.24% o ngā wāhanga katoa, ia (Ripanga 2). Ko ngā matū hinu o te C. lucidum rhizome he cyperonene (14.04%), ā, muri iho ko te carralene (9.57%), te α-capsellan (7.97%), me te α-capsellan (7.53%). Ko te wāhanga matū matua o te hinu rhizome galangal ko te β-bisabolene (18.27%), ā, muri iho ko te α-bergamotene (16.28%), te 1,8-cineole (10.17%) me te piperonol (10.09%). Ahakoa ko te cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) i tautuhia hei wāhanga matua o te hinu kiri C. verum, ko te cinnamic acetate (6.61%), te α-copaene (5.83%) me te 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) i kiia he wāhanga iti noa iho. Ko ngā hanganga matū o te cyperne, te β-bisabolene me te cinnamaldehyde ngā matū matua o te C. rotundus, te A. galanga me te C. verum, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2.
Ko ngā hua mai i ngā OO e toru i aromatawai i te mahi pakeke ki ngā waeroa Aedes. Kei te Ripanga 3 ngā hua. I kitea he pānga whakamate ngā EO katoa ki ngā waeroa Aedes MCM-S i ngā momo me ngā horopeta rerekē. Aedes aegypti. Ko te EO tino whai hua ko C. verum, ā, whai muri ko A. galanga me C. rotundus me ngā uara LD50 o 3.30, 7.97 me te 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S uwha, he paku teitei ake i te 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) me 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD-R i roto i ngā wāhine. E rite ana tēnei ki te pānga pakeke o te PBO ki te PMD-R he nui ake i te momo MSM-S, me ngā uara LD50 o te 4.79 me te 6.30 μg/mg o ngā uwha, ia (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057). ). Ka taea te tatau ko ngā uara LD50 o te C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus me te PBO ki te PMD-R he tata ki te 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 me te 0.76 ngā wā iti iho i ērā ki te MCM-S. Nō reira, e tohu ana tēnei he rite tonu te ngoikore ki te PBO me te EO i waenga i ngā momo Aedes e rua. Ahakoa he ngoikore ake te PMD-R i te MCM-S, kāore i te nui te aro o te Aedes aegypti. He rerekē, he tino rerekē te aro o ngā momo Aedes e rua ki te permethrin aegypti (Ripanga 4). I whakaatuhia e te PMD-R te ātete nui ki te permethrin (uara LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg i roto i ngā wāhine) me te uara LD50 teitei ake o te 3.70 ki te whakataurite ki te MCM-S (uara LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg i roto i ngā wāhine) ng/mg i roto i ngā wāhine (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Ahakoa he iti ake te aro o te PMD-R ki te permethrin i te MCM-S, he paku teitei ake tōna aro ki te PBO me te C. verum, te A. galanga, me te C. rotundus i te MCM-S.
E ai ki te whakamātautau koiora o te taupori pakeke o te huinga EO-permethrin, i whakaatuhia e ngā ranunga rua o te permethrin me te EO (LD25) te mahi tahi (uara SR > 1.05) kāore rānei he pānga (uara SR = 1 ± 0.05). Ngā pānga pakeke uaua o te ranunga EO-permethrin ki ngā waeroa albino whakamātautau. Kei te Ripanga 4 me te Pikitia 3 ngā momo Aedes aegypti MCM-S me PMD-R. I kitea ko te tāpiri o te hinu C. verum ka whakaiti paku i te LD50 o te permethrin ki te MCM-S, ā, ka whakanui paku i te LD50 ki te PMD-R ki te 0.44–0 .42 ng/mg i roto i ngā wāhine, mai i te 3.70 ki te 3.85 ng/mg i roto i ngā wāhine. He rerekē, ko te tāpiritanga o ngā hinu C. rotundus me A. galanga i tino whakaiti i te LD50 o te permethrin i runga i te MCM-S mai i te 0.44 ki te 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) me te 0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg o ngā wāhine. I runga i ngā uara LD50 o MCM-S, ko ngā uara SR o te ranunga EO-permethrin i muri i te tāpiritanga o ngā hinu C. rotundus me A. galanga he 6.28 me te 4.00, ia. Nō reira, i tino heke te LD50 o te permethrin ki te PMD-R mai i te 3.70 ki te 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) ā, ki te 0.003 me te tāpiri o ngā hinu C. rotundus me A. galanga (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg wahine. Ko te uara SR o te permethrin i honoa ki te C. rotundus ki te PMD-R he 8.81, ko te uara SR ia o te ranunga galangal-permethrin he 1233.33. Ki te whakataurite ki te MCM-S, i heke te uara LD50 o te PBO mana pai mai i te 0.44 ki te 0.26 ng/mg (uwha) me te 3.70 ng/mg (uwha) ki te 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) me te PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Ko ngā uara SR o te ranunga PBO-permethrin mō ngā momo MCM-S me te PMD-R he 1.69 me te 5.69. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua he nui ake te paitini o te permethrin i roto i ngā hinu C. rotundus me te A. galanga me te PBO i te hinu C. verum mō ngā momo MCM-S me te PMD-R.
Te ngohe pakeke (LD50) o EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) me ā rātou huinga ki ngā momo waeroa Aedes e tairongo ana ki te pyrethroid (MCM-S) me te ātete (PMD-R). Aedes aegypti
[45]. E whakamahia ana ngā piretiroi hangai puta noa i te ao hei whakahaere i te nuinga o ngā momo kararehe whai hua o te ahuwhenua me te hauora. Heoi, nā ngā hua kino o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke hangai, inā koa te whanaketanga me te ātete whānui o ngā waeroa, me te pānga ki te hauora me te taiao mō te wā roa, he hiahia nui inaianei ki te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke hangai tuku iho me te whakawhanake i ngā huarahi kē atu [35, 46, 47]. Haunga te tiaki i te taiao me te hauora o te tangata, ko ngā painga o ngā patu pepeke tipu ko te whiriwhiringa teitei, te wātea puta noa i te ao, me te ngāwari o te whakaputa me te whakamahi, e pai ake ai mō te whakahaere waeroa [32,48, 49]. I tua atu i te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga matū o ngā hinu kakara whai hua mā te tātari GC-MS, i aromatawaihia hoki e tēnei rangahau te kaha o ngā hinu kakara pakeke me tō rātou kaha ki te whakarei ake i te paitini o te permethrin hangai. aegypti i roto i ngā momo pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) me ngā momo ātete (PMD-R).
I whakaatuhia e te whakaahuatanga GC-MS ko te cypern (14.04%), te β-bisabolene (18.27%) me te cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) ngā wāhanga matua o ngā hinu C. rotundus, A. galanga me C. verum. Kua whakaatuhia e ēnei matū ngā mahi koiora rerekē. I kōrero a Ahn et al. [50] ko te 6-acetoxycyperene, i wehea mai i te rhizome o C. rotundus, he mahi ārai-pukupuku, ā, ka taea te whakaoho i te apoptosis e whakawhirinaki ana ki te caspase i roto i ngā pūtau matepukupuku ovarian. Ko te β-Bisabolene, i tangohia mai i te hinu kakara o te rākau myrrh, e whakaatu ana i te cytotoxicity motuhake ki ngā pūtau pukupuku ū tangata me te kiore i roto i te vitro me te in vivo [51]. Ko te Cinnamaldehyde, i tangohia mai i ngā tangohanga taiao, i hangaia rānei i roto i te taiwhanga, kua pūrongohia he mahi patu pepeke, patu huakita, patu harore, ārai-mumura, ārai mate, ārai mate pukupuku, me te ārai-angiogenic [52].
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te whakamātautau koiora pakeke e whakawhirinaki ana ki te horopeta te kaha pai o ngā EO i whakamatautauria, ā, i whakaatuhia ko ngā momo waeroa Aedes MCM-S me PMD-R he rite te ngoikore ki te EO me te PBO. Aedes aegypti. I whakaatuhia e te whakataurite i te whai huatanga o te EO me te permethrin he kaha ake te pānga mate pāwera o te mea whakamutunga: ko ngā uara LD50 he 0.44 me te 3.70 ng/mg i roto i ngā uwha mō ngā momo MCM-S me PMD-R. E tautokona ana ēnei kitenga e ngā rangahau maha e whakaatu ana ko ngā patu pepeke tūturu, inā koa ko ngā hua tipu, he iti ake te whai huatanga i ngā matū hangai [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Tērā pea nā te mea he huinga matatini o ngā kai hohe, kore rānei e hohe te mea tuatahi, ko te mea whakamutunga he matū hohe kotahi kua purea. Heoi, ko te kanorau me te uaua o ngā kai hohe tūturu me ngā tikanga mahi rerekē ka whakarei ake i te mahi koiora, ka ārai rānei i te whanaketanga o te ātete i roto i ngā taupori manaaki [55, 56, 57]. He maha ngā kairangahau kua pūrongo i te kaha ārai-namu o te C. verum, te A. galanga me te C. rotundus me ō rātou wāhanga pēnei i te β-bisabolene, te cinnamaldehyde me te 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63 ,64]. Heoi, i whakaatuhia i roto i tētahi arotake o ngā tuhinga kāore anō kia puta he pūrongo o mua mō tōna pānga tahi me te permethrin, ētahi atu patu pepeke hangai rānei ki ngā namu Aedes. Aedes aegypti.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i kitea ngā rerekētanga nui o te ngoikore ki te permethrin i waenga i ngā momo Aedes e rua. Aedes aegypti. He tairongo te MCM-S ki te permethrin, engari he iti ake te tairongo o te PMD-R ki a ia, me te reiti ātete o te 8.41. Ki te whakatauritea ki te tairongo o te MCM-S, he iti ake te tairongo o te PMD-R ki te permethrin engari he tairongo ake ki te EO, e whakarato ana i te pūtake mō ētahi atu rangahau e aro ana ki te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te permethrin mā te whakakotahi i a ia me te EO. I whakaatuhia e te whakamātautau koiora e hangai ana ki te huinga tahi mō ngā pānga pakeke ko ngā ranunga rua o te EO me te permethrin i whakaiti, i whakanui ake rānei i te mate o ngā Aedes pakeke. Aedes aegypti. Mā te tāpiri o te hinu C. verum i whakaiti paku i te LD50 o te permethrin ki te MCM-S engari i whakanui paku i te LD50 ki te PMD-R me ngā uara SR o te 1.05 me te 0.96, ia. E tohu ana tēnei kāore he pānga honohono, pānga whakahē rānei o te hinu C. verum ki te permethrin i te wā i whakamatautauria ai ki te MCM-S me te PMD-R. He rerekē, i whakaatu ngā hinu C. rotundus me te A. galanga i te pānga honohono nui mā te whakaiti nui i ngā uara LD50 o te permethrin ki te MCM-S, PMD-R rānei. I te wā i whakakotahihia ai te permethrin ki te EO o C. rotundus me te A. galanga, ko ngā uara SR o te ranunga EO-permethrin mō te MCM-S he 6.28 me te 4.00. I tua atu, i te wā i aromatawaihia ai te permethrin ki te PMD-R me te C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) me te A. galanga rānei (SR = 1233.33), i tino piki ake ngā uara SR. He mea tika kia mōhio ko te C. rotundus me te A. galanga i whakanui ake i te paitini o te permethrin ki te PMD-R Ae. aegypti. Waihoki, i kitea te pikinga ake o te paitini o te permethrin e te PBO me ngā uara SR o te 1.69 me te 5.69 mō ngā momo MCM-S me te PMD-R. Nā te mea ko C. rotundus me A. galanga ngā uara SR teitei rawa atu, i kiia ko rāua ngā kaiwhakakotahi pai rawa atu ki te whakanui ake i te paitini o te permethrin ki te MCM-S me te PMD-R.
He maha ngā rangahau o mua kua pūrongo i te pānga tahi o ngā huinga o ngā patu pepeke hangai me ngā tango tipu ki ngā momo waeroa. I whakaatuhia i roto i tētahi whakamātautau koiora patu pepeke ki a Anopheles Stephensi i akohia e Kalayanasundaram rāua ko Das [65] ko te fenthion, he organophosphate whānui-whānui, he hononga ki a Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax me Parthenium hysterophorus. I kitea he tahi nui i waenga i ngā tango me te pānga tahi (SF) o te 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 me te 2.23, ia. I roto i tētahi tirotiro patu pepeke o te 15 momo mangrove, i kitea ko te tango petroleum ether o ngā pakiaka mangrove he tino whai hua ki a Culex quinquefasciatus me te uara LC50 o te 25.7 mg/L [66]. I pūrongohia hoki te pānga tahi o tēnei tangohanga me te patupatu otaota pyrethrum hei whakaiti i te LC50 o te pyrethrum ki ngā torongū C. quinquefasciatus mai i te 0.132 mg/L ki te 0.107 mg/L, hei tāpiritanga, i whakamahia he tātaitanga SF o te 1.23 i roto i tēnei rangahau. 34,35,44]. I arotakehia te whai huatanga tahi o te tangohanga pakiaka Solanum citron me ētahi patupatu hangai (hei tauira, te fenthion, te cypermethrin (he pyrethroid hangai) me te timethphos (he patupatu organophosphorus)) ki ngā waeroa Anopheles. Stephensi [54] me C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Ko te whakamahinga tahi o te cypermethrin me te tangohanga petroleum ether hua kōwhai i whakaatu i te pānga tahi ki te cypermethrin i ngā ōwehenga katoa. Ko te ōwehenga tino whai hua ko te huinga rua 1:1 me ngā uara LC50 me SF o te 0.0054 ppm me te 6.83, ia, e pā ana ki a An. Stephen West[54]. Ahakoa he rerekē te ranunga rua 1:1 o S. xanthocarpum me te temephos (SF = 0.6406), i whakaatuhia e te huinga S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) he mahi tahi ki a C. quinquefasciatus me te SF o te 1.3125 [34]]. I rangahau a Tong rāua ko Blomquist [35] i ngā pānga o te ethylene oxide tipu ki te paitini o te carbaryl (he carbamate whānui-whānui) me te permethrin ki ngā waeroa Aedes. Aedes aegypti. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te ethylene oxide mai i te agar, te pepa pango, te juniper, te helichrysum, te sandalwood me te sesame i whakanui ake i te paitini o te carbaryl ki ngā waeroa Aedes. Ko ngā uara SR o ngā torongū aegypti he rerekē mai i te 1.0 ki te 7.0. He rerekē, kāore tētahi o ngā EO i paitini ki ngā waeroa pakeke Aedes. I tēnei wā, kāore anō kia puta he pānga mahi tahi mō te whakakotahitanga o Aedes aegypti me EO-carbaryl. I whakamahia te PBO hei mana whakahaere pai hei whakanui ake i te paitini o te carbaryl ki ngā waeroa Aedes. Ko ngā uara SR o ngā torongū Aedes aegypti me ngā pakeke he 4.9-9.5 me te 2.3, ia. Ko ngā ranunga rua anake o te permethrin me te EO, PBO rānei i whakamatautauria mō te mahi patu torongū. He pānga whakahē te ranunga EO-permethrin, ko te ranunga PBO-permethrin he pānga mahi tahi ki ngā waeroa Aedes. Ngā torongū o Aedes aegypti. Heoi, kāore anō kia mahia ngā whakamātautau urupare horopeta me te aromatawai SR mō ngā ranunga PBO-permethrin. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā hua kua tutukihia mō ngā pānga tahi o ngā huinga phytosynthetic ki ngā kawe waeroa, e tautoko ana ēnei raraunga i ngā hua o nāianei, e whakatuwhera ana i te tirohanga ki te tāpiri i ngā synergists ehara i te mea hei whakaiti i te horopeta i whakamahia, engari hei whakanui ake hoki i te pānga whakamate. Te whai huatanga o ngā pepeke. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua o tēnei rangahau mō te wā tuatahi he nui ake te whai huatanga tahi o ngā hinu C. rotundus me A. galanga ki ngā momo waeroa Aedes e ngawari ana ki te pyrethroid me te ātete ki te pyrethroid ki te PBO i te wā i honoa ai ki te paitini permethrin. Aedes aegypti. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua ohorere mai i te tātari synergistic ko te hinu C. verum te mea nui rawa atu te mahi anti-pakeke ki ngā momo Aedes e rua. He mea miharo, kāore i pai te pānga paitini o te permethrin ki Aedes aegypti. Ko ngā rerekētanga o ngā pānga paitini me ngā pānga synergistic tera pea i ahu mai i te pānga ki ngā momo me ngā taumata rerekē o ngā wāhanga bioactive i roto i ēnei hinu.
Ahakoa ngā mahi ki te mārama me pēhea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga, kāore anō kia mārama ngā tikanga mahi tahi. Ko ngā take pea mō te rerekētanga o te whai huatanga me te kaha mahi tahi ko ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga matū o ngā hua i whakamatautauria me ngā rerekētanga o te ngoikore o te waeroa e pā ana ki te tūnga ātete me te whanaketanga. He rerekētanga i waenga i ngā wāhanga ethylene oxide nui me ngā wāhanga iti i whakamatautauria i roto i tēnei rangahau, ā, kua whakaatuhia ētahi o ēnei matū he pānga ārai me te paitini ki ngā momo pepeke me ngā kawe mate [61,62,64,67,68]. Heoi, ko ngā matū matua i whakaahuatia i roto i ngā hinu C. rotundus, A. galanga me C. verum, pērā i te cypern, β-bisabolene me te cinnamaldehyde, kāore i whakamatautauria i roto i tēnei pepa mō ā rātou mahi ārai-pakeke me te mahi tahi ki a Ae, ia. Aedes aegypti. Nō reira, me whai rangahau ā muri ake nei hei wehe i ngā kai hohe kei roto i ia hinu kakara me te whakamārama i ō rātou whai huatanga patu pepeke me ngā taunekeneke mahi tahi ki tēnei kawe waeroa. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te mahi patu pepeke e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mahi me te tauhohenga i waenga i ngā paitini me ngā kiko pepeke, ka taea te whakangawari me te wehewehe kia toru ngā wāhanga: te urunga ki roto i te kiri tinana pepeke me ngā kiriuhi okana ūnga, te whakahohenga (= te taunekeneke ki te ūnga) me te tango i ngā matū paitini [57, 69]. Nō reira, ko te mahi tahi a ngā patu pepeke e hua ake ai te whai huatanga o ngā huinga paitini me whai i te iti rawa i tētahi o ēnei kāwai, pērā i te pikinga o te urunga, te whakahohenga nui ake o ngā matū kua kohia, te iti iho rānei o te tango i ngā matū hohe o te patu pepeke. Hei tauira, ko te manawanui ki te pūngao ka whakaroa i te urunga o te kiriuhi mā roto i te kiriuhi matotoru me te ātete matū koiora, pērā i te whakanui ake i te pākia o ngā patu pepeke i kitea i roto i ētahi momo pepeke ātete [70, 71]. Ko te whai huatanga nui o ngā EO ki te whakanui ake i te paitini o te permethrin, inā koa ki te PMD-R, tera pea e tohu i te otinga ki te raruraru o te ātete patu pepeke mā te taunekeneke ki ngā tikanga ātete [57, 69, 70, 71]. I tautoko a Tong rāua ko Blomquist [35] i ngā hua o tēnei rangahau mā te whakaatu i te taunekeneke tahi i waenga i ngā EO me ngā patu pepeke hangai. aegypti, kei reira ngā taunakitanga mō te mahi aukati ki ngā whākōkī whakakore paitini, tae atu ki ngā cytochrome P450 monooxygenases me ngā carboxylesterases, e hono tata ana ki te whanaketanga o te ātete ki ngā patupatu tuku iho. E kīia ana ko te PBO ehara i te mea he aukati pākia o te cytochrome P450 monooxygenase anake, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te urunga o ngā patupatu, e whakaaturia ana e tōna whakamahinga hei mana whakahaere pai i roto i ngā rangahau synergistic [35, 72]. He mea whakamīharo, ko te 1,8-cineole, tētahi o ngā wāhanga nui e kitea ana i roto i te hinu galangal, e mōhiotia ana mō ōna pānga paitini ki ngā momo pepeke [22, 63, 73] ā, kua pūrongohia he pānga synergistic i roto i ētahi wāhanga o te rangahau mahi koiora [74]. . ,75,76,77]. Hei tāpiri, ko te 1,8-cineole i te whakakotahitanga me ngā momo rongoā tae atu ki te curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], te waikawa mefenamic [80] me te zidovudine [81] he pānga whakatairanga-whakaurunga anō hoki. i roto i te vitro. Nō reira, ko te mahi pea a te 1,8-cineole i roto i te mahi patu pepeke tahi ehara i te mea he matū hohe anake engari he whakarei ake i te urunga. Nā te nui ake o te tahitanga me te permethrin, inā koa ki te PMD-R, ko ngā pānga tahitanga o te hinu galangal me te hinu trichosanthes i kitea i roto i tēnei rangahau ka puta mai i ngā taunekeneke me ngā tikanga ātete, arā, te pikinga o te urunga ki te chlorine. Ka whakanui ake ngā pyrethroids i te whakahohenga o ngā matū kua kohia, ā, ka aukati i ngā whākōkī whakakore paitini pērā i te cytochrome P450 monooxygenases me ngā carboxylesterases. Heoi, me rangahau anō ēnei āhuatanga hei whakamārama i te mahi motuhake a te EO me ōna matū motuhake (kotahi, he whakakotahi rānei) i roto i ngā tikanga tahitanga.
I te tau 1977, i puta te pūrongo mō te pikinga ake o te ātete ki te permethrin i roto i ngā taupori kawe pepeke nui i Thailand, ā, i roto i ngā tekau tau i muri mai, i whakakapia te whakamahinga o te permethrin e ētahi atu matū pyrethroid, inā koa ko ērā i whakakapia e te deltamethrin [82]. Heoi, he tino noa te ātete ki te deltamethrin me ētahi atu momo patu pepeke puta noa i te motu nā te whakamahinga nui me te roa [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Hei whawhai i tēnei raruraru, e taunakihia ana kia hurihia, kia whakamahia anō rānei ngā patu pepeke kua makahia i mua he whai hua, he iti ake te paitini ki ngā kararehe, pērā i te permethrin. I tēnei wā, ahakoa kua whakaitihia te whakamahinga o te permethrin i roto i ngā kaupapa whakahaere namu a te kāwanatanga ā-motu tata nei, kei te kitea tonu te ātete ki te permethrin i roto i ngā taupori namu. Tērā pea nā te pānga o ngā namu ki ngā hua whakahaere pepeke ā-whare arumoni, ko te nuinga he permethrin me ētahi atu pyrethroid [14, 17]. Nō reira, ko te whakamahinga anō o te permethrin me whakawhanake me te whakatinana i ngā rautaki hei whakaiti i te ātete ki te kawe pepeke. Ahakoa kāore i rite te whai hua o ngā hinu kakara i whakamatautauria takitahitia i roto i tēnei rangahau ki te permethrin, ko te mahi tahi me te permethrin i hua ake ai he pānga honohono whakamiharo. He tohu pai tēnei ko te taunekeneke o te EO me ngā tikanga ātete ka hua ake te whai huatanga o te permethrin me te EO i te patu pepeke, i te EO rānei anake, inā koa ki te PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Ko ngā painga o ngā ranunga honohono ki te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga, ahakoa te whakamahinga o ngā horopeta iti ake mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke, ka arahi pea ki te whakapai ake i te whakahaere ātete me te whakaiti i ngā utu [33, 87]. Mai i ēnei hua, he mea whakaharikoa ki te kite he nui ake te whai huatanga o ngā A. galanga me ngā C. rotundus EO i te PBO ki te honohono i te paitini permethrin i roto i ngā momo MCM-S me PMD-R, ā, he huarahi kē atu pea ki ngā āwhina ergogenic tuku iho.
He nui ngā pānga mahi tahi a ngā EO kua tīpakohia ki te whakanui ake i te paitini pakeke ki te PMD-R Ae. aegypti, inā koa te hinu galangal, ā, ko te uara SR tae atu ki te 1233.33, e tohu ana he whānui te tūmanako a te EO hei mahi tahi ki te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te permethrin. Tērā pea ka whakaoho i te whakamahinga o tētahi hua taiao hou, ka taea ai te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o ngā hua whakahaere waeroa tino whai hua. E whakaatu ana hoki i te kaha o te ethylene oxide hei mahi tahi hei whakapai ake i ngā patu pepeke tawhito, tuku iho rānei hei whakatika i ngā raruraru ātete o ngā taupori waeroa. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tipu e wātea ana i roto i ngā kaupapa whakahaere waeroa, ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi kawemai me ngā rauemi utu nui, engari ka whakaoho hoki i ngā mahi ā-rohe ki te whakapakari i ngā pūnaha hauora tūmatanui.
E whakaatu mārama ana ēnei hua i te pānga kaha o te whakakotahitanga o te ethylene oxide me te permethrin. E whakaatu ana ngā hua i te kaha o te ethylene oxide hei kaiwhakakaha tipu i roto i te whakahaere waeroa, e whakanui ana i te whai huatanga o te permethrin ki ngā waeroa, inā koa i roto i ngā taupori ātete. Ko ngā whanaketanga me ngā rangahau ā muri ake nei me whai tātaritanga koiora whakakotahi o ngā hinu galangal me te alpinia me ō rātou matū motuhake, ngā whakakotahitanga o ngā patu pepeke o te takenga mai tūturu, hangai rānei ki ngā momo me ngā wāhanga maha o ngā waeroa, me te whakamātautau paitini ki ngā rauropi kāore i te whainga. Te whakamahinga whai hua o te ethylene oxide hei kaiwhakakaha rerekē e taea ana.
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Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-08-2024