Ka taea e ngā tikanga whakahaere e hangai ana ki te paepae te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke mā te 44% me te kore e pā ki te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, me ngā hua o ngā hua rānei.

He mea nui te whakahaere i ngā pepeke me ngā mate ki te whakaputanga ahuwhenua, hei tiaki i ngā hua mai i ngā kinongā pepeke me ngā mateKa taea e ngā kaupapa whakahaere paepae-ā-paepae, e whakamahi ana i ngā patu pepeke ina nui ake te taupori pepeke me te mate i tētahi paepae kua whakaritea, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga patu pepeke. Heoi, kāore i te mārama te whai huatanga o ēnei kaupapa, ā, he rerekē rawa. Hei aromatawai i te pānga whānui o ngā kaupapa whakahaere paepae-ā-paepae ki ngā pepeke angaanga ahuwhenua, i whakahaerehia e mātou he tātaritanga-maha o ngā rangahau 126, tae atu ki ngā whakamātautau 466 i runga i ngā hua 34, me te whakataurite i ngā kaupapa paepae-ā-paepae ki ngā kaupapa maramataka-ā-paepae.te whakahaere i ngā patu pepekengā kaupapa me/ranei ngā mana whakahaere kāore i te rongoātia. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā kaupapa maramataka, i whakaitihia e ngā kaupapa paepae te tono patu pepeke mā te 44% me ngā utu e pā ana mā te 40%, me te kore e pā ki te whai huatanga o te whakahaere pepeke me te mate, ki te hua hua whānui rānei. I whakanuia hoki e ngā kaupapa paepae ngā taupori pepeke whai hua, ā, i tutuki ai ngā taumata whakahaere rite tonu o ngā mate e kawea ana e ngā angaanga ki ngā kaupapa maramataka. I te mea he whānui me te ōrite o ēnei painga, me nui ake te tautoko tōrangapū me te tautoko pūtea hei whakatenatena i te whakamahi i tēnei huarahi whakahaere i roto i te ahuwhenua.
I tautuhia ngā tuhinga mā te rapu i te pātengi raraunga me ētahi atu puna, i tirotirohia te hiranga, i aromatawaitia te tika, ā, i te mutunga i whakawhāitihia ki te 126 ngā rangahau, i whakaurua ki te tātaritanga-tau whakamutunga.

Kāore i te katoa o ngā rangahau i whakaatu i ngā toharite me ngā rerekētanga; nō reira, i tatauhia e mātou te tauwehenga toharite o te rerekētanga hei whakatau tata i te rerekētanga o te takiuru.^ōwehenga.25Mō ngā rangahau kāore i te mōhiotia ngā paerewa rerekētanga, i whakamahia e mātou te Whārite 4 hei whakatau tata i te ōwehenga takiuru me te Whārite 5 hei whakatau tata i te paerewa rerekētanga e rite ana. Ko te painga o tēnei tikanga ahakoa kāore te paerewa rerekētanga i whakatau tatahia o te lnRR, ka taea tonu te whakauru ki te tātaritanga-maha mā te tatau i te paerewa rerekētanga ngaro mā te whakamahi i te tau toharite taumaha o te rerekētanga mai i ngā rangahau e pūrongo ana i ngā paerewa rerekētanga.
Mō ngā rangahau e mōhiotia ana ngā paerewa rerekētanga, ka whakamahia ngā tātai 1 me te 2 e whai ake nei hei whakatau tata i te ōwehenga takiuru me te paerewa rerekētanga e rite ana.
Mō ngā rangahau kāore i te mōhiotia ngā paerewa rerekētanga, ka whakamahia ngā tātai 3 me te 4 e whai ake nei hei whakatau tata i te ōwehenga takiuru me te paerewa rerekētanga e rite ana.
E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 1 i ngā whakatau tata o ngā ōwehenga, ngā hapa paerewa e pā ana, ngā wā whakawhirinaki, me ngā uara-p mō ia mehua me te whakataurite. I hangaia ngā kauwhata hāparapara hei whakatau i te noho mai o te kore taurite mō ngā mehua e pā ana (Pikitia Tāpiri 1). E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia Tāpiri 2–7 i ngā whakatau tata mō ngā mehua e pā ana ki ia rangahau.
Kei te whakarāpopototanga o te pūrongo Nature Portfolio e hono ana mai i tēnei tuhinga ētahi atu kōrero mō te hoahoa o te rangahau.
He mea whakamīharo, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te whai huatanga o ngā tono patu pepeke i runga i te paepae i waenga i ngā hua motuhake me ngā hua tuku iho mō ngā inenga matua pēnei i te whakahaere pepeke me te mate, te hua, ngā painga ōhanga, me te pānga ki ngā pepeke whai hua. Kāore i te miharo tēnei hua i te mea, mai i te tirohanga koiora, kāore ngā kaupapa tono patu pepeke i runga i te paepae i tino rerekē i waenga i ēnei momo hua e rua. Ko ngā rerekētanga i waenga i ngā hua tuku iho me ngā hua motuhake i ahu mai i ngā āhuatanga ōhanga me/ranei ngā āhuatanga ture, kaua ki ngā āhuatanga taiao. Ko ēnei rerekētanga i waenga i ngā momo hua he nui ake te pānga ki ngā mahi whakahaere pepeke me te mate i ngā pānga koiora o ngā tono patu pepeke i runga i te paepae. Hei tauira, he nui ake te utu waeine mō ia heketea o ngā hua motuhake, nō reira me nui ake ngā paerewa kounga, ka akiaki pea i ngā kaiwhakatipu ki te whakamahi patu pepeke hei ārai i ngā āwangawanga mō ngā pepeke me ngā mate kāore i te tino kitea. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā whenua nui o ngā hua tuku iho ka nui ake te mahi ki te aroturuki i ngā pepeke me ngā mate, ka whakawhāiti i te whaihua o te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa tono patu pepeke i runga i te paepae. Nō reira, e pāngia ana ngā pūnaha e rua e ngā pēhanga ahurei ka taea te āwhina, te aukati rānei i te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa tono patu pepeke i runga i te paepae. I te mea ko te nuinga o ngā rangahau i roto i tā mātou tātaritanga matua i whakahaerehia i ngā wāhi kua whakakorea ngā here mō ngā patupatu, ehara i te mea miharo i kitea e mātou he pumau ngā paepae puta noa i ngā momo hua.

E whakaatu ana tā mātou tātaritanga ka taea e ngā kaupapa whakahaere patu pepeke e hangai ana ki ngā paepae te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke me ngā utu e pā ana, engari kāore anō kia mārama mēnā he tino whai hua ngā kaihanga ahuwhenua mai i aua mea. He rerekē te whakamāramatanga o ngā rangahau i roto i tā mātou tātaritanga-maha mō ngā kaupapa whakahaere patu pepeke "paerewa", mai i ngā mahi ā-rohe ki ngā kaupapa maramataka kua whakangāwaritia. Nō reira, ko ngā hua pai e pūrongohia ana e mātou i konei, kāore pea e whakaata katoa i ngā wheako tūturu o ngā kaihanga. Heoi anō, ahakoa i tuhia e mātou he penapena utu nui nā te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke, ko ngā rangahau tuatahi kāore i te nuinga o te wā i whai whakaaro ki ngā utu tirotiro mara. Nō reira, ko ngā painga ōhanga whānui o ngā kaupapa whakahaere e hangai ana ki ngā paepae, he iti iho pea i ngā hua o tā mātou tātaritanga. Heoi anō, ko ngā rangahau katoa i pūrongo i ngā utu tirotiro mara i tuhi i te whakahekenga o ngā utu whakaputa nā te whakaiti i ngā utu patu pepeke. He uaua pea te aroturuki auau me ngā tirotiro mara mō ngā kaihanga pukumahi me ngā kaiwhakahaere pāmu (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004).
He mea nui ngā paepae ōhanga i roto i te ariā o te whakahaere pepeke whakauru (IPM), ā, kua roa ngā kairangahau e kōrero ana mō ngā painga pai o ngā kaupapa tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te paepae. I whakaatuhia e tā mātou rangahau he mea nui te whakahaere pepeke angaanga i roto i te nuinga o ngā pūnaha, nā te mea e 94% o ngā rangahau e tohu ana i te whakahekenga o ngā hua o te hua me te kore he tono pepeke. Heoi, he mea nui te whakamahinga pepeke tupato ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga ahuwhenua pumau mo te wā roa. I kitea e mātou he pai te whakahaere a te tono e hangai ana ki te paepae i te kino o ngā angaanga me te kore e whakararu i ngā hua o te hua ki te whakataurite ki ngā kaupapa tono pepeke e hangai ana ki te maramataka. Heoi anō, ka taea e te tono e hangai ana ki te paepae te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pepeke neke atu i te 40%.^{Ētahi atu}Kua whakaatuhia hoki e ngā aromatawai nui o ngā tauira tono patu pepeke i roto i ngā whenua ahuwhenua me ngā whakamātautau whakahaere mate tipu i Wīwī ka taea te whakaiti i te tono patu pepeke mā te^40-50% me te kore e pā ki te hua. E whakaatu ana ēnei hua i te hiahia kia whakawhanakehia tonutia ngā paepae hou mō te whakahaere pepeke me te whakarato rauemi hei whakatenatena i te whakamahinga whānui o ēnei. I te pikinga ake o te kaha o te whakamahinga whenua ahuwhenua, ka haere tonu te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke ki te whakawehi i ngā pūnaha taiao, tae atu ki ngā mea tino tairongo me ngā mea whai hua.^{ngā kāinga noho}Heoi anō, mā te whānui ake o te whakamahi me te whakatinana i ngā kaupapa ārai patu pepeke ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei pānga, ā, ka piki ake te pumau me te atawhai taiao o te ahuwhenua.