Ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu (PGR)he huarahi utu-whai hua hei whakapakari i ngā parepare tipu i raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea. I rangahauhia e tēnei rangahau te kaha o ngā mea e ruaNgā PGR, thiourea (TU) me te arginine (Arg), hei whakaiti i te ahotea tote i roto i te witi. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ka taea e TU me Arg, ina koa ka whakamahia ngātahi, te whakahaere i te tipu o te tipu i raro i te ahotea tote. I whakanuia e ā rātou maimoatanga ngā mahi a ngā whākōkī antioxidant me te whakaiti i ngā taumata o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS), te malondialdehyde (MDA), me te turuturu electrolyte whanaunga (REL) i roto i ngā tipu witi. Hei tāpiri, i whakaitihia e ēnei maimoatanga ngā kukū Na+ me Ca2+ me te ōwehenga Na+/K+, me te whakanui ake i te kukū K+, kia mau tonu ai te taurite ion-osmotic. Ko te mea nui ake, i whakanuia e TU me Arg te ihirangi chlorophyll, te tere photosynthesis kupenga, me te tere whakawhiti hau o ngā tipu witi i raro i te ahotea tote. Mā te TU me Arg e whakamahia takitahi ana, e whakamahia ngātahi rānei, ka taea te whakanui ake i te kohikohinga o ngā mea maroke mā te 9.03–47.45%, ā, ko te pikinga nui rawa atu i te wā i whakamahia ngātahi ai. Hei whakamutunga, e whakaatu ana tēnei rangahau he mea nui te pupuri i te homeostasis redox me te taurite ion hei whakarei ake i te manawanui o te tipu ki te ahotea tote. Hei tāpiri, i tūtohutia a TU me Arg hei mea peangā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu,inā koa ka whakamahia ngātahi, hei whakanui ake i te hua witi.
Ko ngā huringa tere o te āhuarangi me ngā mahi ahuwhenua kei te whakapiki ake i te whakahekenga o ngā pūnaha rauropi ahuwhenua1. Ko tētahi o ngā hua tino kino ko te tote o te whenua, e whakatuma ana i te haumarutanga kai o te ao2. I tēnei wā, e pā ana te tote ki te 20% o ngā whenua ahuwhenua o te ao, ā, ka piki pea tēnei tatauranga ki te 50% i te tau 20503. Ka taea e te ahotea tote-kawakore te whakararu i te ahotea osmotic i roto i ngā pakiaka hua, ka whakararu i te taurite ionic i roto i te tipu4. Ka taea hoki e ēnei āhuatanga kino te arahi ki te tere o te pakaru o te chlorophyll, te heke o ngā tere photosynthesis, me ngā raruraru metabolic, ka mutu ka heke ngā hua o te tipu5,6. Heoi anō, ko tētahi hua kino noa ko te pikinga ake o te whakaputanga o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS), ka taea te whakararu i ngā momo koiora, tae atu ki te DNA, ngā pūmua, me ngā lipid7.
Ko te witi (Triticum aestivum) tētahi o ngā hua witi tino nui o te ao. Ehara i te mea ko te witi anake te hua witi e tino whānuitia ana te whakatipu engari he hua arumoni nui anō hoki8. Heoi, he tairongo te witi ki te tote, ka taea e tēnei te aukati i tōna tipu, te whakararuraru i ōna tukanga ā-tinana me ā-matūkai, me te whakaiti nui i tōna hua. Ko ngā rautaki matua hei whakaiti i ngā pānga o te ahotea tote ko te whakarerekētanga ira me te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu. Ko ngā rauropi kua whakarerekētia te ira (GM) ko te whakamahi i te whakatika ira me ētahi atu tikanga hei whakawhanake i ngā momo witi e manawanui ana ki te tote9,10. I tētahi atu taha, ka whakarei ake ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu i te manawanui tote i roto i te witi mā te whakahaere i ngā mahi ā-tinana me ngā taumata o ngā matū e pā ana ki te tote, ā, ka whakaiti i te kino o te ahotea11. Ko ēnei kaiwhakahaere he mea whakaaetia whānuitia, he mea whakamahi whānuitia atu i ngā huarahi whakawhiti ira. Ka taea e rātou te whakarei ake i te manawanui o te tipu ki ngā momo ahotea abiotic pērā i te tote, te tauraki me ngā konganuku taumaha, ā, ka whakatairanga i te whakatipu purapura, te tango matūkai me te tipu uri, ā, ka piki ake te hua me te kounga o te hua.12 He mea nui ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu tipu hei whakarite i te tipu o te hua me te pupuri i te hua me te kounga nā te mea he pai ki te taiao, he ngāwari ki te whakamahi, he whai hua te utu me te whai hua. 13 Heoi, nā te mea he rite tonu ngā tikanga mahi a ēnei kaiwhakatikatika, kāore pea e whai hua te whakamahi i tētahi o rātou anake. He mea nui te kimi i tētahi huinga o ngā kaiwhakatikatika tipu ka taea te whakapai ake i te manawanui ki te tote i roto i te witi mō te whakatipu witi i raro i ngā āhuatanga kino, te whakanui ake i ngā hua me te whakarite i te haumarutanga kai.
Kāore he rangahau e tirotiro ana i te whakamahinga ngātahi o TU me Arg. Kāore i te mārama mēnā ka taea e tēnei huinga auaha te whakatairanga tahi i te tipu o te witi i raro i te ahotea tote. Nō reira, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he whakatau mēnā ka taea e ēnei kaiwhakahaere tipu e rua te whakaiti tahi i ngā pānga kino o te ahotea tote ki te witi. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, i whakahaerehia e mātou he whakamātautau whakatipu witi hydroponic poto hei tirotiro i ngā painga o te whakamahinga ngātahi o TU me Arg ki te witi i raro i te ahotea tote, me te arotahi ki te toenga redox me te ionic o ngā tipu. I whakapae mātou ka taea e te huinga o TU me Arg te mahi tahi ki te whakaiti i te kino oxidative i puta mai i te ahotea tote me te whakahaere i te kore taurite ionic, kia pai ake ai te manawanui tote i roto i te witi.
I whakatauhia te nui o te MDA o ngā tauira mā te tikanga waikawa thiobarbituric. Paunatia kia tika te 0.1 karamu o te paura tauira hou, tāpirihia te 1 ml o te 10% waikawa trichloroacetic mō te 10 meneti, ka hurihia ki te 10,000 karamu mō te 20 meneti, ka kohia te wai i roto i te ipu. I konatunatua te wai ki te 0.75% waikawa thiobarbituric, ā, i whakatōngia ki te 100 °C mō te 15 meneti. I muri i te whakatōngia, ka kohia te wai i roto i te ipu mā te hurihia, ā, i inehia ngā uara OD i te 450 nm, 532 nm, me te 600 nm. I tatauhia te kukū MDA penei:
Pērā i te maimoatanga 3-rā, i tino whakanuia ake hoki e te whakamahinga o Arg me Tu ngā mahi whākōkī ārai-mate o ngā tipu witi i raro i te maimoatanga 6-rā. Ko te whakakotahitanga o TU me Arg tonu te mea tino whai hua. Heoi, i ngā rā 6 i muri i te maimoatanga, i whakaatuhia he hekenga o ngā mahi a ngā whākōkī ārai-mate e whā i raro i ngā āhuatanga maimoatanga rerekē ki te whakataurite ki ngā rā 3 i muri i te maimoatanga (Pikitia 6).
Ko te whakaahua te pūtake o te kohikohinga o ngā mea maroke i roto i ngā tipu, ā, ka puta i roto i ngā chloroplasts, he tino tairongo ki te tote. Ka taea e te ahotea tote te arahi ki te waikura o te kiriuhi plasma, te whakararuraru i te toenga osmotic pūtau, te kino o te hanganga ultrachloroplast36, te whakararuraru i te chlorophyll, te whakaiti i te mahi a ngā whākōkī huringa Calvin (tae atu ki a Rubisco), me te whakaiti i te whakawhiti irahiko mai i PS II ki PS I37. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te ahotea tote te aukati i te kati o te stomatal, ka whakaiti i te kukū CO2 rau me te aukati i te whakaahua38. I whakaūhia e ā mātou hua ngā kitenga o mua ko te ahotea tote ka whakaiti i te kawe stomatal i roto i te witi, ka hua ake te hekenga o te tere whakawhiti rau me te kukū CO2 intracellular, ka mutu ka hua ake te hekenga o te kaha whakaahua me te hekenga o te koiora o te witi (Pikitia 1 me te 3). He mea nui, ka taea e te tono TU me Arg te whakarei ake i te whai huatanga whakaahua o ngā tipu witi i raro i te ahotea tote. He tino nui te whakapainga o te whai huatanga whakaahua i te wā i whakamahia ai a TU me Arg i te wā kotahi (Pikitia 3). Tērā pea nā te mea ko TU me Arg te whakahaere i te whakatuwheratanga me te kati o te stomatal, ka whakarei ake i te whai huatanga whakaahua, e tautokona ana e ngā rangahau o mua. Hei tauira, i kitea e Bencarti me ētahi atu, i raro i te ahotea tote, i tino whakanuia e te TU te kawe i te stomatal, te tere whakauru CO2, me te whai huatanga nui o te photochemistry PSII i roto i te Atriplex portulacoides L.39. Ahakoa kāore he pūrongo tika e whakaatu ana ka taea e Arg te whakahaere i te whakatuwheratanga me te katinga o te stomatal i roto i ngā tipu e pāngia ana e te ahotea tote, i tohu a Silveira me ētahi atu ka taea e Arg te whakatairanga i te whakawhiti hau i roto i ngā rau i raro i ngā āhuatanga tauraki22.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, e whakaatu ana tēnei rangahau ahakoa ngā momo tikanga mahi me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ka taea e TU me Arg te whakarato i te ātete rite ki te ahotea NaCl i roto i ngā tipu witi, inā koa ka whakamahia ngātahi. Mā te whakamahinga o TU me Arg ka taea te whakahohe i te pūnaha parenga whākōkī ārai-mate o ngā tipu witi, te whakaiti i te ihirangi ROS, me te pupuri i te pumau o ngā lipid membrane, kia mau tonu ai te photosynthesis me te taurite Na+/K+ i roto i ngā tipu. Heoi, he iti anō hoki ngā herenga o tēnei rangahau; ahakoa i whakaūtia te pānga mahi tahi o TU me Arg, ā, i whakamāramahia tōna tikanga ā-tinana ki tētahi whānuitanga, kāore anō kia mārama te tikanga ngota ngota matatini ake. Nō reira, me rangahau anō i te tikanga mahi tahi o TU me Arg mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga transcriptomic, metabolomic me ētahi atu tikanga.
Kei te wātea mai i te kaituhi e pā ana ngā huinga raraunga i whakamahia, i tātarihia rānei i te wā o te rangahau o nāianei, mēnā he tono tika.
Wā tuku: Mei-19-2025