Ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he aromatawai i te whai huatanga toenga o te rehu pirimiphos-methyl ki roto i te whare, he huinga odeltamethrinme clothianidin, me clothianidin i Alibori me Tonga, ngā wāhi i te raki o Benin e pangia ana e te malaria.
I roto i te wā rangahau e toru tau, i kitea te ātete ki te deltamethrin i roto i ngā hapori katoa. I kitea te ātete, te putanga mai rānei o te ātete ki te benzodiazepine. I kitea te tino pāngia ki te pirimiphos-methyl i te tau 2019 me te 2020, i te tau 2021 i kitea te ātete pea ki te rongoā kotahi. I kitea te tino pāngia ki te clothianidin i roto i ngā rā 4–6 i muri i te pānga. I mau tonu te mahi toenga o te pirimiphos-methyl mō ngā marama 4–5, i te wā i mau tonu ai te mahi toenga o te clothianidin me te ranunga o te deltamethrin me te clothianidin mō ngā marama 8–10. He paku teitei ake te whai huatanga o ngā momo hua i whakamatautauria i runga i ngā pakitara sima i runga i ngā pakitara uku.
I te nuinga, i tino pāngia te Anopheles gambiae SL e te clothianidin engari i whakaatu i te ātete/te ātete pea ki ētahi atu patu pepeke i whakamatautauria. I tua atu, ko te mahi toenga o ngā patu pepeke kei roto i te clothianidin he pai ake i te pirimiphos-methyl, e whakaatu ana i tō rātou kaha ki te whakahaere i ngā kawe e ātete ana ki te pyrethroid me te pumau.
Mō ngā whakamātautau ngoikore o ngā ngongo me ngā koeko a te WHO, i whakamahia ngā taupori ā-rohe o Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) me tētahi momo ngoikore o Anophoeles gambiae (Kisumu) mai i ngā hapori IRS rerekē.
Ko te Pyrifos-methyl capsule i whakatārewatia he patu pepeke kua tohua i mua e te World Health Organization mō ngā pūnaha rehu o roto. Ko te Pyrifos-methyl 300 CS he patu pepeke organophosphorus me te horopeta kua tūtohutia o te 1.0 karamu o te matū hohe (AI)/m² hei whakahaere i ngā kawe malaria. Ka mahi te Pyrifos-methyl ki te acetylcholinesterase, ka puta te kohikohinga o te acetylcholine i roto i te kapiti synaptic ina tuwhera ngā kaiwhakawhiwhi acetylcholine, ka aukati i te tuku i ngā nekehanga io ka puta te pararutiki me te mate o ngā pepeke.
Mā te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke me ngā momo mahi hou, pērā i te clothianidin, ka taea te whakahaere whai hua me te pumau i ngā kawe mate malaria ātete ki te pyrethroid. Ka taea hoki e ēnei patu pepeke te āwhina ki te whakahaere i te ātete ki ngā patu pepeke, me te karo i te whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā patu pepeke paitini e whā tuku iho e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hauora tūmatanui. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakakotahi i ēnei patu pepeke me ngā patu pepeke me ētahi atu momo mahi ka taea hoki te whakaroa i te whanaketanga o te ātete.
I arotakehia te ngoikore o te matatini Anopheles gambiae ki te clothianidin i te tau 2021 anake, i mua i te whakaputanga o ngā aratohu a te WHO, mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga i arotauhia e Sumitomo Chemical (SCC). I whakaputaina ngā aratohu a te WHO mō ngā tikanga whakamātautau ngoikore mō ia patupatu kua tohua, ā, i taea ai e te whare mahi tahi a te WHO, a Universiti Sains Malaysia, i Malaysia, te whakarite i ngā pepa kua whakakiia ki te patupatu i ngā horopeta rerekē, ā, ka tukuna atu ki ngā pokapū rangahau.[31] I te tau 2021 anake ka whakaputahia e te WHO ngā aratohu mō te whakamātautau ngoikore ki te clothianidin.
I tapahia te pepa Whatman kia 12 cm te whānui, 15 cm te roa, kātahi ka whakakīia ki te 13.2 mg o te matū hohe clothianidin, ā, i whakamahia hei whakamātautau i roto i ngā haora 24 o te whakakī.
I whakatauhia te tūnga ngoikore o te taupori waeroa i rangahauhia i runga anō i ngā paearu a te WHO:
E whā ngā tawhā i rangahauhia: te taumata ngoikore o te taupori Anopheles gambiae o te rohe ki te patu ngarara, te pānga patu, te mate tonu rānei i roto i te 30 meneti, te mate whakaroa me te whai huatanga toenga.
Ko ngā raraunga i whakamahia, i tātarihia rānei i roto i tēnei rangahau, e wātea ana mai i te kaituhi e pā ana mēnā he tono tika.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-22-2025