Ko te rehu toenga o roto (IRS) te kaupapa matua o ngā mahi whakahaere i ngā kawe huaketo visceral leishmaniasis (VL) i Inia. Kāore i te tino mōhiotia te pānga o ngā whakahaere a te IRS ki ngā momo whare rerekē. I konei ka arotakehia e mātou mēnā he rite tonu ngā pānga toenga me ngā pānga wawaotanga o te IRS e whakamahi ana i ngā patu pepeke mō ngā momo whare katoa i roto i te kāinga. I whakawhanakehia hoki e mātou he mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi me ngā tauira tātaritanga kiato namu i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te whare, te aro ki ngā patu pepeke, me te tūnga IRS hei tirotiro i te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā kawe huaketo i te taumata moroiti.
I whakahaerehia te rangahau i roto i ngā kāinga e rua o te poraka Mahnar i te rohe o Vaishali o Bihar. I arotakehia te whakahaere i ngā kawe VL (P. argentipes) e te IRS mā te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke e rua [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) me ngā pyrethroid hangai (SP 5%)]. I aromatawaihia te whai huatanga toenga wā o ngā patu pepeke i runga i ngā momo pakitara rerekē mā te whakamahi i te tikanga cone bioassay e ai ki te taunakitanga a te World Health Organization. I tirotirohia te aro o ngā ika hiriwa taketake ki ngā patu pepeke mā te whakamahi i te in vitro bioassay. I aroturukitia ngā kiato waeroa i mua me muri i te IRS i roto i ngā whare noho me ngā whare tiaki kararehe mā te whakamahi i ngā mahanga mārama i tāutahia e te Centers for Disease Control mai i te 6:00 pm ki te 6:00 am. I whakawhanakehia te tauira pai rawa atu mō te tātari kiato waeroa mā te whakamahi i te tātari whakatauranga logistic maha. I whakamahia te hangarau tātari ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS hei mahere i te tohatoha o te aro o ngā patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te momo whare, ā, i whakamahia te mana IRS whare hei whakamārama i te tohatoha ā-wāhi wā o ngā kōura hiriwa.
He tino pāngia ngā waeroa hiriwa e te SP (100%), engari he nui te ātete ki te DDT, me te reiti mate o te 49.1%. I kīia he pai ake te manakohia o te SP-IRS e te marea i te DDT-IRS i roto i ngā momo whare katoa. He rerekē te whai huatanga toenga puta noa i ngā mata pakitara rerekē; kāore tetahi o ngā patu pepeke i tutuki i te roanga mahi i tūtohutia e te IRS a te World Health Organization. I ngā wā katoa i muri i te IRS, he nui ake te whakahekenga o ngā pepeke haunga nā te SP-IRS i waenga i ngā rōpū whare (arā, ngā pūwero me ngā kaitiaki) i te DDT-IRS. E whakaatu ana te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi whakakotahi he pai ake te pānga whakahaere a te SP-IRS ki ngā waeroa i te DDT-IRS i roto i ngā rohe mōrearea momo whare katoa. I tautuhia e te tātaritanga whakatauranga logistic maha-taumata e rima ngā āhuatanga mōrearea e hono kaha ana ki te kiato o te kōura hiriwa.
Mā ngā hua ka pai ake te māramatanga ki ngā mahi a te IRS mō te whakahaere i te visceral leishmaniasis i Bihar, ā, ka āwhina pea tēnei i ngā mahi ā muri ake nei hei whakapai ake i te āhuatanga.
Ko te Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), e mōhiotia ana ko te kala-azar, he mate urutā e horapa ana i ngā kawekaweka werawera e kore e arohia, e hua mai ana i ngā pirinoa protozoan o te momo Leishmania. I te whenua iti o Īnia (IS), ko te tangata anake te kainoho, ka horapa te pirinoa (arā, Leishmania donovani) ki te tangata mā te ngau a ngā waeroa wahine kua pangia (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2]. I Īnia, ko te VL te nuinga o te wā e kitea ana i ngā whenua e whā o waenganui me te rawhiti: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal me Uttar Pradesh. Kua pūrongohia hoki ētahi pakarutanga i Madhya Pradesh (Waenganui o Īnia), Gujarat (Te Hauāuru o Īnia), Tamil Nadu me Kerala (Tonga o Īnia), tae atu ki ngā rohe o raro o Himalayan o te raki o Īnia, tae atu ki Himachal Pradesh me Jammu me Kashmir. 3]. I roto i ngā whenua e horapa ana, he tino horapa a Bihar, e 33 ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te VL, neke atu i te 70% o ngā take katoa i Īnia i ia tau [4]. Tata ki te 99 miriona tāngata o te rohe e mōrearea ana, ā, ko te toharite o te maha o ngā mate i ia tau ko te 6,752 (2013-2017).
I Bihar me ētahi atu wāhi o Īnia, e toru ngā rautaki matua e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mahi whakahaere VL: te kimi wawe i ngā take, te maimoatanga whai hua, me te whakahaere i ngā pepeke mā te whakamahi i te rehu patu pepeke o roto (IRS) i roto i ngā kāinga me ngā whare tiaki kararehe [4, 5]. Hei pānga taha o ngā kaupapa ārai mate malaria, i angitu te whakahaere a te IRS i te VL i ngā tau 1960 mā te whakamahi i te dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), ā, i angitu te whakahaere kaupapa i te VL i te tau 1977 me te 1992 [5, 6]. Heoi, kua whakaūhia e ngā rangahau hou kua horapa te ātete o ngā kōura puku hiriwa ki te DDT [4,7,8]. I te tau 2015, i whakawhiti te Kaupapa Whakahaere Mate Vector Borne National (NVBDCP, New Delhi) i te IRS mai i te DDT ki ngā pyrethroids hangai (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9]. Kua whakatakoto te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHO) i tētahi whāinga kia whakakorea te VL i te tau 2020 (arā, <1 take mō ia 10,000 tāngata ia tau i te taumata tiriti/poraka) [10]. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu he pai ake te IRS i ētahi atu tikanga whakahaere kawe i roto i te whakaiti i te kiato o ngā namu onepu [11,12,13]. E matapaetia ana hoki e tētahi tauira hou i roto i ngā horopaki mate urutā teitei (arā, te reiti mate urutā i mua i te whakahaere o te 5/10,000), ka taea e tētahi IRS whai hua e kapi ana i te 80% o ngā whare te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga whakakore i te tau kotahi ki te toru i mua atu [14]. Ka pā te VL ki ngā hapori taiwhenua rawakore rawa atu i ngā rohe mate urutā, ā, ko tā rātou whakahaere kawe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te IRS anake, engari ko te pānga toenga o tēnei mehua whakahaere ki ngā momo whare rerekē kāore anō kia akohia i te mara i ngā rohe wawaotanga [15, 16]. Hei tāpiri, i muri i te mahi kaha ki te whawhai ki te VL, i roa te mate urutā i ētahi kāinga mō ētahi tau, ā, ka huri hei wāhi wera [17]. Nō reira, me aromatawai i te pānga toenga o te IRS ki te aroturukitanga kiato o ngā namu i roto i ngā momo whare rerekē. Hei tāpiritanga, mā te mahere mōrearea ā-whenua iti rawa ka āwhina i te mārama ake me te whakahaere i ngā taupori waeroa ahakoa kua oti te wawaotanga. Ko ngā pūnaha mōhiohio ā-whenua (GIS) he huinga o ngā hangarau mahere matihiko e āhei ai te rokiroki, te whakakikorua, te whakahaere, te tātari, te tiki me te whakaatu i ngā huinga rerekē o ngā raraunga taiao ā-whenua me te pāpori-taupori mō ngā kaupapa rerekē [18, 19, 20]. . Ka whakamahia te pūnaha tūnga ā-ao (GPS) hei ako i te tūranga ā-wāhi o ngā wāhanga o te mata o te whenua [21, 22]. Kua whakamahia ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga whakatauira ā-wāhi GIS me te GPS ki ētahi āhuatanga mate urutā, pērā i te aromatawai mate ā-wāhi me te wā me te matapae pakarutanga, te whakatinanatanga me te aromatawai i ngā rautaki whakahaere, ngā taunekeneke o ngā mate pukupuku me ngā āhuatanga taiao, me te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi. [20,23,24,25,26]. Ka taea e ngā mōhiohio i kohia me te ahu mai i ngā mahere mōrearea ā-whenua te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakahaere wā tika me te whai hua.
I aromatawaihia e tēnei rangahau te whai huatanga me te pānga o te wawaotanga DDT me te SP-IRS i te taumata whare i raro i te Kaupapa Whakahaere Werowero VL ā-Motu i Bihar, Īnia. Ko ētahi atu whāinga ko te whakawhanake i tētahi mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi me te tauira tātaritanga kiato namu i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te whare noho, te ngoikore o te kawe pepeke, me te tūnga IRS whare hei tirotiro i te hiranga o te tohatoha ā-wāhi, ā-wā rānei o ngā namu moroiti.
I whakahaerehia te rangahau i te poraka Mahnar o te rohe o Vaishali i te taha raki o te awa o Ganga (Pikitia 1). He rohe tino mate urutā a Makhnar, me te toharite o te 56.7 ngā kēhi o te VL ia tau (170 ngā kēhi i te tau 2012-2014), ko te reiti taunga ā-tau ko te 2.5–3.7 ngā kēhi mō ia 10,000 taupori; E rua ngā kāinga i tīpakohia: ko Chakeso hei wāhi whakahaere (Pikitia 1d1; kāore he kēhi o te VL i ngā tau e rima kua hipa) me Lavapur Mahanar hei wāhi mate urutā (Pikitia 1d2; tino mate urutā, me te 5, neke atu rānei ngā kēhi mō ia 1000 tāngata ia tau). i roto i ngā tau 5 kua hipa). I tīpakohia ngā kāinga i runga i ngā paearu matua e toru: te wāhi me te urunga atu (arā, kei te taha o te awa he ngāwari te urunga atu i te tau katoa), ngā āhuatanga taupori me te maha o ngā whare (arā, neke atu i te 200 ngā whare; kei Chaqueso te 202 me te 204 ngā whare me te rahi toharite o te whare). (4.9 me te 5.1 tāngata) me Lavapur Mahanar) me te momo whare (HT) me te āhua o tō rātou horapa (arā, he HT whakauru kua horapa matapōkeretia). Kei roto i te 500 m o te tāone o Makhnar me te hōhipera rohe ngā kāinga rangahau e rua. I whakaatuhia e te rangahau he tino kaha te whai wāhi a ngā kainoho o ngā kāinga rangahau ki ngā mahi rangahau. Ko ngā whare i roto i te kāinga whakangungu [kei roto ko te 1-2 ngā rūma moe me te 1 taupee piri, 1 kīhini, 1 kaukau me te 1 whare witi (piri, wehe rānei)] he pakitara pereki/paru me ngā papa adobe, ngā pakitara pereki me te raima sima raima. me ngā papa sima, ngā pakitara pereki kāore i pania me te kore i peitahia, ngā papa uku me te tuanui raupo. He āhuarangi hauhautanga te rohe katoa o Vaishali me te wā ua (Hōngongoi ki Ākuhata) me te wā maroke (Noema ki Tīhema). Ko te ua toharite ia tau ko te 720.4 mm (te whānuitanga o te 736.5-1076.7 mm), ko te haumākū whanaunga 65±5% (te whānuitanga o te 16-79%), ko te pāmahana toharite ia marama ko te 17.2-32.4°C. Ko Mei me Hune ngā marama mahana rawa atu (te pāmahana 39–44 °C), ko Hānuere te mea makariri rawa atu (7–22 °C).
E whakaatu ana te mahere o te rohe rangahau i te wāhi o Bihar i runga i te mahere o Īnia (a) me te wāhi o te rohe o Vaishali i runga i te mahere o Bihar (b). Poraka Makhnar (c) E rua ngā kāinga i tīpakohia mō te rangahau: ko Chakeso hei wāhi whakahaere me Lavapur Makhnar hei wāhi wawaotanga.
Hei wāhanga o te Kaupapa Whakahaere Kalaazar ā-Motu, i whakahaerehia e te Poari Hauora o te Rōpū Bihar (SHSB) ngā wāhanga e rua o te IRS ā-tau i te tau 2015 me te 2016 (te wāhanga tuatahi, Pēpuere-Maehe; te wāhanga tuarua, Hune-Hūrae)[4]. Hei whakarite i te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā mahi IRS katoa, kua whakaritea he mahere mahi iti e te Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, he apiti o te Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi). whare wānanga nodal. I tīpakohia ngā kāinga IRS i runga i ngā paearu matua e rua: te hītori o ngā take o te VL me te retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) i roto i te kāinga (arā, ngā kāinga he 1, neke atu rānei ngā take i roto i tētahi wā i roto i ngā tau 3 kua hipa, tae atu ki te tau i whakatinanahia ai). , ngā kāinga kore-mate urutā huri noa i ngā "wāhi wera" (arā, ngā kāinga kua pūrongo tonu i ngā take mō te ≥ 2 tau, ≥ 2 rānei ngā take mō ia 1000 tāngata) me ngā kāinga mate urutā hou (kāore he take i roto i ngā tau 3 kua hipa) ngā kāinga i te tau whakamutunga o te tau whakatinanatanga i pūrongohia i roto i te [17]. I roto i ngā kāinga tata e whakatinana ana i te rauna tuatahi o te taake ā-motu, kei roto hoki ngā kāinga hou i te rauna tuarua o te mahere mahi taake ā-motu. I te tau 2015, e rua ngā rauna o te IRS e whakamahi ana i te DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) i whakahaerehia i roto i ngā kāinga rangahau wawao. Mai i te tau 2016, kua whakahaerehia te IRS mā te whakamahi i ngā pyrethroids hangai (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2). I whakahaerehia te rehu mā te whakamahi i te papu Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) me te mata pēhanga, he takirere rere rerekē (1.5 pae) me te pūwero jet papatahi 8002 mō ngā mata porous [27]. I aroturukihia e ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) te IRS i te taumata whare me te kāinga, ā, i whakaratohia he mōhiohio tuatahi mō te IRS ki ngā tāngata o te kāinga mā roto i ngā hopuoro i roto i ngā rā tuatahi 1-2. Kei ia tīma IRS he aroturuki (i whakaratohia e RMRIMS) hei aroturuki i te mahi a te tīma IRS. Ka tukuna ngā kaiārahi tiaki, me ngā tīma IRS, ki ngā whare katoa hei whakamōhio me te whakamanawa i ngā upoko o ngā whare mō ngā hua pai o te IRS. I roto i ngā rauna e rua o ngā rangahau IRS, i eke te whānuitanga o te kapinga o ngā whare i ngā kāinga rangahau ki te 80% pea [4]. I tuhia te mana rehu (arā, kāore he rehu, he rehu hapa, me te rehu katoa; i tautuhia i roto i te Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S1) mō ngā whare katoa i te kāinga wawao i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS.
I whakahaerehia te rangahau mai i te Pipiri 2015 ki te Hōngongoi 2016. I whakamahia e te IRS ngā pokapū mate mō te aroturuki i mua i te wawaotanga (arā, 2 wiki i mua i te wawaotanga; rangahau tūāpapa) me muri i te wawaotanga (arā, 2, 4, me te 12 wiki i muri i te wawaotanga; rangahau whai muri) te aroturuki, te whakahaere i te kiato, me te aukati i ngā namu onepu i roto i ia rauna IRS. i roto i ia whare Kotahi pō (arā, mai i te 18:00 ki te 6:00) te mahanga mārama [28]. Kua tāutahia ngā mahanga mārama ki roto i ngā rūma moe me ngā whare tiaki kararehe. I te kāinga i whakahaerehia ai te rangahau wawaotanga, 48 ngā whare i whakamatautauria mō te kiato o ngā namu onepu i mua i te IRS (12 ngā whare ia rā mō ngā rā e 4 karapīpiti tae noa ki te rā i mua i te rā IRS). 12 i tīpakohia mō ia o ngā rōpū matua e whā o ngā whare (arā, te paraikete uku ma (PMP), ngā whare paraikete sima me te whakakikorua raima (CPLC), ngā whare pereki kāore i pania me te kore i peitahia (BUU) me ngā whare tuanui raupo (TH)). I muri iho, 12 noa iho ngā whare (mai i te 48 ngā whare i mua i te IRS) i whiriwhiria hei kohikohi tonu i ngā raraunga mō te nui o te namu i muri i te hui a te IRS. E ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te WHO, 6 ngā whare i whiriwhiria mai i te rōpū wawaotanga (ngā whare e whiwhi ana i te maimoatanga IRS) me te rōpū kaitiaki (ngā whare i ngā kāinga wawaotanga, ko ngā rangatira i whakakahore i te whakaaetanga a te IRS) [28]. I roto i te rōpū whakahaere (ngā whare i ngā kāinga tata kāore i whai i te IRS nā te korenga o te VL), 6 noa iho ngā whare i whiriwhiria hei aroturuki i te nui o te namu i mua me muri i ngā wā e rua a te IRS. Mō ngā rōpū aroturuki nui o te namu e toru (arā, te wawaotanga, te kaitiaki me te mana whakahaere), i whiriwhiria ngā whare mai i ngā rōpū taumata mōrearea e toru (arā, he iti, he waenga me te teitei; e rua ngā whare mai i ia taumata mōrearea) ā, i whakarōpūtia ngā āhuatanga mōrearea HT (kei te Ripanga 1 me te Ripanga 2 ngā kōwae me ngā hanganga) [29, 30]. E rua ngā whare mō ia taumata mōrearea i whiriwhiria hei karo i ngā whakatau tata mō te nui o te namu me ngā whakataurite i waenga i ngā rōpū. I roto i te rōpū wawaotanga, i aroturukitia te maha o ngā namu i muri i te IRS i roto i ngā momo whare IRS e rua: i rongoatia katoatia (n = 3; 1 whare mō ia taumata rōpū mōrearea) me te rongoatia hapa (n = 3; 1 whare mō ia taumata rōpū mōrearea). rōpū mōrearea).
I whakawhitia ngā waeroa katoa i hopukina i te mara i kohia i roto i ngā ngongo whakamātautau ki te taiwhanga, ā, i patua ngā ngongo whakamātautau mā te whakamahi i te miro i ruia ki te chloroform. I whakaingoatia ngā namu onepu hiriwa, ā, i wehea mai i ētahi atu pepeke me ngā waeroa i runga i ngā āhuatanga āhua mā te whakamahi i ngā waehere tautuhi paerewa [31]. Kātahi ka kēnehia ngā kōura hiriwa toa me te uwha katoa ki roto i te 80% waipiro. I tatauhia te kiato waeroa mō ia mahanga/pō mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei: te tapeke o ngā waeroa i kohia/te maha o ngā mahanga mārama i whakatakotoria mō ia pō. I whakatau tatahia te ōrau huringa o te nui o ngā waeroa (SFC) nā te IRS mā te whakamahi i te DDT me te SP mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei [32]:
ko A te toharite SFC tūāpapa mō ngā whare wawaotanga, ko B te toharite SFC a te IRS mō ngā whare wawaotanga, ko C te toharite SFC tūāpapa mō ngā whare mana/kaitiaki, ā, ko D te toharite SFC mō ngā whare mana/kaitiaki a te IRS.
Ko ngā hua o te pānga wawaotanga, i tuhia hei uara kino me te uara pai, e tohu ana i te hekenga me te pikinga o te SFC i muri i te IRS. Mena i noho tonu te SFC i muri i te IRS ki te SFC taketake, ka tatauhia te pānga wawaotanga hei kore.
E ai ki te Kaupapa Arotake Pesticide a te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHOPES), i aromatawaihia te aro o ngā kōura hiriwa taketake ki ngā pesticides DDT me te SP mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau koiora in vitro paerewa [33]. Ko ngā kōura hiriwa wahine hauora me ngā kōura hiriwa kāore i whāngaihia (18–25 SF ia rōpū) i tukuna ki ngā pesticides i tangohia mai i Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; i whakaritea e te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao) mā te whakamahi i te Kete Whakamātautau Aro Pesticide a te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao [4,9, 33,34]. E waru ngā whakamātautau i ia huinga whakamātautau koiora pesticides (e whā ngā whakamātautau, ia whakamātautau ka whakahaerehia i te wā kotahi me te mana whakahaere). I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mana whakahaere mā te whakamahi i te pepa kua whakakiia ki te risella (mō te DDT) me te hinu silicone (mō te SP) i whakaratohia e te USM. I muri i te 60 meneti o te whakaurunga, i whakanohoia ngā waeroa ki roto i ngā ngongo WHO, ā, i whakaratohia ki te huruhuru miro mimiti kua rumakina ki te wairewa huka 10%. I tirohia te maha o ngā waeroa i mate i muri i te 1 haora me te matenga whakamutunga i muri i te 24 haora. E whakaahuatia ana te tūnga ātete e ai ki ngā aratohu a te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao: ko te mate o te 98–100% e tohu ana i te ngoikore, ko te 90–98% e tohu ana i te ātete pea e hiahiatia ana te whakaū, ā, ko te <90% e tohu ana i te ātete [33, 34]. Nā te mea i waenga i te 0 ki te 5% te mate i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, kāore i mahia he whakatikatika mate.
I aromatawaihia te whaihua koiora me ngā pānga toenga o ngā patu pepeke ki ngā moko taketake i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te mara. I roto i ngā whare wawaotanga e toru (kotahi me te paraikete uku noa, PMP rānei, te paraikete sima me te paninga raima, CPLC rānei, te pereki kāore i paraiketetia, kāore hoki i peitatia, BUU rānei) i te 2, 4 me te 12 wiki i muri i te rehu. I whakahaerehia he whakamātautau koiora paerewa a te WHO ki runga i ngā kōne kei roto ngā mahanga mārama. [27, 32]. Kāore i whakaurua te whakamahana whare nā te koretake o ngā pakitara. I roto i ia tātaritanga, 12 ngā kōne i whakamahia puta noa i ngā whare whakamātautau katoa (e whā ngā kōne mō ia whare, kotahi mō ia momo mata pakitara). Tāpirihia ngā kōne ki ia pakitara o te rūma i ngā teitei rerekē: kotahi i te taumata o te pane (mai i te 1.7 ki te 1.8 m), e rua i te taumata o te hope (mai i te 0.9 ki te 1 m) me tetahi i raro i te turi (mai i te 0.3 ki te 0 .5 m). Tekau ngā waeroa uha kāore i whāngaihia (10 mō ia kōne; i kohia mai i tētahi papa whakahaere mā te whakamahi i tētahi aspirator) i whakanohoia ki roto i ia rūma kōne kirihou a te WHO (kotahi te kōne mō ia momo whare) hei mana whakahaere. I muri i te 30 meneti o te pānga, tangohia marietia ngā waeroa i roto; whakamahia he pūwero kōniko hei tango i ngā waeroa mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini mimiti i te tuke, ka whakawhitia ki roto i ngā ngongo WHO kei roto ko te 10% te wairewa huka hei whāngai. Ko te mate whakamutunga i muri i ngā haora 24 i tuhia i te 27 ± 2°C me te 80 ± 10% te haumākū whanaunga. Ko ngā reiti mate me ngā kaute i waenga i te 5% me te 20% ka whakatikatikaina mā te whakamahi i te tātai Abbott [27] penei:
ko P te mate kua whakatikatikaina, ko P1 te ōrau mate kua kitea, ā, ko C te ōrau mate whakahaere. Ko ngā whakamātautau me te mate whakahaere >20% i whakarērea, ā, i whakahaerehia anō [27, 33].
I whakahaerehia he rangahau whānui mō ngā whare i roto i te kāinga wawao. I tuhia te tauwāhi GPS o ia whare me tōna momo hoahoa me te momo rauemi, te whare noho, me te tūnga wawao. Kua whakawhanakehia e te tūāpapa GIS he pātengi raraunga mamati e whakauru ana i ngā paparanga rohe i ngā taumata kāinga, rohe, rohe me te kawanatanga. Ka tohua ngā wāhi katoa o ngā whare mā te whakamahi i ngā paparanga tohu GIS taumata-kāinga, ā, ka honoa, ka whakahoutia hoki ō rātou mōhiohio āhuatanga. I ia wāhi whare, i aromatawaihia te mōrearea i runga i te HT, te ngoikore o te kawe patu pepeke, me te tūnga IRS (Ripanga 1) [11, 26, 29, 30]. Kātahi ka hurihia ngā wāhi tauwāhi katoa o ngā whare ki ngā mapi kaupapa mā te whakamahi i te taumaha tawhiti whakamuri (IDW; taumira i runga i te rohe whare toharite o te 6 m2, mana 2, te maha pumau o ngā pūwāhi e karapoti ana = 10, mā te whakamahi i te radius rapu taurangi, te tātari paahitanga iti). me te mahere porowhita) hangarau whakauru ā-wāhi [35]. E rua ngā momo mapi mōrearea ā-wāhi kaupapa i hangaia: ngā mapi kaupapa e hangai ana ki te HT me ngā mapi kaupapa e pā ana ki te aro o te kawe patu pepeke me te tūnga IRS (ISV me IRSS). I whakakotahihia ngā mahere mōrearea kaupapa e rua mā te whakamahi i te tātari taumaha [36]. I roto i tēnei tukanga, i whakarōpūhia anō ngā paparanga raster ki ngā akomanga manakohanga whānui mō ngā taumata mōrearea rerekē (arā, teitei, waenga, me te iti/kore mōrearea). I whakareatia ia paparanga raster kua whakarōpūhia anō ki te taumaha i tohaina ki a ia i runga i te hiranga whanaunga o ngā tawhā e tautoko ana i te nui o te namu (i runga i te horapa i roto i ngā kāinga rangahau, ngā wāhi whakatipu namu, me te whanonga okiokinga me te whāngai) [26, 29]. , 30, 37]. I taumahahia ngā mahere mōrearea kaupapa e rua ki te 50:50 i te mea he ōrite te takoha ki te nui o te namu (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S2). Mā te whakarapopoto i ngā mahere kaupapa taumaha, ka hangaia he mahere mōrearea whakakotahi whakamutunga, ā, ka whakaatuhia ki runga i te tūāpapa GIS. Ka whakaatuhia, ka whakaahuahia hoki te mahere mōrearea whakamutunga i runga i ngā uara Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
I roto i te tātai, ko P te uara taupū mōrearea, ko L te uara mōrearea whānui mō te wāhi o ia whare, ā, ko H te uara mōrearea teitei rawa atu mō tētahi whare i te rohe rangahau. I whakarite mātou, ā, i mahi i ngā paparanga GIS me te tātari mā te whakamahi i te ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) hei waihanga mahere mōrearea.
I whakahaerehia e mātou ngā tātaritanga whakatautau maha hei tirotiro i ngā pānga whakakotahi o te HT, ISV, me te IRSS (e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i te Ripanga 1) ki ngā kiato waeroa whare (n = 24). Ko ngā āhuatanga whare me ngā āhuatanga mōrearea i runga i te wawaotanga IRS i tuhia i roto i te rangahau i whakaarohia hei taurangi whakamārama, ā, i whakamahia te kiato waeroa hei taurangi urupare. I whakahaerehia ngā tātaritanga whakatautau Poisson Univariate mō ia taurangi whakamārama e pā ana ki te kiato namu onepu. I te wā o te tātaritanga univariate, i tangohia ngā taurangi kāore i te nui, ā, he nui ake te uara P i te 15% i te tātaritanga whakatautau maha. Hei tirotiro i ngā taunekeneke, i whakaurua ngā kupu taunekeneke mō ngā huinga katoa o ngā taurangi nui (i kitea i roto i te tātaritanga univariate) i te wā kotahi ki te tātaritanga whakatautau maha, ā, i tangohia ngā kupu kāore i te nui mai i te tauira i roto i te huarahi taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa hei hanga i te tauira whakamutunga.
I whakahaerehia te aromatawai mōrearea taumata-whare i roto i ngā huarahi e rua: te aromatawai mōrearea taumata-whare me te aromatawai ā-wāhi ngātahi o ngā wāhi mōrearea i runga i te mapi. I whakatauhia ngā whakatau tata mōrearea taumata-whare mā te whakamahi i te tātari hononga i waenga i ngā whakatau tata mōrearea whare me te kiato o ngā namu onepu (i kohia mai i ngā whare tiaki e 6 me ngā whare wawaotanga e 6; wiki i mua atu me muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS). I whakatauhia ngā rohe mōrearea ā-wāhi mā te whakamahi i te maha toharite o ngā waeroa i kohia mai i ngā whare rerekē, ā, i whakaritea i waenga i ngā rōpū mōrearea (arā, ngā rohe mōrearea iti, waenga me te teitei). I roto i ia rauna IRS, 12 ngā whare (4 ngā whare i ia taumata e toru o ngā rohe mōrearea; ka whakahaerehia ngā kohikohinga pō i ia 2, 4, me te 12 wiki i muri i te IRS) i tīpakohia matapōkeretia hei kohikohi waeroa hei whakamātautau i te mapi mōrearea whānui. Ko ngā raraunga whare kotahi (arā, HT, VSI, IRSS me te kiato toharite o ngā waeroa) i whakamahia hei whakamātautau i te tauira whakatau tata whakamutunga. I whakahaerehia he tātari hononga ngāwari i waenga i ngā tirohanga mara me ngā kiato waeroa whare i matapaetia e te tauira.
I tatauhia ngā tatauranga whakaahuatanga pēnei i te toharite, te iti rawa, te mōrahi, ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95% (CI) me ngā ōrau hei whakarāpopoto i ngā raraunga pepeke me ngā raraunga e pā ana ki te IRS. Te maha/kiato toharite me te matenga o ngā pepeke hiriwa (ngā toenga kaihoko patu pepeke) mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau tawhā [whakamātautau-t tauira takirua (mō ngā raraunga tohatoha noa)] me ngā whakamātautau kore-tawhā (Wilcoxon signed ranking) hei whakatairite i te whai huatanga i waenga i ngā momo mata i roto i ngā kāinga (arā, BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, me te whakamātautau CPLC vs. PMP) mō ngā raraunga kore-tohatoha noa). I mahia ngā tātaritanga katoa mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
I tatauhia te kapinga o ngā whare i roto i ngā kāinga wawao i te wā o ngā rauna DDT me te SP a te IRS. E 205 ngā whare katoa i whiwhi i te IRS i ia rauna, tae atu ki te 179 ngā whare (87.3%) i te rauna DDT me te 194 ngā whare (94.6%) i te rauna SP mō te whakahaere i te mate urutā VL. Ko te ōwehenga o ngā whare i tino rongoatia ki ngā patupatu he nui ake i te wā o te SP-IRS (86.3%) i te wā o te DDT-IRS (52.7%). Ko te maha o ngā whare i kōwhiri kia kaua e uru ki te IRS i te wā o te DDT he 26 (12.7%), ā, ko te maha o ngā whare i kōwhiri kia kaua e uru ki te IRS i te wā o te SP he 11 (5.4%). I ngā rauna DDT me te SP, ko te maha o ngā whare i rēhitatia he 71 (34.6% o ngā whare katoa i rongoatia) me te 17 ngā whare (8.3% o ngā whare katoa i rongoatia).
E ai ki ngā aratohu ātete ki ngā patu pepeke a te WHO, ko te taupori parāoa hiriwa i te wāhi i wawaotia he tino pāngia e te alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) nā te mea ko te toharite o te mate i pūrongohia i te wā o te whakamātautau (24 hāora) he 100%. Ko te auau hinga i kitea he 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%). Mō te DDT, ko te auau hinga i te 24 hāora he 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), ā, ko te toharite o te mate whakamātautau hiko he 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua kua tino ātete ngā parāoa hiriwa ki te DDT i te wāhi i wawaotia ai.
I roto i te ripanga, e whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 3 i ngā hua o te tātaritanga koiora o ngā koeko mō ngā momo mata rerekē (ngā wā rerekē i muri i te IRS) i maimoatia ki te DDT me te SP. I whakaatuhia e ā mātou raraunga i muri i ngā hāora 24, ko ngā patu pepeke e rua (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t(2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (mō te DDT-IRS me te BUU) CPLC: t(2)= − 5.86, P = 0.03 me te PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC me te PMP: t(2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 me te SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; kua heke haere ngā reiti mate i roto i te wā. Mō te SP-IRS: 2 wiki i muri i te rehu mō ngā momo pakitara katoa (arā, 95.6% katoa) me 4 wiki i muri i te rehu mō ngā pakitara CPLC anake (arā, 82.5). I roto i te rōpū DDT, i raro tonu i te 70% te mate mō ngā momo pakitara katoa i ngā wā katoa i muri i te whakamātautau koiora IRS. Ko te toharite o ngā reiti mate whakamātautau mō te DDT me te SP i muri i ngā wiki 12 o te rehu he 25.1% me te 63.2%, ia. mō ngā momo mata e toru, ko te toharite o ngā reiti mate teitei rawa atu me te DDT he 61.1% (mō te PMP 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 36.9% (mō te CPLC 4 wiki i muri i te IRS), me te 28.9% (mō te CPLC 4 wiki i muri i te IRS). Ko ngā reiti iti rawa he 55% (mō te BUU, 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 32.5% (mō te PMP, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS) me te 20% (mō te PMP, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS); US IRS). Mō SP, ko te toharite o ngā reiti mate mō ngā momo mata katoa he 97.2% (mō CPLC, 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 82.5% (mō CPLC, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS), me te 67.5% (mō CPLC, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS). 12 wiki i muri i te IRS). US IRS). wiki i muri i te IRS); ko ngā reiti iti rawa ko 94.4% (mō BUU, 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 75% (mō PMP, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS), me te 58.3% (mō PMP, 12 wiki i muri i te IRS). Mō ngā patupatu pepeke e rua, he tere ake te rerekētanga o te mate i runga i ngā mata i rongoatia ki te PMP i roto i ngā wā roa atu i runga i ngā mata i rongoatia ki te CPLC me te BUU.
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 4 i ngā pānga wawaotanga (arā, ngā panonitanga i muri i te IRS ki te nui o ngā namu) o ngā rauna IRS e hangai ana ki te DDT me te SP (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S1). Mō te DDT-IRS, ko te ōrau whakahekenga o ngā pītara waewae hiriwa i muri i te wā IRS he 34.1% (i te 2 wiki), 25.9% (i te 4 wiki), me te 14.1% (i te 12 wiki). Mō te SP-IRS, ko ngā reiti whakahekenga he 90.5% (i te 2 wiki), 66.7% (i te 4 wiki), me te 55.6% (i te 12 wiki). Ko ngā whakahekenga nui rawa atu o te nui o ngā kōura hiriwa i roto i ngā whare tiaki i ngā wā pūrongo DDT me te SP IRS he 2.8% (i te 2 wiki) me te 49.1% (i te 2 wiki), ia. I te wā SP-IRS, he rite tonu te hekenga (i mua atu, ā, i muri mai) o ngā manu pīrere puku mā i roto i ngā whare rehu (t(2)= – 9.09, P < 0.001) me ngā whare tiaki (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33). He teitei ake i te DDT-IRS i ngā wā katoa e 3 i muri i te IRS. Mō ngā patupatu e rua, i piki ake te nui o ngā pepeke hiriwa i roto i ngā whare tiaki 12 wiki i muri i te IRS (arā, 3.6% me te 9.9% mō te SP me te DDT). I te wā o te SP me te DDT whai muri i ngā hui a te IRS, 112 me te 161 ngā kōura hiriwa i kohia mai i ngā pāmu tiaki.
Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te mātotoru o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i ngā rōpū whare (arā, te rehu me te kaitiaki: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; te rehu me te mana whakahaere: t(2) = – 2.03, P = 0.18; te kaitiaki me te mana whakahaere: i roto i ngā wiki IRS i muri i te DDT, t(2) = − 0.59, P = 0.62). He rerekē, i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te mātotoru o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i te rōpū rehu me te rōpū whakahaere (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) me i waenga i te rōpū rehu me te rōpū whakahaere (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05). IRS i ētahi wiki i muri i te SP. Mō te SP-IRS, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā whānau kaitiaki me te mana whakahaere (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 i te toharite o ngā kikī o te pāpaka puku hiriwa i kitea i ngā pāmu i tukinotia katoatia, ā, i tukinotia wāhangatia hoki ki ngā wira IRS. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i ngā kikī o ngā pāpaka i whakahaeretia katoatia i waenga i ngā whare i whakahaeretia katoatia, ā, i whakahaeretia wāhangatia hoki (te toharite 7.3 me te 2.7 mō ia mahanga/pō). DDT-IRS me SP-IRS, ia), ā, ko ētahi whare i rehuhia ki ngā patu pepeke e rua (te toharite 7.5 me te 4.4 mō ia pō mō te DDT-IRS me te SP-IRS, ia) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P > 0.2). Heoi, he rerekētanga nui ngā kikī o te pāpaka hiriwa i roto i ngā pāmu i rehuhia katoatia, ā, i rehuhia wāhangatia hoki i waenga i ngā rauna SP me te DDT IRS (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Te whakatau tata i te matotorutanga toharite o ngā pepeke haunga pakau hiriwa i roto i ngā whare i rongoatia katoatia, me ngā whare i rongoatia hapatia i te kāinga o Mahanar, Lavapur, i roto i ngā wiki e 2 i mua i te IRS me ngā wiki e 2, 4 me te 12 i muri i ngā rauna IRS, DDT me SP.
I whakawhanakehia he mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi whānui (te kāinga o Lavapur Mahanar; te horahanga katoa: 26,723 km2) hei tautuhi i ngā rohe mōrearea ā-wāhi iti, waenga me te teitei hei aroturuki i te putanga mai me te aranga ake o ngā kōura hiriwa i mua atu me ētahi wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS (Pikitia 3, 4). . . Ko te kaute mōrearea teitei rawa atu mō ngā whare i te wā i hangaia ai te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi i whakatauria ko "12" (arā, "8" mō ngā mahere mōrearea e hangai ana ki te HT me te "4" mō ngā mahere mōrearea e hangai ana ki te VSI me te IRSS). Ko te kaute mōrearea iti rawa i tatauhia ko "kore" "kāore he mōrearea" engari mō ngā mahere DDT-VSI me te IRSS he kaute iti rawa ko te 1. I whakaatuhia e te mahere mōrearea e hangai ana ki te HT he rohe nui (arā, 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) o te kāinga o Lavapur Mahanar he rohe mōrearea nui te wāhi e tino tūpono ana ngā kainoho ki te tūtaki me te puta anō mai o ngā waeroa. He rerekē te whānuitanga o te rohe i waenga i te rohe teitei (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), waenga (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) me te rohe iti/kore mōrearea (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) (t (2) = 12.7, P < 0.05) i waenga i ngā kauwhata mōrearea o te DDT me te SP-IS me te IRSS (Pikitia 3, 4). I whakaatuhia e te mahere mōrearea whakakotahi whakamutunga i whakawhanakehia he pai ake ngā kaha tiaki a te SP-IRS i te DDT-IRS puta noa i ngā taumata katoa o ngā rohe mōrearea HT. I heke te rohe mōrearea teitei mō te HT ki raro iho i te 7% (1837.3 km2) i muri i te SP-IRS, ā, ko te nuinga o te rohe (arā, 53.6%) i noho hei rohe mōrearea iti. I te wā o te DDT-IRS, ko te ōrau o ngā wāhi mōrearea nui me ngā wāhi mōrearea iti i aromatawaitia e te mahere mōrearea whakakotahi ko 35.5% (9498.1 km2) me 16.2% (4342.4 km2), ia. Ko ngā kiato o ngā namu onepu i inehia i roto i ngā whare i rongoatia me ngā whare tiaki i mua atu me ētahi wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS i tuhia, ā, i whakaaturia ki runga i tētahi mahere mōrearea whakakotahi mō ia rauna o te IRS (arā, te DDT me te SP) (Pikitia 3, 4). He pai te ōritenga i waenga i ngā kaute mōrearea o te whare me te toharite o ngā kiato o ngā kōura hiriwa i tuhia i mua atu me muri i te IRS (Pikitia 5). Ko ngā uara R2 (P < 0.05) o te tātaritanga ōrite i tatauhia mai i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS ko: 0.78 2 wiki i mua i te DDT, 0.81 2 wiki i muri i te DDT, 0.78 4 wiki i muri i te DDT, 0.83 i muri i te DDT- DDT 12 wiki, ko te Tapeke DDT i muri i te SP ko 0.85, 0.82 2 wiki i mua i te SP, 0.38 2 wiki i muri i te SP, 0.56 4 wiki i muri i te SP, 0.81 12 wiki i muri i te SP me te 0.79 2 wiki i muri i te SP whānui (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S3). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te pānga o te wawaotanga SP-IRS ki ngā HT katoa i roto i ngā wiki e 4 i muri i te IRS. Kāore i whai hua te DDT-IRS mō ngā HT katoa i ngā wā katoa i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS. Ko ngā hua o te aromatawai mara o te rohe mahere mōrearea whakauru kua whakarāpopototia ki te Ripanga 5. Mō ngā rauna IRS, ko te nui toharite o ngā kōura puku hiriwa me te ōrau o te nui katoa i ngā rohe mōrearea nui (arā, >55%) he teitei ake i ngā rohe mōrearea iti me te mōrearea waenga i ngā wā katoa i muri i te IRS. Ko ngā wāhi o ngā whānau pepeke (arā, ko ērā i tīpakohia mō te kohikohinga waeroa) kua maheretia, ā, kua whakaaturia ki te Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S2.
E toru ngā momo mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS (arā, HT, IS me IRSS me te huinga o HT, IS me IRSS) hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi mōrearea o ngā pepeke haunga i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te DDT-IRS i te kāinga o Mahnar, Lavapur, rohe o Vaishali (Bihar).
E toru ngā momo mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS (arā, HT, IS me IRSS me te huinga o HT, IS me IRSS) hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi mōrearea mō te kōura hiriwa (ki te whakataurite ki a Kharbang)
I tatauhia te pānga o te DDT-(a, c, e, g, i) me te SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) ki ngā taumata rerekē o ngā rōpū mōrearea momo whare mā te whakatau tata i te "R2" i waenga i ngā mōrearea whare. Te whakatau tata i ngā tohu whare me te matotoru toharite o te P. argentipes 2 wiki i mua i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS me te 2, 4 me te 12 wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS i te kāinga o Lavapur Mahnar, rohe o Vaishali, Bihar.
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 6 i ngā hua o te tātaritanga kotahi-taurangi o ngā āhuatanga mōrearea katoa e pā ana ki te matotoru o te kiriuhi. I kitea he hononga nui ngā āhuatanga mōrearea katoa (n = 6) ki te matotoru o te namu whare. I kitea ko te taumata hiranga o ngā taurangi katoa e tika ana i whakaputa i ngā uara P iti iho i te 0.15. Nō reira, i puritia ngā taurangi whakamārama katoa mō te tātaritanga whakatautau maha. I hangaia te huinga tino pai o te tauira whakamutunga i runga i ngā āhuatanga mōrearea e rima: TF, TW, DS, ISV, me te IRSS. E whakarārangi ana te Ripanga 7 i ngā taipitopito o ngā tawhā i tīpakohia i roto i te tauira whakamutunga, me ngā ōwehenga tūpono kua whakatikatikaina, ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95% (CI), me ngā uara P. He tino hiranga te tauira whakamutunga, me te uara R2 o 0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
I tangohia a TR mai i te tauira whakamutunga nā te mea he iti rawa te hiranga (P = 0.46) me ngā taurangi whakamārama kē atu. I whakamahia te tauira kua whakawhanakehia hei matapae i te maha o ngā namu onepu i runga i ngā raraunga mai i ngā whare rerekē e 12. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua whakamana he hononga kaha i waenga i te maha o ngā namu i kitea i te mara me te maha o ngā namu i matapaetia e te tauira (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
Ko te whāinga kia whakakorea te VL mai i ngā whenua e noho puku ana i Īnia i te tau 2020 [10]. Mai i te tau 2012, kua nui te ahunga whakamua a Īnia ki te whakaiti i te auau me te mate o te VL [10]. Ko te whakawhiti mai i te DDT ki te SP i te tau 2015 he huringa nui i roto i te hītori o te IRS i Bihar, Īnia [38]. Hei mārama ki te mōrearea ā-wāhi o te VL me te nui o ōna kaikawe, he maha ngā rangahau taumata-nui kua mahia. Heoi, ahakoa kua nui haere te aro ki te tohatoha ā-wāhi o te horapa o te VL puta noa i te motu, he iti noa ngā rangahau kua mahia i te taumata moroiti. Heoi anō, i te taumata moroiti, he iti ake te ōrite o ngā raraunga, ā, he uaua ake te tātari me te mārama. Ki tā mātou e mōhio ana, ko tēnei rangahau te pūrongo tuatahi hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga toenga me te pānga wawaotanga o te IRS mā te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke DDT me te SP i waenga i ngā HT i raro i te Kaupapa Whakahaere Vector VL ā-Motu i Bihar (Īnia). Koinei hoki te ngana tuatahi ki te whakawhanake i tētahi mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi me te tauira tātaritanga kiato namu hei whakaatu i te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā namu i te tauine moroiti i raro i ngā tikanga wawaotanga a te IRS.
I whakaatuhia e ā mātou hua he nui te whakamahinga o te SP-IRS i roto i ngā whare katoa, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā whare i tukatukahia katoatia. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te whakamātautau koiora he tino tairongo ngā namu onepu hiriwa i te kāinga rangahau ki te beta-cypermethrin engari he iti iho ki te DDT. Ko te reiti mate toharite o te kōura hiriwa mai i te DDT he iti iho i te 50%, e tohu ana i te taumata teitei o te ātete ki te DDT. He rite tēnei ki ngā hua o ngā rangahau o mua i mahia i ngā wā rerekē i roto i ngā kāinga rerekē o ngā whenua VL o Īnia, tae atu ki a Bihar [8,9,39,40]. Haunga te tairongo ki ngā patu pepeke, he kōrero nui anō hoki te whai huatanga toenga o ngā patu pepeke me ngā pānga o te wawaotanga. He mea nui te roa o ngā pānga toenga mō te huringa hōtaka. Ka whakatau i ngā wā i waenga i ngā rauna o te IRS kia noho tiakina ai te taupori tae noa ki te rehu e whai ake nei. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te whakamātautau koiora kōne he rerekētanga nui o te mate i waenga i ngā momo mata pakitara i ngā wā rerekē i muri i te IRS. Ko te mate i runga i ngā mata i tukinotia ki te DDT i raro tonu i te taumata pai o te WHO (arā, ≥80%), engari i runga i ngā pakitara i tukinotia ki te SP, i noho pai te mate tae noa ki te wiki tuawhā i muri i te IRS; Mai i ēnei hua, e mārama ana ahakoa he tino pāngia ngā kōura hiriwa e kitea ana i te rohe rangahau e te SP, he rerekē te whai huatanga toenga o te SP i runga i te HT. Pērā i te DDT, kāore hoki te SP e tutuki i te roanga o te whai huatanga kua tohua i roto i ngā aratohu a te WHO [41, 42]. Tērā pea nā te ngoikore o te whakatinanatanga o te IRS (arā, te neke i te papu i te tere tika, te tawhiti mai i te pakitara, te tere tuku me te rahi o ngā pata wai me ō rātou whakatakotoranga ki te pakitara) tēnei kore whai huatanga), me te whakamahinga kore whakaaro nui o ngā patu pepeke (arā, te whakarite otinga) [11,28,43]. Heoi, nā te mea i whakahaerehia tēnei rangahau i raro i te aroturukitanga me te mana whakahaere tino kaha, ko tētahi atu take mō te kore e tutuki i te rā paunga i tūtohutia e te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao ko te kounga o te SP (arā, te ōrau o te matū hohe, "AI" rānei) e hanga ana i te QC.
I roto i ngā momo mata e toru i whakamahia hei aromatawai i te pumau o ngā patu pepeke, i kitea he rerekētanga nui o te mate i waenga i te BUU me te CPLC mō ngā patu pepeke e rua. Ko tētahi atu kitenga hou ko te whakaatu a te CPLC i te mahi toenga pai ake i roto i te nuinga o ngā wā i muri i te rehu, ā, i muri mai ko ngā mata BUU me te PMP. Heoi, i ngā wiki e rua i muri i te IRS, i tuhia e te PMP te reiti mate teitei rawa atu me te tuarua teitei rawa atu mai i te DDT me te SP. E whakaatu ana tēnei hua kāore te patu pepeke i whakatakotoria ki runga i te mata o te PMP e mau tonu mō te wā roa. Ko tēnei rerekētanga o te whai huatanga o ngā toenga patu pepeke i waenga i ngā momo pakitara ka puta pea i ngā take maha, pērā i te hanganga o ngā matū pakitara (te pikinga o te pH ka tere te pakaru o ētahi patu pepeke), te tere mimiti (teitei ake i runga i ngā pakitara oneone), te wātea o te pirau huakita me te tere o te pirau o ngā rauemi pakitara, tae atu ki te pāmahana me te haumākū [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. E tautoko ana ā mātou hua i ētahi atu rangahau mō te whai huatanga toenga o ngā mata i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke ki ngā momo kawe mate [45, 46, 50, 51].
I whakaatuhia e ngā whakatau tata mō te whakahekenga o ngā waeroa i roto i ngā whare i rongoatia he nui ake te whai huatanga o te SP-IRS i te DDT-IRS ki te whakahaere i ngā waeroa i ngā wā katoa i muri i te IRS (P < 0.001). Mō ngā rauna SP-IRS me te DDT-IRS, ko ngā reiti hekenga mō ngā whare i rongoatia mai i te 2 ki te 12 wiki he 55.6-90.5% me te 14.1-34.1%, ia. I whakaatuhia hoki e ēnei hua he pānga nui ki te nui o te P. argentipes i roto i ngā whare tiaki i roto i ngā wiki e 4 o te whakatinanatanga o te IRS; i piki ake ngā waeroa i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS 12 wiki i muri i te IRS; Heoi, kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te maha o ngā waeroa i roto i ngā whare tiaki i waenga i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS (P = 0.33). Ko ngā hua mai i ngā tātaritanga tatauranga o te kikī o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i ngā rōpū whare i ia rauna kāore hoki i whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te DDT puta noa i ngā rōpū whare e whā (arā, te rehu vs. kaitiaki; te rehu vs. mana; te kaitiaki vs. mana; te katoa vs. wāhanga). ). E rua ngā rōpū whānau IRS me SP-IRS (arā, te kaitiaki vs. te mana whakahaere me te katoa vs. te wāhanga). Heoi, i kitea ngā rerekētanga nui o te matotoru o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i ngā rauna DDT me SP-IRS i roto i ngā pāmu rehu wāhanga me te katoa. Ko tēnei kitenga, me te meka i tatauhia ngā pānga wawaotanga i ngā wā maha i muri i te IRS, e kī ana he whai hua te SP mō te whakahaere namu i roto i ngā kāinga kua rongoatia wāhanga, kua rongoatia katoatia rānei, engari kāore i rongoatia. Heoi, ahakoa kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te maha o ngā namu i roto i ngā whare kaitiaki i waenga i ngā rauna DDT-IRS me SP IRS, ko te toharite o ngā namu i kohia i te rauna DDT-IRS he iti ake i te rauna SP-IRS. .He nui ake te rahinga i te rahinga. E kī ana tēnei hua ko te patu ngarara tairongo-wector me te kapinga IRS teitei rawa atu i roto i te taupori whare ka pā pea ki te whakahaere namu i roto i ngā whare kāore i rehuhia. E ai ki ngā hua, he pai ake te pānga ārai a te SP ki ngā ngau namu i te DDT i ngā rā tuatahi i muri i te IRS. Hei tāpiritanga, nō te rōpū SP te alpha-cypermethrin, he whakapataritari pā, he paitini tika ki ngā waeroa, ā, he pai mō te IRS [51, 52]. Koinei pea tētahi o ngā take matua he iti noa te pānga o te alpha-cypermethrin ki ngā puni. I kitea e tētahi atu rangahau [52] ahakoa i whakaatuhia e te alpha-cypermethrin ngā urupare o nāianei me ngā reiti knockdown teitei i roto i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga me ngā whare iti, kāore te matū i whakaputa i tētahi urupare ārai i roto i ngā waeroa i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga whakahaeretia. kāpata. paetukutuku.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, e toru ngā momo mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi i whakawhanakehia; I aromatawaihia ngā whakatau tata mōrearea ā-wāhi taumata-whare me te taumata-rohe mā roto i ngā tirohanga mara o ngā kikī o te kōura hiriwa. I whakaatuhia e te tātari i ngā rohe mōrearea i runga i te HT ko te nuinga o ngā rohe kāinga (>78%) o Lavapur-Mahanara kei te taumata teitei rawa o te mōrearea o te puta me te puta anō o te namu onepu. Koinei pea te take matua i tino rongonui ai a Rawalpur Mahanar VL. I kitea ko te ISV whānui me te IRSS, me te mahere mōrearea whakamutunga, he iti ake te ōrau o ngā rohe kei raro i ngā rohe mōrearea nui i te wā o te rauna SP-IRS (engari ehara i te rauna DDT-IRS). I muri i te SP-IRS, i hurihia ngā rohe nui o ngā rohe mōrearea nui me te taurite i runga i te GT ki ngā rohe mōrearea iti (arā, 60.5%; ngā whakatau tata mahere mōrearea), e tata ana ki te whā ngā wā iti iho (16.2%) i te DDT. – Kei runga i te tūtohi mōrearea putea IRS i runga ake nei te āhuatanga. E whakaatu ana tēnei hua ko te IRS te kōwhiringa tika mō te whakahaere namu, engari ko te nui o te tiakitanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o te patu ngarara, te aro (ki te kaikawe ūnga), te whakaaetia (i te wā o te IRS) me tōna whakamahinga;
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua aromatawai mōrearea o te whare he pai te ōritetanga (P < 0.05) i waenga i ngā whakatau tata mōrearea me te mātotoru o ngā kōura waewae hiriwa i kohia mai i ngā whare rerekē. E whakaatu ana tēnei he pai ngā tawhā mōrearea o te whare kua tautuhia me ā rātou kaute mōrearea kāwai mō te whakatau tata i te nui o ngā kōura hiriwa o te rohe. Ko te uara R2 o te tātari whakaaetanga DDT i muri i te IRS he ≥ 0.78, he rite, he nui ake rānei i te uara i mua i te IRS (arā, 0.78). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he whai hua te DDT-IRS i ngā rohe mōrearea HT katoa (arā, teitei, waenga, me te iti). Mō te rauna SP-IRS, i kitea e mātou he rerekē te uara o te R2 i te wiki tuarua me te tuawhā i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS, tata rite tonu ngā uara e rua wiki i mua i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS me te 12 wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS; E whakaatu ana tēnei hua i te pānga nui o te pānga o te SP-IRS ki ngā waeroa, i whakaatu i te ia hekenga me te wā i muri i te IRS. Kua whakamāramahia, kua kōrerohia hoki te pānga o te SP-IRS i ngā upoko o mua.
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te arotakenga mara o ngā rohe mōrearea o te mapi kua whakakotahihia, i te wā o te rauna IRS, ko te maha rawa o ngā kōura hiriwa i kohia i roto i ngā rohe mōrearea nui (arā, >55%), ā, i muri mai ko ngā rohe mōrearea waenga me te iti. Hei whakarāpopototanga, kua whakamātauhia te aromatawai mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS hei taputapu whakatau whai hua mō te kohikohi i ngā paparanga rerekē o ngā raraunga ā-wāhi takitahi, i te whakakotahi rānei, hei tautuhi i ngā rohe mōrearea o te rere onepu. Mā te mapi mōrearea kua whakawhanakehia ka whakaratohia he māramatanga whānui mō ngā āhuatanga i mua me muri i te wawaotanga (arā, te momo whare, te tūnga IRS, me ngā pānga wawaotanga) i roto i te rohe rangahau e hiahia ana kia mahi tonu, kia whakapai ake rānei, inā koa i te taumata moroiti. He āhuatanga tino rongonui. Inaa, he maha ngā rangahau kua whakamahi i ngā taputapu GIS hei mahere i te mōrearea o ngā wāhi whakaputa uri me te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā mate i te taumata whānui [24, 26, 37].
I aromatawaihia ngā āhuatanga whare me ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ngā wawaotanga e ahu mai ana i te IRS hei whakamahi i roto i ngā tātaritanga kiato o te kōura hiriwa. Ahakoa i hono nui ngā āhuatanga e ono (arā, TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, me te IRSS) ki te nui o te kōura hiriwa i roto i ngā tātaritanga kotahi, kotahi anake o rātou i tīpakohia i roto i te tauira whakatautau maha whakamutunga mai i te rima. E whakaatu ana ngā hua he pai ngā āhuatanga whakahaere herehere me ngā āhuatanga wawaotanga o te IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, me ētahi atu i roto i te rohe rangahau mō te aroturuki i te putanga mai, te whakaoranga me te whakaputa uri o te kōura hiriwa. I roto i te tātaritanga whakatautau maha, kāore i kitea he mea nui te TR, nō reira kāore i tīpakohia i roto i te tauira whakamutunga. He tino nui te tauira whakamutunga, me ngā tawhā i tīpakohia e whakamārama ana i te 89% o te kiato o te kōura hiriwa. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua tika o te tauira he hononga kaha i waenga i te kiato o te kōura hiriwa i matapaetia me te kitea. E tautoko ana hoki ā mātou hua i ngā rangahau o mua i kōrero mō ngā āhuatanga mōrearea ōhanga-ōhanga me te whare e pā ana ki te horapa o te VL me te tohatoha ā-wāhi o te kawe i te taiwhenua o Bihar [15, 29].
I roto i tēnei rangahau, kāore mātou i arotake i te whakatakotoranga o ngā patu pepeke ki ngā pakitara i rehuhia me te kounga (arā) o te patu pepeke i whakamahia mō te IRS. Ka pāngia te mate o ngā waeroa me te whai huatanga o ngā wawaotanga IRS e ngā rerekētanga o te kounga me te rahinga o ngā patu pepeke. Nō reira, ko te whakatau tata i te mate i waenga i ngā momo mata me ngā pānga wawaotanga i waenga i ngā rōpū whare ka rerekē pea i ngā hua tuturu. Ma te whakaaro ki ēnei kōrero, ka taea te whakarite i tētahi rangahau hou. Ko te aromatawai i te rohe katoa e mōrearea ana (mā te whakamahi i te mahere mōrearea GIS) o ngā kāinga rangahau kei roto ko ngā rohe tuwhera i waenga i ngā kāinga, e awe ana i te whakarōpūtanga o ngā rohe mōrearea (arā, te tautuhi i ngā rohe) ā, ka toro atu ki ngā rohe mōrearea rerekē; Heoi, i whakahaerehia tēnei rangahau i te taumata moroiti, nō reira he iti noa te pānga o te whenua takoto kau ki te whakarōpūtanga o ngā rohe mōrearea; Hei tāpiri, mā te tautuhi me te aromatawai i ngā rohe mōrearea rerekē i roto i te rohe katoa o te kāinga ka taea te whakarato i tētahi whai wāhitanga ki te whiriwhiri i ngā rohe mō te hanganga whare hou a meake nei (ina koa te whiriwhiri i ngā rohe iti-morearea). I te nuinga, ko ngā hua o tēnei rangahau e whakarato ana i ngā momo mōhiohio kāore anō kia akohia i te taumata moroiti i mua. Ko te mea nui, mā te whakaaturanga ā-wāhi o te mapi mōrearea o te kāinga ka āwhina i te tautuhi me te whakarōpū i ngā whare noho i ngā wāhi mōrearea rerekē, ki te whakaritea ki ngā rangahau whenua tuku iho, he māmā noa iho tēnei tikanga, he watea, he whai hua te utu, ā, he iti ake te mahi e hiahiatia ana, e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio ki ngā kaiwhakatau.
E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua kua whanake te ātete o ngā ika hiriwa taketake o te kāinga rangahau (arā, he tino ātete) ki te DDT, ā, i kitea tonutia te putanga mai o ngā waeroa i muri i te IRS; Ko te Alpha-cypermethrin te mea tika mō te whakahaere a te IRS i ngā kawe VL nā te mea he 100% te mate me te pai ake o te whai huatanga o te wawaotanga ki ngā waeroa hiriwa, me te pai ake o te whakaae a te hapori ki te whakataurite ki te DDT-IRS. Heoi, i kitea e mātou he rerekē te mate o ngā waeroa i runga i ngā pakitara i tukinotia ki te SP i runga i te momo mata; i kitea te iti o te whai huatanga toenga, ā, kāore i tutuki te wā i tūtohutia e te WHO i muri i te IRS. He pai te tīmatanga o tēnei rangahau mō te kōrero, ā, me whai atu rangahau ki ngā hua hei tautuhi i ngā pūtake tūturu. I whakaatuhia e te tika o te matapae o te tauira tātaritanga kiato o ngā ngārara onepu ka taea te whakamahi i te huinga o ngā āhuatanga whare, te aro o ngā ngārara ki ngā kawe me te tūnga IRS ki te whakatau tata i ngā kiato o ngā ngārara onepu i roto i ngā kāinga noho whenua VL i Bihar. E whakaatu ana hoki tā mātou rangahau he taputapu whai hua te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS (taumata nui) hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi mōrearea hei aroturuki i te putanga mai me te putanga mai anō o ngā puranga onepu i mua me muri i ngā hui a te IRS. Hei tāpiritanga, mā ngā mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi ka mārama whānuitia te whānuitanga me te āhua o ngā wāhi mōrearea i ngā taumata rerekē, e kore nei e taea te ako mā roto i ngā rangahau ā-marae tuku iho me ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga tuku iho. Ka taea e ngā mōhiohio mōrearea ā-wāhi iti i kohia mā roto i ngā mahere GIS te āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā kairangahau hauora tūmatanui ki te whakawhanake me te whakatinana i ngā rautaki whakahaere hou (arā, te wawaotanga kotahi, te whakahaere whārite whakauru rānei) kia tae atu ki ngā rōpū whare rerekē i runga i te āhua o ngā taumata mōrearea. Hei tāpiritanga, ka āwhina te mahere mōrearea ki te arotau i te tohatoha me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi whakahaere i te wā tika me te wāhi tika hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te kaupapa.
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Wā tuku: Mei-20-2024