Ka taea e ngā mahi whakahaere e hangai ana ki te paepae te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke mā te 44% me te kore e whakararu i te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, me ngā hua o ngā hua rānei.

     Te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mateHe mea nui ki te whakaputanga ahuwhenua, te tiaki i ngā hua mai i ngā pepeke kino me ngā mate. Ka taea e ngā kaupapa whakahaere paepae-paepae, arā, ka whakamahia ngā patu pepeke ina nui ake te matotoru o ngā pepeke me ngā mate i tētahi paepae kua whakaritea, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke. Heoi, kāore i te mārama te pānga o ēnei kaupapa, ā, he rerekē puta noa i ngā tautuhinga. Hei aromatawai i te pānga whānui o ngā kaupapa whakahaere patu pepeke e hāngai ana ki te paepae ki ngā pepeke angaanga ahuwhenua, i whakahaerehia e mātou he tātaritanga-maha o ngā rangahau 126 e pūrongo ana i ngā whakamātautau 466 puta noa i ngā hua 34, e whakataurite ana i ngā kaupapa e hāngai ana ki te paepae me ngā kaupapa e hāngai ana ki te maramataka.te whakahaere i ngā patu pepekengā kaupapa (arā, ia wiki, ia momo rānei) me/ranei ngā papa whakahaere kāore i rongoātia. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kaupapa maramataka, i whakaitihia e ngā kaupapa paepae te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke mā te 44% me ngā utu e pā ana mā te 40% me te kore e pā ki te whai huatanga o te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, ki te hua whānui rānei. I whakanuia hoki e ngā kaupapa paepae ngā taupori pepeke whai hua, ā, i tutuki te whakahaere rite tonu o ngā mate e kawea ana e ngā angaanga ki ngā kaupapa maramataka. I runga i te whānuitanga me te pumau o ēnei painga, me nui ake te tautoko tōrangapū me te tautoko pūtea hei whakatenatena i te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga whakahaere i roto i te ahuwhenua.

Hei aromatawai i te whānui o te whakamahinga o ngā tikanga tono patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae i roto i te ahuwhenua, i rapuhia e mātou ngā rangahau e tika ana hei aromatawai i te tono paepae i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua. Mā te whakamahi i ngā miihini rapu maha, i tātarihia e mātou ngā rangahau 126 hei whakatau i te pānga o ngā tikanga tono patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke angaanga, te hua ahuwhenua, me te kiato o ngā angaanga whai hua. E whakapae ana mātou ka taea e ngā tikanga tono patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae te whakaiti i te whakamahinga patu pepeke me te kore e pā ki ngā hua o te hua. Hei tāpiri, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tikanga tono patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te maramataka, he pai ake ngā tikanga e hangai ana ki te paepae ki te whakahaere i ngā mate e mau ana i ngā angaanga, me te tautoko i te oranga tonutanga o ngā pepeke whai hua.
I whakahaerehia e mātou he arotake tuhinga hei whakatau i te pānga o ngā kaupapa whakahaere patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae i roto i te ahuwhenua. I tangohia ngā tuhinga kua whakaputaina mai i te Web of Science me te Google Scholar (Pikitia 1). I whakamahia hoki e mātou he huarahi ranu, e whakamahi ana i ngā rautaki tautoko hei whakapai ake i te āhua o te māngai me te whānui o te pātengi raraunga. I whakaurua hoki e mātou ngā rangahau i runga i te mōhiotanga whaiaro o ngā kairangahau mō ngā rangahau o mua, ngā putunga raraunga e tika ana, me te rautaki tauira pōro hukarere (arā, te whiriwhiri i ngā tuhinga mai i ngā tohutoro e tika ana). I arotakehia e mātou te huinga raraunga tuatahi i te marama o Mei 2023 hei whakarite kia tino oti mō ngā āhuatanga ahuwhenua matua, tae atu ki te momo hua, ngā momo angaanga, me te whenua rangahau. I whakatikahia ngā āputa i roto i te pātengi raraunga mā roto i ngā rapunga kupumatua i muri mai. Ko te rapunga katoa mō ngā rangahau e tutuki ana i ngā paearu whakauru i roa mai i Pēpuere 2021 ki Hune 2023.
I tautuhia ngā tuhinga mā te rapu i te pātengi raraunga me ētahi atu puna, i tirotirohia te hiranga, i aromatawaitia te tika, ā, i te mutunga i whakawhāitihia ki te 126 ngā rangahau i whakaurua ki te tātaritanga-tau whakamutunga.
Mō ngā rangahau e mōhiotia ana ngā paerewa rerekētanga, ka whakamahia ngā tātai 1 me te 25 e whai ake nei hei whakatau tata i te ōwehenga takiuru me te paerewa rerekētanga e rite ana.
Mō ngā rangahau kāore i te mōhiotia ngā paerewa rerekētanga, ka whakamahia ngā tātai 3 me te 4 e whai ake nei hei whakatau tata i te ōwehenga takiuru me te paerewa rerekētanga 25 e rite ana.
I runga i te whakamātautau noa a Geary (1930)26, i tangohia ngā rangahau me ngā uara i raro i te 3 (e ai ki te tauira 5 o Nakagawa et al. 2023).
Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō te tikanga rangahau, tirohia te Whakarāpopototanga Pūrongo Pūkete Taiao e hono ana ki tēnei tuhinga.
He tino mōrearea ngā pepeke ki te maha o ngā hua whenua, neke atu i te²⁰% o ngā ngaronga hua o te ao.²⁸Ahakoa ko ngā kaupapa whakahaere riha e ahu mai ana i te paepae te tūāpapa o te whakahaere riha whakauru (IPM), kāore anō kia mārama te pānga whānui ki te ahuwhenua. Heoi, he maha ngā rangahau motuhake kua tautuhia ngā pānga pai o ēnei kaupapa, tae atu ki te whakahaere riha whai hua, ngā hua nui, me ngā pānga ā-korekore whai hua i ētahi wā (hei tauira, te whakanui ake i te whakapūpūngao, te whakahaere koiora rānei). E whakapae ana mātou he whānuitia ēnei pānga pai puta noa i te ahuwhenua. Ko ngā hua o tētahi tātaritanga-maha e tautoko ana i tēnei whakapae. Ahakoa he nui ake te maha o ngā riha i roto i ngā kaupapa e ahu mai ana i te paepae i ngā kaupapa e ahu mai ana i te maramataka, i whakaatuhia e ngā tātaitai kino riha he rite te whai huatanga o te whakahaere mō ngā kaupapa tono riha e rua. I whakaatuhia anō hoki e ngā kaupapa tono riha e ahu mai ana i te paepae me te maramataka te pehitanga o ngā mate tipu e ahu mai ana i ngā angaanga. I whakaatuhia e ngā kaupapa e ahu mai ana i te paepae he nui ake te maha o ngā angaanga whai hua ki te whakataurite ki ngā kaupapa tono riha paerewa. Ka taea te whakamārama i ēnei hua mā te whakahekenga whānui o te 44% o te whakamahinga riha i roto i ngā kaupapa e ahu mai ana i te paepae ki te whakataurite ki ngā kaupapa e ahu mai ana i te maramataka. Heoi, ahakoa kāore i whakaatuhia e ngā tikanga whakahaere paepae me te maramataka he rerekētanga nui o te hua, i kitea e mātou he iti te whakaiti a te tikanga paepae i te kounga hua. Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e te momo hua (ngā hua motuhake me ngā hua tuku iho) te awe nui ki te whai huatanga o te tikanga whakahaere paepae. I te nuinga, e tautoko ana ā mātou hua i te tirohanga roa e mau ana ko ngā kaupapa whakahaere riha e hangai ana ki te paepae ka taea te whakarato i ngā painga nui ki te whakahaere i ngā riha me ngā mate i roto i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua.
Ko ngā paepae ōhanga tētahi o ngā wāhanga matua o te ariā whakahaere pepeke whakauru (IPM), ā, kua roa ngā kairangahau e kōrero ana mō ngā painga pai o ngā kaupapa tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae. I whakaatuhia e tā mātou rangahau he mea nui te whakahaere pepeke angaanga i roto i te nuinga o ngā pūnaha, nā te mea e 94% o ngā rangahau e tohu ana i te whakahekenga o ngā hua o te hua me te kore he tono pepeke. Heoi, he mea nui te whakamahinga pepeke tupato hei whakarite i te whanaketanga ahuwhenua pumau mo te wā roa. I kitea e mātou he pai te whakahaere a te whakamahinga paepae i te kino o ngā angaanga me te kore e whakaiti i ngā hua ki te whakataurite ki ngā kaupapa tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te maramataka. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te whakamahinga paepae te whakaiti i te tono pepeke neke atu i te 40%.^{Ētahi atu}Kua whakaatuhia hoki e ngā aromatawai nui o ngā tauira whakamahinga patu pepeke i roto i ngā whenua ahuwhenua me ngā whakamātautau whakahaere mate tipu i Wīwī ka taea te whakaiti i te whakamahinga patu pepeke mā te^40-50% me te kore e pā ki ngā hua. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua i te hiahia kia haere tonu te whakawhanake i ngā paepae hou mō te whakahaere pepeke me te whakarato rauemi hei whakatenatena i te whakamahinga whānui o ēnei. I te pikinga ake o te whakamahinga whenua ahuwhenua, ka haere tonu te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke ki te whakawehi i ngā pūnaha taiao, tae atu ki ngā mea tino tairongo me ngā mea tino nui.^{ngā kāinga noho}Heoi anō, mā te whānui ake o te whakamahi me te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa e hangai ana ki ngā paepae patu pepeke ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei pānga, ā, ka pai ake te pumau me te atawhai taiao o te ahuwhenua.
Kei roto i te tuhinga ā-ringa, i tētahi kōnae mōhiohio tāpiri rānei ngā raraunga, ā, e wātea ana hoki ki te marea i runga i te pūkete GitHub a te kaituhi i https://github.com/aleach379/Thresholdsreduce.