Ko te rehu toenga o roto (IRS) te kaupapa matua o ngā mahi whakahaere i ngā kawe huaketo visceral leishmaniasis (VL) i Inia. Kāore i te tino mōhiotia te pānga o ngā whakahaere a te IRS ki ngā momo whare rerekē. I konei ka arotakehia e mātou mēnā he rite tonu ngā pānga toenga me ngā pānga wawaotanga o te IRS e whakamahi ana i ngā patu pepeke mō ngā momo whare katoa i roto i te kāinga. I whakawhanakehia hoki e mātou he mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi me ngā tauira tātaritanga kiato namu i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te whare, te aro ki ngā patu pepeke, me te tūnga IRS hei tirotiro i te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā kawe huaketo i te taumata moroiti.
I whakahaerehia te rangahau i roto i ngā kāinga e rua o te poraka Mahnar i te rohe o Vaishali o Bihar. I arotakehia te whakahaere i ngā kawe VL (P. argentipes) e te IRS mā te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke e rua [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) me ngā pyrethroid hangai (SP 5%)]. I aromatawaihia te whai huatanga toenga wā o ngā patu pepeke i runga i ngā momo pakitara rerekē mā te whakamahi i te tikanga cone bioassay e ai ki te taunakitanga a te World Health Organization. I tirotirohia te aro o ngā ika hiriwa taketake ki ngā patu pepeke mā te whakamahi i te in vitro bioassay. I aroturukitia ngā kiato waeroa i mua me muri i te IRS i roto i ngā whare noho me ngā whare tiaki kararehe mā te whakamahi i ngā mahanga mārama i tāutahia e te Centers for Disease Control mai i te 6:00 pm ki te 6:00 am. I whakawhanakehia te tauira pai rawa atu mō te tātari kiato waeroa mā te whakamahi i te tātari whakatauranga logistic maha. I whakamahia te hangarau tātari ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS hei mahere i te tohatoha o te aro o ngā patu pepeke e hangai ana ki te momo whare, ā, i whakamahia te mana IRS whare hei whakamārama i te tohatoha ā-wāhi wā o ngā kōura hiriwa.
He tino pāngia ngā waeroa hiriwa e te SP (100%), engari he nui te ātete ki te DDT, me te reiti mate o te 49.1%. I kīia he pai ake te manakohia o te SP-IRS e te marea i te DDT-IRS i roto i ngā momo whare katoa. He rerekē te whai huatanga toenga puta noa i ngā mata pakitara rerekē; kāore tetahi o ngā patu pepeke i tutuki i te roanga mahi i tūtohutia e te IRS a te World Health Organization. I ngā wā katoa i muri i te IRS, he nui ake te whakahekenga o ngā pepeke haunga nā te SP-IRS i waenga i ngā rōpū whare (arā, ngā pūwero me ngā kaitiaki) i te DDT-IRS. E whakaatu ana te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi whakakotahi he pai ake te pānga whakahaere a te SP-IRS ki ngā waeroa i te DDT-IRS i roto i ngā rohe mōrearea momo whare katoa. I tautuhia e te tātaritanga whakatauranga logistic maha-taumata e rima ngā āhuatanga mōrearea e hono kaha ana ki te kiato o te kōura hiriwa.
Mā ngā hua ka pai ake te māramatanga ki ngā mahi a te IRS mō te whakahaere i te visceral leishmaniasis i Bihar, ā, ka āwhina pea tēnei i ngā mahi ā muri ake nei hei whakapai ake i te āhuatanga.
Ko te Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), e mōhiotia ana ko te kala-azar, he mate urutā e horapa ana i ngā kawekaweka werawera e kore e arohia, e hua mai ana i ngā pirinoa protozoan o te momo Leishmania. I te whenua iti o Īnia (IS), ko te tangata anake te kainoho, ka horapa te pirinoa (arā, Leishmania donovani) ki te tangata mā te ngau a ngā waeroa wahine kua pangia (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2]. I Īnia, ko te VL te nuinga o te wā e kitea ana i ngā whenua e whā o waenganui me te rawhiti: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal me Uttar Pradesh. Kua pūrongohia hoki ētahi pakarutanga i Madhya Pradesh (Waenganui o Īnia), Gujarat (Te Hauāuru o Īnia), Tamil Nadu me Kerala (Tonga o Īnia), tae atu ki ngā rohe o raro o Himalayan o te raki o Īnia, tae atu ki Himachal Pradesh me Jammu me Kashmir. 3]. I roto i ngā whenua e horapa ana, he tino horapa a Bihar, e 33 ngā rohe e pāngia ana e te VL, neke atu i te 70% o ngā take katoa i Īnia i ia tau [4]. Tata ki te 99 miriona tāngata o te rohe e mōrearea ana, ā, ko te toharite o te maha o ngā mate i ia tau ko te 6,752 (2013-2017).
I Bihar me ētahi atu wāhi o Īnia, e toru ngā rautaki matua e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mahi whakahaere VL: te kimi wawe i ngā take, te maimoatanga whai hua, me te whakahaere i ngā pepeke mā te whakamahi i te rehu patu pepeke o roto (IRS) i roto i ngā kāinga me ngā whare tiaki kararehe [4, 5]. Hei pānga taha o ngā kaupapa ārai mate malaria, i angitu te whakahaere a te IRS i te VL i ngā tau 1960 mā te whakamahi i te dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), ā, i angitu te whakahaere kaupapa i te VL i te tau 1977 me te 1992 [5, 6]. Heoi, kua whakaūhia e ngā rangahau hou kua horapa te ātete o ngā kōura puku hiriwa ki te DDT [4,7,8]. I te tau 2015, i whakawhiti te Kaupapa Whakahaere Mate Vector Borne National (NVBDCP, New Delhi) i te IRS mai i te DDT ki ngā pyrethroids hangai (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9]. Kua whakatakoto te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHO) i tētahi whāinga kia whakakorea te VL i te tau 2020 (arā, <1 take mō ia 10,000 tāngata ia tau i te taumata tiriti/poraka) [10]. He maha ngā rangahau kua whakaatu he pai ake te IRS i ētahi atu tikanga whakahaere kawe i roto i te whakaiti i te kiato o ngā namu onepu [11,12,13]. E matapaetia ana hoki e tētahi tauira hou i roto i ngā horopaki mate urutā teitei (arā, te reiti mate urutā i mua i te whakahaere o te 5/10,000), ka taea e tētahi IRS whai hua e kapi ana i te 80% o ngā whare te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga whakakore i te tau kotahi ki te toru i mua atu [14]. Ka pā te VL ki ngā hapori taiwhenua rawakore rawa atu i ngā rohe mate urutā, ā, ko tā rātou whakahaere kawe e whakawhirinaki ana ki te IRS anake, engari ko te pānga toenga o tēnei mehua whakahaere ki ngā momo whare rerekē kāore anō kia akohia i te mara i ngā rohe wawaotanga [15, 16]. Hei tāpiri, i muri i te mahi kaha ki te whawhai ki te VL, i roa te mate urutā i ētahi kāinga mō ētahi tau, ā, ka huri hei wāhi wera [17]. Nō reira, me aromatawai i te pānga toenga o te IRS ki te aroturukitanga kiato o ngā namu i roto i ngā momo whare rerekē. Hei tāpiritanga, mā te mahere mōrearea ā-whenua iti rawa ka āwhina i te mārama ake me te whakahaere i ngā taupori waeroa ahakoa kua oti te wawaotanga. Ko ngā pūnaha mōhiohio ā-whenua (GIS) he huinga o ngā hangarau mahere matihiko e āhei ai te rokiroki, te whakakikorua, te whakahaere, te tātari, te tiki me te whakaatu i ngā huinga rerekē o ngā raraunga taiao ā-whenua me te pāpori-taupori mō ngā kaupapa rerekē [18, 19, 20]. . Ka whakamahia te pūnaha tūnga ā-ao (GPS) hei ako i te tūranga ā-wāhi o ngā wāhanga o te mata o te whenua [21, 22]. Kua whakamahia ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga whakatauira ā-wāhi GIS me te GPS ki ētahi āhuatanga mate urutā, pērā i te aromatawai mate ā-wāhi me te wā me te matapae pakarutanga, te whakatinanatanga me te aromatawai i ngā rautaki whakahaere, ngā taunekeneke o ngā mate pukupuku me ngā āhuatanga taiao, me te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi. [20,23,24,25,26]. Ka taea e ngā mōhiohio i kohia me te ahu mai i ngā mahere mōrearea ā-whenua te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakahaere wā tika me te whai hua.
I aromatawaihia e tēnei rangahau te whai huatanga me te pānga o te wawaotanga DDT me te SP-IRS i te taumata whare i raro i te Kaupapa Whakahaere Werowero VL ā-Motu i Bihar, Īnia. Ko ētahi atu whāinga ko te whakawhanake i tētahi mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi me te tauira tātaritanga kiato namu i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te whare noho, te ngoikore o te kawe pepeke, me te tūnga IRS whare hei tirotiro i te hiranga o te tohatoha ā-wāhi, ā-wā rānei o ngā namu moroiti.
I whakahaerehia te rangahau i te poraka Mahnar o te rohe o Vaishali i te taha raki o te awa o Ganga (Pikitia 1). He rohe tino mate urutā a Makhnar, me te toharite o te 56.7 ngā kēhi o te VL ia tau (170 ngā kēhi i te tau 2012-2014), ko te reiti taunga ā-tau ko te 2.5–3.7 ngā kēhi mō ia 10,000 taupori; E rua ngā kāinga i tīpakohia: ko Chakeso hei wāhi whakahaere (Pikitia 1d1; kāore he kēhi o te VL i ngā tau e rima kua hipa) me Lavapur Mahanar hei wāhi mate urutā (Pikitia 1d2; tino mate urutā, me te 5, neke atu rānei ngā kēhi mō ia 1000 tāngata ia tau). i roto i ngā tau 5 kua hipa). I tīpakohia ngā kāinga i runga i ngā paearu matua e toru: te wāhi me te urunga atu (arā, kei te taha o te awa he ngāwari te urunga atu i te tau katoa), ngā āhuatanga taupori me te maha o ngā whare (arā, neke atu i te 200 ngā whare; kei Chaqueso te 202 me te 204 ngā whare me te rahi toharite o te whare). (4.9 me te 5.1 tāngata) me Lavapur Mahanar) me te momo whare (HT) me te āhua o tō rātou horapa (arā, he HT whakauru kua horapa matapōkeretia). Kei roto i te 500 m o te tāone o Makhnar me te hōhipera rohe ngā kāinga rangahau e rua. I whakaatuhia e te rangahau he tino kaha te whai wāhi a ngā kainoho o ngā kāinga rangahau ki ngā mahi rangahau. Ko ngā whare i roto i te kāinga whakangungu [kei roto ko te 1-2 ngā rūma moe me te 1 taupee piri, 1 kīhini, 1 kaukau me te 1 whare witi (piri, wehe rānei)] he pakitara pereki/paru me ngā papa adobe, ngā pakitara pereki me te raima sima parai. me ngā papa sima, ngā pakitara pereki kāore i paraitia me te kore i peitahia, ngā papa uku me te tuanui raupo. He āhuarangi hauhautanga te rohe katoa o Vaishali me te wā ua (Hōngongoi ki Ākuhata) me te wā maroke (Noema ki Tīhema). Ko te ua toharite ia tau ko te 720.4 mm (te whānuitanga o te 736.5-1076.7 mm), ko te haumākū whanaunga 65±5% (te whānuitanga o te 16-79%), ko te pāmahana toharite ia marama ko te 17.2-32.4°C. Ko Mei me Hune ngā marama mahana rawa atu (te pāmahana 39–44 °C), ko Hānuere te mea makariri rawa atu (7–22 °C).
E whakaatu ana te mahere o te rohe rangahau i te wāhi o Bihar i runga i te mahere o Īnia (a) me te wāhi o te rohe o Vaishali i runga i te mahere o Bihar (b). Poraka Makhnar (c) E rua ngā kāinga i tīpakohia mō te rangahau: ko Chakeso hei wāhi whakahaere me Lavapur Makhnar hei wāhi wawaotanga.
Hei wāhanga o te Kaupapa Whakahaere Kalaazar ā-Motu, i whakahaerehia e te Poari Hauora o te Rōpū Bihar (SHSB) ngā wāhanga e rua o te IRS ā-tau i te tau 2015 me te 2016 (te wāhanga tuatahi, Pēpuere-Maehe; te wāhanga tuarua, Hune-Hūrae)[4]. Hei whakarite i te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā mahi IRS katoa, kua whakaritea he mahere mahi iti e te Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, he apiti o te Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR; New Delhi). whare wānanga nodal. I tīpakohia ngā kāinga IRS i runga i ngā paearu matua e rua: te hītori o ngā take o te VL me te retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) i roto i te kāinga (arā, ngā kāinga he 1, neke atu rānei ngā take i roto i tētahi wā i roto i ngā tau 3 kua hipa, tae atu ki te tau i whakatinanahia ai). , ngā kāinga kore-mate urutā huri noa i ngā "wāhi wera" (arā, ngā kāinga kua pūrongo tonu i ngā take mō te ≥ 2 tau, ≥ 2 rānei ngā take mō ia 1000 tāngata) me ngā kāinga mate urutā hou (kāore he take i roto i ngā tau 3 kua hipa) ngā kāinga i te tau whakamutunga o te tau whakatinanatanga i pūrongohia i roto i te [17]. I roto i ngā kāinga tata e whakatinana ana i te rauna tuatahi o te taake ā-motu, kei roto hoki ngā kāinga hou i te rauna tuarua o te mahere mahi taake ā-motu. I te tau 2015, e rua ngā rauna o te IRS e whakamahi ana i te DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) i whakahaerehia i roto i ngā kāinga rangahau wawao. Mai i te tau 2016, kua whakahaerehia te IRS mā te whakamahi i ngā pyrethroids hangai (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2). I whakahaerehia te rehu mā te whakamahi i te papu Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) me te mata pēhanga, he takirere rere rerekē (1.5 pae) me te pūwero jet papatahi 8002 mō ngā mata porous [27]. I aroturukihia e ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) te IRS i te taumata whare me te kāinga, ā, i whakaratohia he mōhiohio tuatahi mō te IRS ki ngā tāngata o te kāinga mā roto i ngā hopuoro i roto i ngā rā tuatahi 1-2. Kei ia tīma IRS he aroturuki (i whakaratohia e RMRIMS) hei aroturuki i te mahi a te tīma IRS. Ka tukuna ngā kaiārahi tiaki, me ngā tīma IRS, ki ngā whare katoa hei whakamōhio me te whakamanawa i ngā upoko o ngā whare mō ngā hua pai o te IRS. I roto i ngā rauna e rua o ngā rangahau IRS, i eke te whānuitanga o te kapinga o ngā whare i ngā kāinga rangahau ki te 80% pea [4]. I tuhia te mana rehu (arā, kāore he rehu, he rehu hapa, me te rehu katoa; i tautuhia i roto i te Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S1) mō ngā whare katoa i te kāinga wawao i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS.
I whakahaerehia te rangahau mai i te Pipiri 2015 ki te Hōngongoi 2016. I whakamahia e te IRS ngā pokapū mate mō te aroturuki i mua i te wawaotanga (arā, 2 wiki i mua i te wawaotanga; rangahau tūāpapa) me muri i te wawaotanga (arā, 2, 4, me te 12 wiki i muri i te wawaotanga; rangahau whai muri) te aroturuki, te whakahaere i te kiato, me te aukati i ngā namu onepu i roto i ia rauna IRS. i roto i ia whare Kotahi pō (arā, mai i te 18:00 ki te 6:00) te mahanga mārama [28]. Kua tāutahia ngā mahanga mārama ki roto i ngā rūma moe me ngā whare tiaki kararehe. I te kāinga i whakahaerehia ai te rangahau wawaotanga, 48 ngā whare i whakamatautauria mō te kiato o ngā namu onepu i mua i te IRS (12 ngā whare ia rā mō ngā rā e 4 karapīpiti tae noa ki te rā i mua i te rā IRS). 12 i tīpakohia mō ia o ngā rōpū matua e whā o ngā whare (arā, te paraikete uku ma (PMP), ngā whare paraikete sima me te whakakikorua raima (CPLC), ngā whare pereki kāore i pania me te kore i peitahia (BUU) me ngā whare tuanui raupo (TH)). I muri iho, 12 noa iho ngā whare (mai i te 48 ngā whare i mua i te IRS) i whiriwhiria hei kohikohi tonu i ngā raraunga mō te nui o te namu i muri i te hui a te IRS. E ai ki ngā taunakitanga a te WHO, 6 ngā whare i whiriwhiria mai i te rōpū wawaotanga (ngā whare e whiwhi ana i te maimoatanga IRS) me te rōpū kaitiaki (ngā whare i ngā kāinga wawaotanga, ko ngā rangatira i whakakahore i te whakaaetanga a te IRS) [28]. I roto i te rōpū whakahaere (ngā whare i ngā kāinga tata kāore i whai i te IRS nā te korenga o te VL), 6 noa iho ngā whare i whiriwhiria hei aroturuki i te nui o te namu i mua me muri i ngā wā e rua a te IRS. Mō ngā rōpū aroturuki nui o te namu e toru (arā, te wawaotanga, te kaitiaki me te mana whakahaere), i whiriwhiria ngā whare mai i ngā rōpū taumata mōrearea e toru (arā, he iti, he waenga me te teitei; e rua ngā whare mai i ia taumata mōrearea) ā, i whakarōpūtia ngā āhuatanga mōrearea HT (kei te Ripanga 1 me te Ripanga 2 ngā kōwae me ngā hanganga) [29, 30]. E rua ngā whare mō ia taumata mōrearea i whiriwhiria hei karo i ngā whakatau tata mō te nui o te namu me ngā whakataurite i waenga i ngā rōpū. I roto i te rōpū wawaotanga, i aroturukitia te maha o ngā namu i muri i te IRS i roto i ngā momo whare IRS e rua: i rongoatia katoatia (n = 3; 1 whare mō ia taumata rōpū mōrearea) me te rongoatia hapa (n = 3; 1 whare mō ia taumata rōpū mōrearea). rōpū mōrearea).
I whakawhitia ngā waeroa katoa i hopukina i te mara i kohia i roto i ngā ngongo whakamātautau ki te taiwhanga, ā, i patua ngā ngongo whakamātautau mā te whakamahi i te miro i ruia ki te chloroform. I whakaingoatia ngā namu onepu hiriwa, ā, i wehea mai i ētahi atu pepeke me ngā waeroa i runga i ngā āhuatanga āhua mā te whakamahi i ngā waehere tautuhi paerewa [31]. Kātahi ka kēnehia ngā kōura hiriwa toa me te uwha katoa ki roto i te 80% waipiro. I tatauhia te kiato waeroa mō ia mahanga/pō mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei: te tapeke o ngā waeroa i kohia/te maha o ngā mahanga mārama i whakatakotoria mō ia pō. I whakatau tatahia te ōrau huringa o te nui o ngā waeroa (SFC) nā te IRS mā te whakamahi i te DDT me te SP mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei [32]:
ko A te toharite SFC tūāpapa mō ngā whare wawaotanga, ko B te toharite SFC a te IRS mō ngā whare wawaotanga, ko C te toharite SFC tūāpapa mō ngā whare mana/kaitiaki, ā, ko D te toharite SFC mō ngā whare mana/kaitiaki a te IRS.
Ko ngā hua o te pānga wawaotanga, i tuhia hei uara kino me te uara pai, e tohu ana i te hekenga me te pikinga o te SFC i muri i te IRS. Mena i noho tonu te SFC i muri i te IRS ki te SFC taketake, ka tatauhia te pānga wawaotanga hei kore.
E ai ki te Kaupapa Arotake Pesticide a te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHOPES), i aromatawaihia te aro o ngā kōura hiriwa taketake ki ngā pesticides DDT me te SP mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau koiora in vitro paerewa [33]. Ko ngā kōura hiriwa wahine hauora me ngā kōura hiriwa kāore i whāngaihia (18–25 SF ia rōpū) i tukuna ki ngā pesticides i tangohia mai i Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; i whakaritea e te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao) mā te whakamahi i te Kete Whakamātautau Aro Pesticide a te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao [4,9, 33,34]. E waru ngā whakamātautau i ia huinga whakamātautau koiora pesticides (e whā ngā whakamātautau, ia whakamātautau ka whakahaerehia i te wā kotahi me te mana whakahaere). I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau mana whakahaere mā te whakamahi i te pepa kua whakakiia ki te risella (mō te DDT) me te hinu silicone (mō te SP) i whakaratohia e te USM. I muri i te 60 meneti o te whakaurunga, i whakanohoia ngā waeroa ki roto i ngā ngongo WHO, ā, i whakaratohia ki te huruhuru miro mimiti kua rumakina ki te wairewa huka 10%. I tirohia te maha o ngā waeroa i mate i muri i te 1 haora me te matenga whakamutunga i muri i te 24 haora. E whakaahuatia ana te tūnga ātete e ai ki ngā aratohu a te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao: ko te mate o te 98–100% e tohu ana i te ngoikore, ko te 90–98% e tohu ana i te ātete pea e hiahiatia ana te whakaū, ā, ko te <90% e tohu ana i te ātete [33, 34]. Nā te mea i waenga i te 0 ki te 5% te mate i roto i te rōpū whakahaere, kāore i mahia he whakatikatika mate.
I aromatawaihia te whaihua koiora me ngā pānga toenga o ngā patu pepeke ki ngā moko taketake i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te mara. I roto i ngā whare wawaotanga e toru (kotahi me te paraikete uku noa, PMP rānei, te paraikete sima me te paninga raima, CPLC rānei, te pereki kāore i paraiketetia, kāore hoki i peitatia, BUU rānei) i te 2, 4 me te 12 wiki i muri i te rehu. I whakahaerehia he whakamātautau koiora paerewa a te WHO ki runga i ngā kōne kei roto ngā mahanga mārama. [27, 32]. Kāore i whakaurua te whakamahana whare nā te koretake o ngā pakitara. I roto i ia tātaritanga, 12 ngā kōne i whakamahia puta noa i ngā whare whakamātautau katoa (e whā ngā kōne mō ia whare, kotahi mō ia momo mata pakitara). Tāpirihia ngā kōne ki ia pakitara o te rūma i ngā teitei rerekē: kotahi i te taumata o te pane (mai i te 1.7 ki te 1.8 m), e rua i te taumata o te hope (mai i te 0.9 ki te 1 m) me tetahi i raro i te turi (mai i te 0.3 ki te 0 .5 m). Tekau ngā waeroa uha kāore i whāngaihia (10 mō ia kōne; i kohia mai i tētahi papa whakahaere mā te whakamahi i tētahi aspirator) i whakanohoia ki roto i ia rūma kōne kirihou a te WHO (kotahi te kōne mō ia momo whare) hei mana whakahaere. I muri i te 30 meneti o te pānga, tangohia marietia ngā waeroa i roto; whakamahia he pūwero kōniko hei tango i ngā waeroa mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini mimiti i te tuke, ka whakawhitia ki roto i ngā ngongo WHO kei roto ko te 10% te wairewa huka hei whāngai. Ko te mate whakamutunga i muri i ngā haora 24 i tuhia i te 27 ± 2°C me te 80 ± 10% te haumākū whanaunga. Ko ngā reiti mate me ngā kaute i waenga i te 5% me te 20% ka whakatikatikaina mā te whakamahi i te tātai Abbott [27] penei:
ko P te mate kua whakatikatikaina, ko P1 te ōrau mate kua kitea, ā, ko C te ōrau mate whakahaere. Ko ngā whakamātautau me te mate whakahaere >20% i whakarērea, ā, i whakahaerehia anō [27, 33].
I whakahaerehia he rangahau whānui mō ngā whare i roto i te kāinga wawao. I tuhia te tauwāhi GPS o ia whare me tōna momo hoahoa me te momo rauemi, te whare noho, me te tūnga wawao. Kua whakawhanakehia e te tūāpapa GIS he pātengi raraunga mamati e whakauru ana i ngā paparanga rohe i ngā taumata kāinga, rohe, rohe me te kawanatanga. Ka tohua ngā wāhi katoa o ngā whare mā te whakamahi i ngā paparanga tohu GIS taumata-kāinga, ā, ka honoa, ka whakahoutia hoki ō rātou mōhiohio āhuatanga. I ia wāhi whare, i aromatawaihia te mōrearea i runga i te HT, te ngoikore o te kawe patu pepeke, me te tūnga IRS (Ripanga 1) [11, 26, 29, 30]. Kātahi ka hurihia ngā wāhi tauwāhi katoa o ngā whare ki ngā mapi kaupapa mā te whakamahi i te taumaha tawhiti whakamuri (IDW; taumira i runga i te rohe whare toharite o te 6 m2, mana 2, te maha pumau o ngā pūwāhi e karapoti ana = 10, mā te whakamahi i te radius rapu taurangi, te tātari paahitanga iti). me te mahere porowhita) hangarau whakauru ā-wāhi [35]. E rua ngā momo mapi mōrearea ā-wāhi kaupapa i hangaia: ngā mapi kaupapa e hangai ana ki te HT me ngā mapi kaupapa e pā ana ki te aro o te kawe patu pepeke me te tūnga IRS (ISV me IRSS). I whakakotahihia ngā mahere mōrearea kaupapa e rua mā te whakamahi i te tātari taumaha [36]. I roto i tēnei tukanga, i whakarōpūhia anō ngā paparanga raster ki ngā akomanga manakohanga whānui mō ngā taumata mōrearea rerekē (arā, teitei, waenga, me te iti/kore mōrearea). I whakareatia ia paparanga raster kua whakarōpūhia anō ki te taumaha i tohaina ki a ia i runga i te hiranga whanaunga o ngā tawhā e tautoko ana i te nui o te namu (i runga i te horapa i roto i ngā kāinga rangahau, ngā wāhi whakatipu namu, me te whanonga okiokinga me te whāngai) [26, 29]. , 30, 37]. I taumahahia ngā mahere mōrearea kaupapa e rua ki te 50:50 i te mea he ōrite te takoha ki te nui o te namu (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S2). Mā te whakarapopoto i ngā mahere kaupapa taumaha, ka hangaia he mahere mōrearea whakakotahi whakamutunga, ā, ka whakaatuhia ki runga i te tūāpapa GIS. Ka whakaatuhia, ka whakaahuahia hoki te mahere mōrearea whakamutunga i runga i ngā uara Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
I roto i te tātai, ko P te uara taupū mōrearea, ko L te uara mōrearea whānui mō te wāhi o ia whare, ā, ko H te uara mōrearea teitei rawa atu mō tētahi whare i te rohe rangahau. I whakarite mātou, ā, i mahi i ngā paparanga GIS me te tātari mā te whakamahi i te ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, USA) hei waihanga mahere mōrearea.
I whakahaerehia e mātou ngā tātaritanga whakatautau maha hei tirotiro i ngā pānga whakakotahi o te HT, ISV, me te IRSS (e ai ki te whakaahuatanga i te Ripanga 1) ki ngā kiato waeroa whare (n = 24). Ko ngā āhuatanga whare me ngā āhuatanga mōrearea i runga i te wawaotanga IRS i tuhia i roto i te rangahau i whakaarohia hei taurangi whakamārama, ā, i whakamahia te kiato waeroa hei taurangi urupare. I whakahaerehia ngā tātaritanga whakatautau Poisson Univariate mō ia taurangi whakamārama e pā ana ki te kiato namu onepu. I te wā o te tātaritanga univariate, i tangohia ngā taurangi kāore i te nui, ā, he uara P neke atu i te 15% i te tātaritanga whakatautau maha. Hei tirotiro i ngā taunekeneke, i whakaurua ngā kupu taunekeneke mō ngā huinga katoa o ngā taurangi nui (i kitea i roto i te tātaritanga univariate) i te wā kotahi ki te tātaritanga whakatautau maha, ā, i tangohia ngā kupu kāore i te nui mai i te tauira i roto i te huarahi taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa hei hanga i te tauira whakamutunga.
I whakahaerehia te aromatawai mōrearea taumata-whare i roto i ngā huarahi e rua: te aromatawai mōrearea taumata-whare me te aromatawai ā-wāhi ngātahi o ngā wāhi mōrearea i runga i te mapi. I whakatauhia ngā whakatau tata mōrearea taumata-whare mā te whakamahi i te tātari hononga i waenga i ngā whakatau tata mōrearea whare me te kiato o ngā namu onepu (i kohia mai i ngā whare tiaki e 6 me ngā whare wawaotanga e 6; wiki i mua atu me muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS). I whakatauhia ngā rohe mōrearea ā-wāhi mā te whakamahi i te maha toharite o ngā waeroa i kohia mai i ngā whare rerekē, ā, i whakaritea i waenga i ngā rōpū mōrearea (arā, ngā rohe mōrearea iti, waenga me te teitei). I roto i ia rauna IRS, 12 ngā whare (4 ngā whare i ia taumata e toru o ngā rohe mōrearea; ka whakahaerehia ngā kohikohinga pō i ia 2, 4, me te 12 wiki i muri i te IRS) i tīpakohia matapōkeretia hei kohikohi waeroa hei whakamātautau i te mapi mōrearea whānui. Ko ngā raraunga whare kotahi (arā, HT, VSI, IRSS me te kiato toharite o ngā waeroa) i whakamahia hei whakamātautau i te tauira whakatau tata whakamutunga. I whakahaerehia he tātari hononga ngāwari i waenga i ngā tirohanga mara me ngā kiato waeroa whare i matapaetia e te tauira.
I tatauhia ngā tatauranga whakaahuatanga pēnei i te toharite, te iti rawa, te mōrahi, ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95% (CI) me ngā ōrau hei whakarāpopoto i ngā raraunga pepeke me ngā raraunga e pā ana ki te IRS. Te maha/kiato toharite me te matenga o ngā pepeke hiriwa (ngā toenga kaihoko patu pepeke) mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau tawhā [whakamātautau-t tauira takirua (mō ngā raraunga tohatoha noa)] me ngā whakamātautau kore-tawhā (Wilcoxon signed ranking) hei whakatairite i te whai huatanga i waenga i ngā momo mata i roto i ngā kāinga (arā, BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, me te whakamātautau CPLC vs. PMP) mō ngā raraunga kore-tohatoha noa). I mahia ngā tātaritanga katoa mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
I tatauhia te kapinga o ngā whare i roto i ngā kāinga wawao i te wā o ngā rauna DDT me te SP a te IRS. E 205 ngā whare katoa i whiwhi i te IRS i ia rauna, tae atu ki te 179 ngā whare (87.3%) i te rauna DDT me te 194 ngā whare (94.6%) i te rauna SP mō te whakahaere i te mate urutā VL. Ko te ōwehenga o ngā whare i tino rongoatia ki ngā patupatu he nui ake i te wā o te SP-IRS (86.3%) i te wā o te DDT-IRS (52.7%). Ko te maha o ngā whare i kōwhiri kia kaua e uru ki te IRS i te wā o te DDT he 26 (12.7%), ā, ko te maha o ngā whare i kōwhiri kia kaua e uru ki te IRS i te wā o te SP he 11 (5.4%). I ngā rauna DDT me te SP, ko te maha o ngā whare i rēhitatia he 71 (34.6% o ngā whare katoa i rongoatia) me te 17 ngā whare (8.3% o ngā whare katoa i rongoatia).
E ai ki ngā aratohu ātete ki ngā patu pepeke a te WHO, ko te taupori parāoa hiriwa i te wāhi i wawaotia he tino pāngia e te alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) nā te mea ko te toharite o te mate i pūrongohia i te wā o te whakamātautau (24 hāora) he 100%. Ko te auau hinga i kitea he 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%). Mō te DDT, ko te auau hinga i te 24 hāora he 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), ā, ko te toharite o te mate whakamātautau hiko he 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua kua tino ātete ngā parāoa hiriwa ki te DDT i te wāhi i wawaotia ai.
I roto i te ripanga, e whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 3 i ngā hua o te tātaritanga koiora o ngā koeko mō ngā momo mata rerekē (ngā wā rerekē i muri i te IRS) i maimoatia ki te DDT me te SP. I whakaatuhia e ā mātou raraunga i muri i ngā hāora 24, ko ngā patu pepeke e rua (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t(2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (mō te DDT-IRS me te BUU) CPLC: t(2)= − 5.86, P = 0.03 me te PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC me te PMP: t(2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 me te SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; kua heke haere ngā reiti mate i roto i te wā. Mō te SP-IRS: 2 wiki i muri i te rehu mō ngā momo pakitara katoa (arā, 95.6% katoa) me 4 wiki i muri i te rehu mō ngā pakitara CPLC anake (arā, 82.5). I roto i te rōpū DDT, i raro tonu i te 70% te mate mō ngā momo pakitara katoa i ngā wā katoa i muri i te whakamātautau koiora IRS. Ko te toharite o ngā reiti mate whakamātautau mō te DDT me te SP i muri i ngā wiki 12 o te rehu he 25.1% me te 63.2%, ia. mō ngā momo mata e toru, ko te toharite o ngā reiti mate teitei rawa atu me te DDT he 61.1% (mō te PMP 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 36.9% (mō te CPLC 4 wiki i muri i te IRS), me te 28.9% (mō te CPLC 4 wiki i muri i te IRS). Ko ngā reiti iti rawa he 55% (mō te BUU, 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 32.5% (mō te PMP, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS) me te 20% (mō te PMP, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS); US IRS). Mō SP, ko te toharite o ngā reiti mate mō ngā momo mata katoa he 97.2% (mō CPLC, 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 82.5% (mō CPLC, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS), me te 67.5% (mō CPLC, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS). 12 wiki i muri i te IRS). US IRS). wiki i muri i te IRS); ko ngā reiti iti rawa ko 94.4% (mō BUU, 2 wiki i muri i te IRS), 75% (mō PMP, 4 wiki i muri i te IRS), me te 58.3% (mō PMP, 12 wiki i muri i te IRS). Mō ngā patupatu pepeke e rua, he tere ake te rerekētanga o te mate i runga i ngā mata i rongoatia ki te PMP i roto i ngā wā roa atu i runga i ngā mata i rongoatia ki te CPLC me te BUU.
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 4 i ngā pānga wawaotanga (arā, ngā panonitanga i muri i te IRS ki te nui o ngā namu) o ngā rauna IRS e hangai ana ki te DDT me te SP (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S1). Mō te DDT-IRS, ko te ōrau whakahekenga o ngā pītara waewae hiriwa i muri i te wā IRS he 34.1% (i te 2 wiki), 25.9% (i te 4 wiki), me te 14.1% (i te 12 wiki). Mō te SP-IRS, ko ngā reiti whakahekenga he 90.5% (i te 2 wiki), 66.7% (i te 4 wiki), me te 55.6% (i te 12 wiki). Ko ngā whakahekenga nui rawa atu o te nui o ngā kōura hiriwa i roto i ngā whare tiaki i ngā wā pūrongo DDT me te SP IRS he 2.8% (i te 2 wiki) me te 49.1% (i te 2 wiki), ia. I te wā SP-IRS, he rite tonu te hekenga (i mua atu, ā, i muri mai) o ngā manu pīrere puku mā i roto i ngā whare rehu (t(2)= – 9.09, P < 0.001) me ngā whare tiaki (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33). He teitei ake i te DDT-IRS i ngā wā katoa e 3 i muri i te IRS. Mō ngā patupatu e rua, i piki ake te nui o ngā pepeke hiriwa i roto i ngā whare tiaki 12 wiki i muri i te IRS (arā, 3.6% me te 9.9% mō te SP me te DDT). I te wā o te SP me te DDT whai muri i ngā hui a te IRS, 112 me te 161 ngā kōura hiriwa i kohia mai i ngā pāmu tiaki.
Kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te mātotoru o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i ngā rōpū whare (arā, te rehu me te kaitiaki: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; te rehu me te mana whakahaere: t(2) = – 2.03, P = 0.18; te kaitiaki me te mana whakahaere: i roto i ngā wiki IRS i muri i te DDT, t(2) = − 0.59, P = 0.62). He rerekē, i kitea he rerekētanga nui i roto i te mātotoru o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i te rōpū rehu me te rōpū whakahaere (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) me i waenga i te rōpū rehu me te rōpū whakahaere (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05). IRS i ētahi wiki i muri i te SP. Mō te SP-IRS, kāore i kitea he rerekētanga nui i waenga i ngā whānau kaitiaki me te mana whakahaere (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68). E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2 i te toharite o ngā kikī o te pāpaka puku hiriwa i kitea i ngā pāmu i tukinotia katoatia, ā, i tukinotia wāhangatia hoki ki ngā wira IRS. Kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i ngā kikī o ngā pāpaka i whakahaeretia katoatia i waenga i ngā whare i whakahaeretia katoatia, ā, i whakahaeretia wāhangatia hoki (te toharite 7.3 me te 2.7 mō ia mahanga/pō). DDT-IRS me SP-IRS, ia), ā, ko ētahi whare i rehuhia ki ngā patu pepeke e rua (te toharite 7.5 me te 4.4 mō ia pō mō te DDT-IRS me te SP-IRS, ia) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P > 0.2). Heoi, he rerekētanga nui ngā kikī o te pāpaka hiriwa i roto i ngā pāmu i rehuhia katoatia, ā, i rehuhia wāhangatia hoki i waenga i ngā rauna SP me te DDT IRS (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Te whakatau tata i te matotorutanga toharite o ngā pepeke haunga pakau hiriwa i roto i ngā whare i rongoatia katoatia, me ngā whare i rongoatia hapatia i te kāinga o Mahanar, Lavapur, i roto i ngā wiki e 2 i mua i te IRS me ngā wiki e 2, 4 me te 12 i muri i ngā rauna IRS, DDT me SP.
I whakawhanakehia he mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi whānui (te kāinga o Lavapur Mahanar; te horahanga katoa: 26,723 km2) hei tautuhi i ngā rohe mōrearea ā-wāhi iti, waenga me te teitei hei aroturuki i te putanga mai me te aranga ake o ngā kōura hiriwa i mua atu me ētahi wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS (Pikitia 3, 4). . . Ko te kaute mōrearea teitei rawa atu mō ngā whare i te wā i hangaia ai te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi i whakatauria ko "12" (arā, "8" mō ngā mahere mōrearea e hangai ana ki te HT me te "4" mō ngā mahere mōrearea e hangai ana ki te VSI me te IRSS). Ko te kaute mōrearea iti rawa i tatauhia ko "kore" "kāore he mōrearea" engari mō ngā mahere DDT-VSI me te IRSS he kaute iti rawa ko te 1. I whakaatuhia e te mahere mōrearea e hangai ana ki te HT he rohe nui (arā, 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) o te kāinga o Lavapur Mahanar he rohe mōrearea nui te wāhi e tino tūpono ana ngā kainoho ki te tūtaki me te puta anō mai o ngā waeroa. He rerekē te whānuitanga o te rohe i waenga i te rohe teitei (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), waenga (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) me te rohe iti/kore mōrearea (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) (t (2) = 12.7, P < 0.05) i waenga i ngā kauwhata mōrearea o te DDT me te SP-IS me te IRSS (Pikitia 3, 4). I whakaatuhia e te mahere mōrearea whakakotahi whakamutunga i whakawhanakehia he pai ake ngā kaha tiaki a te SP-IRS i te DDT-IRS puta noa i ngā taumata katoa o ngā rohe mōrearea HT. I heke te rohe mōrearea teitei mō te HT ki raro iho i te 7% (1837.3 km2) i muri i te SP-IRS, ā, ko te nuinga o te rohe (arā, 53.6%) i noho hei rohe mōrearea iti. I te wā o te DDT-IRS, ko te ōrau o ngā wāhi mōrearea nui me ngā wāhi mōrearea iti i aromatawaitia e te mahere mōrearea whakakotahi ko 35.5% (9498.1 km2) me 16.2% (4342.4 km2), ia. Ko ngā kiato o ngā namu onepu i inehia i roto i ngā whare i rongoatia me ngā whare tiaki i mua atu me ētahi wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS i tuhia, ā, i whakaaturia ki runga i tētahi mahere mōrearea whakakotahi mō ia rauna o te IRS (arā, te DDT me te SP) (Pikitia 3, 4). He pai te ōritenga i waenga i ngā kaute mōrearea o te whare me te toharite o ngā kiato o ngā kōura hiriwa i tuhia i mua atu me muri i te IRS (Pikitia 5). Ko ngā uara R2 (P < 0.05) o te tātaritanga ōrite i tatauhia mai i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS ko: 0.78 2 wiki i mua i te DDT, 0.81 2 wiki i muri i te DDT, 0.78 4 wiki i muri i te DDT, 0.83 i muri i te DDT- DDT 12 wiki, ko te Tapeke DDT i muri i te SP ko 0.85, 0.82 2 wiki i mua i te SP, 0.38 2 wiki i muri i te SP, 0.56 4 wiki i muri i te SP, 0.81 12 wiki i muri i te SP me te 0.79 2 wiki i muri i te SP whānui (Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Ripanga S3). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te pānga o te wawaotanga SP-IRS ki ngā HT katoa i roto i ngā wiki e 4 i muri i te IRS. Kāore i whai hua te DDT-IRS mō ngā HT katoa i ngā wā katoa i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS. Ko ngā hua o te aromatawai mara o te rohe mahere mōrearea whakauru kua whakarāpopototia ki te Ripanga 5. Mō ngā rauna IRS, ko te nui toharite o ngā kōura puku hiriwa me te ōrau o te nui katoa i ngā rohe mōrearea nui (arā, >55%) he teitei ake i ngā rohe mōrearea iti me te mōrearea waenga i ngā wā katoa i muri i te IRS. Ko ngā wāhi o ngā whānau pepeke (arā, ko ērā i tīpakohia mō te kohikohinga waeroa) kua maheretia, ā, kua whakaaturia ki te Kōnae Tāpiri 1: Pikitia S2.
E toru ngā momo mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS (arā, HT, IS me IRSS me te huinga o HT, IS me IRSS) hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi mōrearea o ngā pepeke haunga i mua atu, ā, i muri mai i te DDT-IRS i te kāinga o Mahnar, Lavapur, rohe o Vaishali (Bihar).
E toru ngā momo mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS (arā, HT, IS me IRSS me te huinga o HT, IS me IRSS) hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi mōrearea mō te kōura hiriwa (ki te whakataurite ki a Kharbang)
I tatauhia te pānga o te DDT-(a, c, e, g, i) me te SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) ki ngā taumata rerekē o ngā rōpū mōrearea momo whare mā te whakatau tata i te "R2" i waenga i ngā mōrearea whare. Te whakatau tata i ngā tohu whare me te matotoru toharite o te P. argentipes 2 wiki i mua i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS me te 2, 4 me te 12 wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS i te kāinga o Lavapur Mahnar, rohe o Vaishali, Bihar.
E whakarāpopoto ana te Ripanga 6 i ngā hua o te tātaritanga kotahi-taurangi o ngā āhuatanga mōrearea katoa e pā ana ki te matotoru o te kiriuhi. I kitea he hononga nui ngā āhuatanga mōrearea katoa (n = 6) ki te matotoru o te namu whare. I kitea ko te taumata hiranga o ngā taurangi katoa e tika ana i whakaputa i ngā uara P iti iho i te 0.15. Nō reira, i puritia ngā taurangi whakamārama katoa mō te tātaritanga whakatautau maha. I hangaia te huinga tino pai o te tauira whakamutunga i runga i ngā āhuatanga mōrearea e rima: TF, TW, DS, ISV, me te IRSS. E whakarārangi ana te Ripanga 7 i ngā taipitopito o ngā tawhā i tīpakohia i roto i te tauira whakamutunga, me ngā ōwehenga tūpono kua whakatikatikaina, ngā wā whakawhirinaki 95% (CI), me ngā uara P. He tino hiranga te tauira whakamutunga, me te uara R2 o 0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
I tangohia a TR mai i te tauira whakamutunga nā te mea he iti rawa te hiranga (P = 0.46) me ngā taurangi whakamārama kē atu. I whakamahia te tauira kua whakawhanakehia hei matapae i te maha o ngā namu onepu i runga i ngā raraunga mai i ngā whare rerekē e 12. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua whakamana he hononga kaha i waenga i te maha o ngā namu i kitea i te mara me te maha o ngā namu i matapaetia e te tauira (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
Ko te whāinga kia whakakorea te VL mai i ngā whenua e noho puku ana i Īnia i te tau 2020 [10]. Mai i te tau 2012, kua nui te ahunga whakamua a Īnia ki te whakaiti i te auau me te mate o te VL [10]. Ko te whakawhiti mai i te DDT ki te SP i te tau 2015 he huringa nui i roto i te hītori o te IRS i Bihar, Īnia [38]. Hei mārama ki te mōrearea ā-wāhi o te VL me te nui o ōna kaikawe, he maha ngā rangahau taumata-nui kua mahia. Heoi, ahakoa kua nui haere te aro ki te tohatoha ā-wāhi o te horapa o te VL puta noa i te motu, he iti noa ngā rangahau kua mahia i te taumata moroiti. Heoi anō, i te taumata moroiti, he iti ake te ōrite o ngā raraunga, ā, he uaua ake te tātari me te mārama. Ki tā mātou e mōhio ana, ko tēnei rangahau te pūrongo tuatahi hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga toenga me te pānga wawaotanga o te IRS mā te whakamahi i ngā patu pepeke DDT me te SP i waenga i ngā HT i raro i te Kaupapa Whakahaere Vector VL ā-Motu i Bihar (Īnia). Koinei hoki te ngana tuatahi ki te whakawhanake i tētahi mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi me te tauira tātaritanga kiato namu hei whakaatu i te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā namu i te tauine moroiti i raro i ngā tikanga wawaotanga a te IRS.
I whakaatuhia e ā mātou hua he nui te whakamahinga o te SP-IRS i roto i ngā whare katoa, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā whare i tukatukahia katoatia. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te whakamātautau koiora he tino tairongo ngā namu onepu hiriwa i te kāinga rangahau ki te beta-cypermethrin engari he iti iho ki te DDT. Ko te reiti mate toharite o te kōura hiriwa mai i te DDT he iti iho i te 50%, e tohu ana i te taumata teitei o te ātete ki te DDT. He rite tēnei ki ngā hua o ngā rangahau o mua i mahia i ngā wā rerekē i roto i ngā kāinga rerekē o ngā whenua VL o Īnia, tae atu ki a Bihar [8,9,39,40]. Haunga te tairongo ki ngā patu pepeke, he kōrero nui anō hoki te whai huatanga toenga o ngā patu pepeke me ngā pānga o te wawaotanga. He mea nui te roa o ngā pānga toenga mō te huringa hōtaka. Ka whakatau i ngā wā i waenga i ngā rauna o te IRS kia noho tiakina ai te taupori tae noa ki te rehu e whai ake nei. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te whakamātautau koiora kōne he rerekētanga nui o te mate i waenga i ngā momo mata pakitara i ngā wā rerekē i muri i te IRS. Ko te mate i runga i ngā mata i tukinotia ki te DDT i raro tonu i te taumata pai o te WHO (arā, ≥80%), engari i runga i ngā pakitara i tukinotia ki te SP, i noho pai te mate tae noa ki te wiki tuawhā i muri i te IRS; Mai i ēnei hua, e mārama ana ahakoa he tino pāngia ngā kōura hiriwa e kitea ana i te rohe rangahau e te SP, he rerekē te whai huatanga toenga o te SP i runga i te HT. Pērā i te DDT, kāore hoki te SP e tutuki i te roanga o te whai huatanga kua tohua i roto i ngā aratohu a te WHO [41, 42]. Tērā pea nā te ngoikore o te whakatinanatanga o te IRS (arā, te neke i te papu i te tere tika, te tawhiti mai i te pakitara, te tere tuku me te rahi o ngā pata wai me ō rātou whakatakotoranga ki te pakitara) tēnei kore whai huatanga), me te whakamahinga kore whakaaro nui o ngā patu pepeke (arā, te whakarite otinga) [11,28,43]. Heoi, nā te mea i whakahaerehia tēnei rangahau i raro i te aroturukitanga me te mana whakahaere tino kaha, ko tētahi atu take mō te kore e tutuki i te rā paunga i tūtohutia e te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao ko te kounga o te SP (arā, te ōrau o te matū hohe, "AI" rānei) e hanga ana i te QC.
I roto i ngā momo mata e toru i whakamahia hei aromatawai i te pumau o ngā patu pepeke, i kitea he rerekētanga nui o te mate i waenga i te BUU me te CPLC mō ngā patu pepeke e rua. Ko tētahi atu kitenga hou ko te whakaatu a te CPLC i te mahi toenga pai ake i roto i te nuinga o ngā wā i muri i te rehu, ā, i muri mai ko ngā mata BUU me te PMP. Heoi, i ngā wiki e rua i muri i te IRS, i tuhia e te PMP te reiti mate teitei rawa atu me te tuarua teitei rawa atu mai i te DDT me te SP. E whakaatu ana tēnei hua kāore te patu pepeke i whakatakotoria ki runga i te mata o te PMP e mau tonu mō te wā roa. Ko tēnei rerekētanga o te whai huatanga o ngā toenga patu pepeke i waenga i ngā momo pakitara ka puta pea i ngā take maha, pērā i te hanganga o ngā matū pakitara (te pikinga o te pH ka tere te pakaru o ētahi patu pepeke), te tere mimiti (teitei ake i runga i ngā pakitara oneone), te wātea o te pirau huakita me te tere o te pirau o ngā rauemi pakitara, tae atu ki te pāmahana me te haumākū [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. E tautoko ana ā mātou hua i ētahi atu rangahau mō te whai huatanga toenga o ngā mata i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke ki ngā momo kawe mate [45, 46, 50, 51].
I whakaatuhia e ngā whakatau tata mō te whakahekenga o ngā waeroa i roto i ngā whare i rongoatia he nui ake te whai huatanga o te SP-IRS i te DDT-IRS ki te whakahaere i ngā waeroa i ngā wā katoa i muri i te IRS (P < 0.001). Mō ngā rauna SP-IRS me te DDT-IRS, ko ngā reiti hekenga mō ngā whare i rongoatia mai i te 2 ki te 12 wiki he 55.6-90.5% me te 14.1-34.1%, ia. I whakaatuhia hoki e ēnei hua he pānga nui ki te nui o te P. argentipes i roto i ngā whare tiaki i roto i ngā wiki e 4 o te whakatinanatanga o te IRS; i piki ake ngā waeroa i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS 12 wiki i muri i te IRS; Heoi, kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te maha o ngā waeroa i roto i ngā whare tiaki i waenga i ngā rauna e rua o te IRS (P = 0.33). Ko ngā hua mai i ngā tātaritanga tatauranga o te kikī o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i ngā rōpū whare i ia rauna kāore hoki i whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga nui i roto i te DDT puta noa i ngā rōpū whare e whā (arā, te rehu vs. kaitiaki; te rehu vs. mana; te kaitiaki vs. mana; te katoa vs. wāhanga). ). E rua ngā rōpū whānau IRS me SP-IRS (arā, te kaitiaki vs. te mana whakahaere me te katoa vs. te wāhanga). Heoi, i kitea ngā rerekētanga nui o te matotoru o te kōura hiriwa i waenga i ngā rauna DDT me SP-IRS i roto i ngā pāmu rehu wāhanga me te katoa. Ko tēnei kitenga, me te meka i tatauhia ngā pānga wawaotanga i ngā wā maha i muri i te IRS, e kī ana he whai hua te SP mō te whakahaere namu i roto i ngā kāinga kua rongoatia wāhanga, kua rongoatia katoatia rānei, engari kāore i rongoatia. Heoi, ahakoa kāore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te maha o ngā namu i roto i ngā whare kaitiaki i waenga i ngā rauna DDT-IRS me SP IRS, ko te toharite o ngā namu i kohia i te rauna DDT-IRS he iti ake i te rauna SP-IRS. .He nui ake te rahinga i te rahinga. E kī ana tēnei hua ko te patu ngarara tairongo-wector me te kapinga IRS teitei rawa atu i roto i te taupori whare ka pā pea ki te whakahaere namu i roto i ngā whare kāore i rehuhia. E ai ki ngā hua, he pai ake te pānga ārai a te SP ki ngā ngau namu i te DDT i ngā rā tuatahi i muri i te IRS. Hei tāpiritanga, nō te rōpū SP te alpha-cypermethrin, he whakapataritari pā, he paitini tika ki ngā waeroa, ā, he pai mō te IRS [51, 52]. Koinei pea tētahi o ngā take matua he iti noa te pānga o te alpha-cypermethrin ki ngā puni. I kitea e tētahi atu rangahau [52] ahakoa i whakaatuhia e te alpha-cypermethrin ngā urupare o nāianei me ngā reiti knockdown teitei i roto i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga me ngā whare iti, kāore te matū i whakaputa i tētahi urupare ārai i roto i ngā waeroa i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga whakahaeretia. kāpata. paetukutuku.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, e toru ngā momo mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi i whakawhanakehia; I aromatawaihia ngā whakatau tata mōrearea ā-wāhi taumata-whare me te taumata-rohe mā roto i ngā tirohanga mara o ngā kikī o te kōura hiriwa. I whakaatuhia e te tātari i ngā rohe mōrearea i runga i te HT ko te nuinga o ngā rohe kāinga (>78%) o Lavapur-Mahanara kei te taumata teitei rawa o te mōrearea o te puta me te puta anō o te namu onepu. Koinei pea te take matua i tino rongonui ai a Rawalpur Mahanar VL. I kitea ko te ISV whānui me te IRSS, me te mahere mōrearea whakamutunga, he iti ake te ōrau o ngā rohe kei raro i ngā rohe mōrearea nui i te wā o te rauna SP-IRS (engari ehara i te rauna DDT-IRS). I muri i te SP-IRS, i hurihia ngā rohe nui o ngā rohe mōrearea nui me te taurite i runga i te GT ki ngā rohe mōrearea iti (arā, 60.5%; ngā whakatau tata mahere mōrearea), e tata ana ki te whā ngā wā iti iho (16.2%) i te DDT. – Kei runga i te tūtohi mōrearea putea IRS i runga ake nei te āhuatanga. E whakaatu ana tēnei hua ko te IRS te kōwhiringa tika mō te whakahaere namu, engari ko te nui o te tiakitanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kounga o te patu ngarara, te aro (ki te kaikawe ūnga), te whakaaetia (i te wā o te IRS) me tōna whakamahinga;
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua aromatawai mōrearea o te whare he pai te ōritetanga (P < 0.05) i waenga i ngā whakatau tata mōrearea me te mātotoru o ngā kōura waewae hiriwa i kohia mai i ngā whare rerekē. E whakaatu ana tēnei he pai ngā tawhā mōrearea o te whare kua tautuhia me ā rātou kaute mōrearea kāwai mō te whakatau tata i te nui o ngā kōura hiriwa o te rohe. Ko te uara R2 o te tātari whakaaetanga DDT i muri i te IRS he ≥ 0.78, he rite, he nui ake rānei i te uara i mua i te IRS (arā, 0.78). I whakaatuhia e ngā hua he whai hua te DDT-IRS i ngā rohe mōrearea HT katoa (arā, teitei, waenga, me te iti). Mō te rauna SP-IRS, i kitea e mātou he rerekē te uara o te R2 i te wiki tuarua me te tuawhā i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS, tata rite tonu ngā uara e rua wiki i mua i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS me te 12 wiki i muri i te whakatinanatanga o te IRS; E whakaatu ana tēnei hua i te pānga nui o te pānga o te SP-IRS ki ngā waeroa, i whakaatu i te ia hekenga me te wā i muri i te IRS. Kua whakamāramahia, kua kōrerohia hoki te pānga o te SP-IRS i ngā upoko o mua.
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te arotakenga mara o ngā rohe mōrearea o te mapi kua whakakotahihia, i te wā o te rauna IRS, ko te maha rawa o ngā kōura hiriwa i kohia i roto i ngā rohe mōrearea nui (arā, >55%), ā, i muri mai ko ngā rohe mōrearea waenga me te iti. Hei whakarāpopototanga, kua whakamātauhia te aromatawai mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS hei taputapu whakatau whai hua mō te kohikohi i ngā paparanga rerekē o ngā raraunga ā-wāhi takitahi, i te whakakotahi rānei, hei tautuhi i ngā rohe mōrearea o te rere onepu. Mā te mapi mōrearea kua whakawhanakehia ka whakaratohia he māramatanga whānui mō ngā āhuatanga i mua me muri i te wawaotanga (arā, te momo whare, te tūnga IRS, me ngā pānga wawaotanga) i roto i te rohe rangahau e hiahia ana kia mahi tonu, kia whakapai ake rānei, inā koa i te taumata moroiti. He āhuatanga tino rongonui. Inaa, he maha ngā rangahau kua whakamahi i ngā taputapu GIS hei mahere i te mōrearea o ngā wāhi whakaputa uri me te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā mate i te taumata whānui [24, 26, 37].
I aromatawaihia ngā āhuatanga whare me ngā āhuatanga mōrearea mō ngā wawaotanga e ahu mai ana i te IRS hei whakamahi i roto i ngā tātaritanga kiato o te kōura hiriwa. Ahakoa i hono nui ngā āhuatanga e ono (arā, TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, me te IRSS) ki te nui o te kōura hiriwa i roto i ngā tātaritanga kotahi, kotahi anake o rātou i tīpakohia i roto i te tauira whakatautau maha whakamutunga mai i te rima. E whakaatu ana ngā hua he pai ngā āhuatanga whakahaere herehere me ngā āhuatanga wawaotanga o te IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, me ētahi atu i roto i te rohe rangahau mō te aroturuki i te putanga mai, te whakaoranga me te whakaputa uri o te kōura hiriwa. I roto i te tātaritanga whakatautau maha, kāore i kitea he mea nui te TR, nō reira kāore i tīpakohia i roto i te tauira whakamutunga. He tino nui te tauira whakamutunga, me ngā tawhā i tīpakohia e whakamārama ana i te 89% o te kiato o te kōura hiriwa. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua tika o te tauira he hononga kaha i waenga i te kiato o te kōura hiriwa i matapaetia me te kitea. E tautoko ana hoki ā mātou hua i ngā rangahau o mua i kōrero mō ngā āhuatanga mōrearea ōhanga-ōhanga me te whare e pā ana ki te horapa o te VL me te tohatoha ā-wāhi o te kawe i te taiwhenua o Bihar [15, 29].
I roto i tēnei rangahau, kāore mātou i arotake i te whakatakotoranga o ngā patu pepeke ki ngā pakitara i rehuhia me te kounga (arā) o te patu pepeke i whakamahia mō te IRS. Ka pāngia te mate o ngā waeroa me te whai huatanga o ngā wawaotanga IRS e ngā rerekētanga o te kounga me te rahinga o ngā patu pepeke. Nō reira, ko te whakatau tata i te mate i waenga i ngā momo mata me ngā pānga wawaotanga i waenga i ngā rōpū whare ka rerekē pea i ngā hua tuturu. Ma te whakaaro ki ēnei kōrero, ka taea te whakarite i tētahi rangahau hou. Ko te aromatawai i te rohe katoa e mōrearea ana (mā te whakamahi i te mahere mōrearea GIS) o ngā kāinga rangahau kei roto ko ngā rohe tuwhera i waenga i ngā kāinga, e awe ana i te whakarōpūtanga o ngā rohe mōrearea (arā, te tautuhi i ngā rohe) ā, ka toro atu ki ngā rohe mōrearea rerekē; Heoi, i whakahaerehia tēnei rangahau i te taumata moroiti, nō reira he iti noa te pānga o te whenua takoto kau ki te whakarōpūtanga o ngā rohe mōrearea; Hei tāpiri, mā te tautuhi me te aromatawai i ngā rohe mōrearea rerekē i roto i te rohe katoa o te kāinga ka taea te whakarato i tētahi whai wāhitanga ki te whiriwhiri i ngā rohe mō te hanganga whare hou a meake nei (ina koa te whiriwhiri i ngā rohe iti-morearea). I te nuinga, ko ngā hua o tēnei rangahau e whakarato ana i ngā momo mōhiohio kāore anō kia akohia i te taumata moroiti i mua. Ko te mea nui, mā te whakaaturanga ā-wāhi o te mapi mōrearea o te kāinga ka āwhina i te tautuhi me te whakarōpū i ngā whare noho i ngā rohe mōrearea rerekē, ki te whakaritea ki ngā rangahau whenua tuku iho, he māmā tēnei tikanga, he watea, he whai hua te utu, ā, he iti ake te mahi e hiahiatia ana, e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio ki ngā kaiwhakatau.
E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua kua whanake te ātete o ngā ika hiriwa taketake o te kāinga rangahau (arā, he tino ātete) ki te DDT, ā, i kitea tonutia te putanga mai o ngā waeroa i muri i te IRS; Ko te Alpha-cypermethrin te mea tika mō te whakahaere a te IRS i ngā kawe VL nā te mea he 100% te mate me te pai ake o te whai huatanga o te wawaotanga ki ngā waeroa hiriwa, me te pai ake o te whakaae a te hapori ki te whakataurite ki te DDT-IRS. Heoi, i kitea e mātou he rerekē te mate o ngā waeroa i runga i ngā pakitara i tukinotia ki te SP i runga i te momo mata; i kitea te iti o te whai huatanga toenga, ā, kāore i tutuki te wā i tūtohutia e te WHO i muri i te IRS. He pai te tīmatanga o tēnei rangahau mō te kōrero, ā, me whai atu rangahau ki ngā hua hei tautuhi i ngā pūtake tūturu. I whakaatuhia e te tika o te matapae o te tauira tātaritanga kiato o ngā ngārara onepu ka taea te whakamahi i te huinga o ngā āhuatanga whare, te aro o ngā ngārara ki ngā kawe me te tūnga IRS ki te whakatau tata i ngā kiato o ngā ngārara onepu i roto i ngā kāinga noho whenua VL i Bihar. E whakaatu ana hoki tā mātou rangahau he taputapu whai hua te mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi e hangai ana ki te GIS (taumata nui) hei tautuhi i ngā wāhi mōrearea hei aroturuki i te putanga mai me te putanga mai anō o ngā puranga onepu i mua me muri i ngā hui a te IRS. Hei tāpiritanga, mā ngā mahere mōrearea ā-wāhi ka mārama whānuitia te whānuitanga me te āhua o ngā wāhi mōrearea i ngā taumata rerekē, e kore nei e taea te ako mā roto i ngā rangahau ā-marae tuku iho me ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga tuku iho. Ka taea e ngā mōhiohio mōrearea ā-wāhi iti i kohia mā roto i ngā mahere GIS te āwhina i ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā kairangahau hauora tūmatanui ki te whakawhanake me te whakatinana i ngā rautaki whakahaere hou (arā, te wawaotanga kotahi, te whakahaere whārite whakauru rānei) kia tae atu ki ngā rōpū whare rerekē i runga i te āhua o ngā taumata mōrearea. Hei tāpiritanga, ka āwhina te mahere mōrearea ki te arotau i te tohatoha me te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi whakahaere i te wā tika me te wāhi tika hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te kaupapa.
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Wā tuku: Mei-20-2024
