Ka taea e ngā tikanga whakahaere e hangai ana ki te paepae te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke mā te 44% me te kore e pā ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, me ngā hua o ngā hua rānei.

He mea nui te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate ki te whakaputanga ahuwhenua, hei tiaki i ngā hua mai i ngā pepeke me ngā mate kino. Ko ngā kaupapa whakahaere e ahu mai ana i te paepae, e whakamahi ana i ngā patu pepeke ina nui ake te taupori pepeke me te mate i tētahi paepae kua whakaritea, ka taea te whakaiti.patupatute whakamahinga. Heoi, kāore i te mārama te whai huatanga o ēnei kaupapa, ā, he rerekē rawa. Hei aromatawai i te pānga whānui o ngā kaupapa whakahaere e hangai ana ki te paepae ki ngā pepeke angaanga ahuwhenua, i whakahaerehia e mātou he tātaritanga-maha o ngā rangahau 126, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau 466 ki te 34 hua, me te whakataurite i ngā kaupapa e hangai ana ki te paepae me ngā kaupapa e hangai ana ki te maramataka (arā, ia wiki, ia momo rānei).te whakahaere i ngā patu pepekengā kaupapa me/ranei ngā mana whakahaere kāore i te rongoātia. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kaupapa maramataka, i whakaitihia e ngā kaupapa paepae te tono patu pepeke mā te 44% me ngā utu e pā ana mā te 40%, me te kore e pā ki te whai huatanga o te whakahaere pepeke me te mate, ki te hua hua whānui rānei. I whakanuia hoki e ngā kaupapa paepae ngā taupori pepeke whai hua, ā, i tutuki ai ngā taumata whakahaere rite tonu o ngā mate e kawea ana e ngā angaanga ki ngā kaupapa maramataka. I te mea he whānui me te ōrite o ēnei painga, me nui ake te tautoko tōrangapū me te tautoko pūtea hei whakatenatena i te whakamahi i tēnei huarahi whakahaere i roto i te ahuwhenua.
Ko ngā matū ahuwhenua te mea nui rawa atu mō te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate o ēnei rā. Ko ngā patu pepeke, inā koa, kei roto i ngā patu pepeke e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te ahuwhenua, e tata ana ki te hauwhā o ngā hoko patu pepeke o te ao.¹Nā te ngāwari o te whakamahi me te nui o ngā pānga, he maha ngā wā e paingia ana ngā patu pepeke e ngā kaiwhakahaere pāmu. Heoi, mai i te tekau tau atu i 1960, kua tino whakahēngia te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke (tohutoro 2, 3). E whakaatu ana ngā whakatau tata o nāianei kei te mōrearea te 65% o ngā whenua ahuwhenua o te ao ki te poke o ngā patu pepeke.⁴He maha ngā pānga kino o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke, ā, he maha o ēnei ka horapa atu ki tua atu i te wāhi i whakamahia ai; hei tauira, kua honoa te pikinga o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke ki te hekenga o te taupori o te maha o ngā momo kararehe.^{5, 6, 7}Ina koa, kua nui te hekenga o ngā pepeke whakapūhui i te mea kua nui ake te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu.^8,9Kua whakaatu mai hoki ētahi atu momo, tae atu ki ngā manu kai pepeke, i ngā ia āhua ōrite, me te hekenga o te maha mā te 3–4% ia tau me te pikinga ake o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid.¹⁰E matapaetia ana ka ngaro haere neke atu i te 200 ngā momo e tata ana ki te ngaro mēnā ka whakamahia tonutia ngā patu ngarara, inā koa ngā neonicotinoids.¹¹Ehara i te mea miharo, nā ēnei pānga kua ngaro ngā mahi a ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua. Ko ngā pānga kino kua tuhia ko te whakaiti i te koiora^{mana whakahaere12,13}me^{te whakapūpūtanga14,15,16}Nā ēnei pānga i akiaki ngā kāwanatanga me ngā kaihokohoko ki te whakatinana i ngā mahi hei whakaiti i te whakamahinga whānui o ngā patu pepeke (hei tauira, te Ture Whakamahinga Tauwhiro o ngā Hua Tiaki Hua a te EU).
Ka taea te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o ngā patu pepeke mā te whakatakoto i ngā paepae mō te kiato o te taupori pepeke. He mea nui ngā kaupapa tono patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae mō te whakahaere pepeke whakauru (IPM). I tuatahitia te ariā IPM e Stern et al. i roto i¹⁹⁵⁹¹⁷ā, e mōhiotia ana ko te "kaupapa whakauru." E whakaaro ana te IPM ko te whakahaere pepeke e ahu mai ana i te whai huatanga ohaoha: me utu ngā utu o te whakahaere pepeke i ngā mate i puta mai i ngā pepeke. Me whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke^tauriteme te hua i whiwhihia mā te whakahaere i ngā taupori pepeke.18 Nō reira, ki te kore ngā hua arumoni e pāngia, ka hua^{ngā mate}he mea whakaaetia ngā pepeke. I tautokona ēnei ariā ōhanga e ngā tauira pāngarau i roto i^{ngā tau 1980.19,20}I roto i te mahi, ka whakamahia tēnei ariā i roto i te ahua o ngā paepae ōhanga, arā, me whakamahi noa te patu pepeke ina tae ki tētahi taumata taupori pepeke, ki tētahi taumata kino rānei.21 Ka whakaarohia tonutia e ngā kairangahau me ngā tohunga whakahaere pepeke ngā paepae ōhanga hei pūtake mō te whakatinanatanga IPM. He maha ngā painga o ngā kaupapa whakamahi patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae: te whakapiki ake i ngā hua, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, me te^{kua whakaitihia}ngā pānga kei waho i te whāinga.22,23 Heoi, ko te whānuitanga o ēnei whakahekenga^rerekēi runga i ngā taurangi pēnei i te momo pepeke, te pūnaha whakato, me te rohe whakaputa.24 Ahakoa te tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae te tūāpapa o te whakahaere pepeke whakauru (IPM), kāore tonu i te tino mārama tōna kaha ki te whakapai ake i te manawanui o ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua puta noa i te ao. Ahakoa kua whakaūhia e ngā rangahau o mua ko ngā kaupapa e hangai ana ki te paepae ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā pepeke ki te whakataurite ki ngā kaupapa e hangai ana ki te maramataka, kāore e ranea tēnei anake hei mārama hohonu ki tō rātou pānga whānui ki te manawanui. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i arotakehia e mātou ngā kaupapa tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātaritanga whānui, me te ine pūnaha i te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā pepeke, me te mea nui ake, tōna pumau ki te pupuri i ngā hua hua me te whakatairanga i te hauora o ngā angaanga me ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua whai hua puta noa i ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua rerekē. Mā te hono tika i ngā paepae ki ētahi tohu pumau, ka whakatairangahia e ā mātou hua te ariā me te mahi o te IPM ki tua atu i ngā māramatanga tuku iho, me te whakaatu hei rautaki pakari mō te whakatutuki i te taurite i waenga i te hua ahuwhenua me te whakahaere taiao.
I tautuhia ngā tuhinga mā te rapu i te pātengi raraunga me ētahi atu puna, i tirotirohia te hiranga, i aromatawaitia te tika, ā, i te mutunga i whakawhāitihia ki te 126 ngā rangahau, i whakaurua ki te tātaritanga-tau whakamutunga.
Mō ngā rangahau e mōhiotia ana ngā paerewa rerekētanga, ka whakamahia ngā tātai 1 me te 2 e whai ake nei hei whakatau tata i te ōwehenga takiuru me te paerewa rerekētanga 25 e rite ana.
He mea nui ngā paepae ōhanga i roto i te ariā o te whakahaere pepeke whakauru (IPM), ā, kua roa ngā kairangahau e kōrero ana mō ngā painga pai o ngā kaupapa tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae. I whakaatuhia e tā mātou rangahau he mea nui te whakahaere pepeke angaanga i roto i te nuinga o ngā pūnaha, nā te mea e 94% o ngā rangahau e tohu ana i te whakahekenga o ngā hua o te hua me te kore he tono pepeke. Heoi, he mea nui te whakamahinga pepeke tupato ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga ahuwhenua pumau mo te wā roa. I kitea e mātou he pai te whakahaere a te tono e hangai ana ki te paepae i te kino o ngā angaanga me te kore e whakararu i ngā hua o te hua ki te whakataurite ki ngā kaupapa tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te maramataka. Heoi anō, ka taea e te tono e hangai ana ki te paepae te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pepeke neke atu i te 40%.^{Ētahi atu}Kua whakaatuhia hoki e ngā aromatawai nui o ngā tauira tono patu pepeke i roto i ngā whenua ahuwhenua me ngā whakamātautau whakahaere mate tipu i Wīwī ka taea te whakaiti i te tono patu pepeke mā te^40-50% me te kore e pā ki te hua. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua i te hiahia kia whakawhanakehia tonutia ngā paepae hou mō te whakahaere pepeke me te whakarato rauemi hei whakatenatena i te whakamahinga whānui o ēnei. I te pikinga ake o te kaha o te whakamahinga whenua ahuwhenua, ka haere tonu te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke ki te whakawehi i ngā pūnaha taiao, tae atu ki ngā mea tino tairongo me ngā mea whai hua.^{ngā kāinga noho}Heoi anō, mā te whānui ake o te whakamahi me te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa ārai patu pepeke ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei pānga, ā, ka piki ake te pumau me te atawhai taiao o te ahuwhenua.