Ko te arotahi a Munsell ki ngā "hoariri tūturu": ngā pepeke pēnei i ngā rango, ngā pepeke rēmana, ngā parirau rēmana, me ngā wāpi pirinoa. He hoa nui ēnei momo ki ngā kaimahi pāmu nā te mea ka kai rātou i ngā pepeke hua noa pēnei i ngā aphids. Heoi, kua roa te whakanui ake i te ahuwhenua kua arahi ki te whakamahinga whānui o ngā mahi ahuwhenua kotahi, ā, kua iti, kua ngaro katoa rānei ngā rauemi matua pēnei i te nekita, te hae, te nohoanga, me ngā kai kanorau.
"He maha ā tātou whakaarote whakahaere i ngā pepeke"e hiahia ana ki tētahi mea e hokona ana, e whakamahia ana rānei e tātou, engari kua whakaratohia mai e te taiao tētahi otinga tino whai hua—mēnā ka hangaia e tātou ngā āhuatanga tika mōna," te kī a Mansell.
E whakanui ana a Munsell he rerekē ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana e ēnei pepeke whai hua i ngā wā rerekē o te tau, ā, kāore he kāinga noho kotahi e taea te whakatutuki i ō rātou hiahia katoa. Engari, ka whakawhirinaki rātou ki te huinga o ngā kāinga noho maha—he mātāpono e mōhiotia ana ko te whakakotahitanga o te whenua.
I mea atu a Mansell, "Ka taea te whakaaro he rite ki ngā pepeke whai hua e hanga ana i tētahi kai reka puta noa i te tau. Ina nui ngā rauemi, ka taea e ngā hoariri tūturu te ora, te whakaputa uri, me te whakahaere i ngā taupori pepeke. Ina ngaro whakarere aua rauemi, ka hinga te pūnaha katoa."
Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ngā rīpene putiputi i roto i te ahuwhenua o Ūropi, engari kāore i te rite te whai huatanga. Ko ngā rīpene putiputi he rārangi whaiti, he mea whakato horihori o ngā tipu putiputi i ngā taha o te whenua ahuwhenua, i hangaia hei hanga i tētahi kāinga āhua-tūturu hei tautoko i ngā pepeke whai hua. Heoi, e whakaatu ana tētahi arotake o ngā rangahau 75 a Mancier he maha ngā rīpene putiputi kāore i te whai hua nā te kore o ngā momo putiputi e tika ana, nā te wā putiputi hē rānei. He pai ake ngā hua o ngā rīpene putiputi i hangaia motuhake hei tautoko i ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā pepeke.
"Kāore e ranea te whakato noa i ētahi 'tipu puāwai' ka waiho noa i ngā mea kia tūpono noa iho," tana kī. "He mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā momo tipu, inā koa mō ngā pepeke pēnei i ngā rango, ka taea anake e rātou te whakamahi i ētahi momo putiputi."
Hei mārama ake i ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā momo nohonga i roto i ngā whenua ahuwhenua, i whakawhanakehia e Munsell tētahi tauira whanaketanga taupori kua whakapaitia mā te whakamahi i ngā ngārara me ngā aphids hei kaupapa rangahau. E whakaatu ana ngā hua o tana tauira he mea tino nui ngā nohonga rakau, e whakarato ana i te nekita me ngā rauemi kai i te tīmatanga me te mutunga o te wā tipu, i te wā e iti ana ngā hua o te hua.
I whakaaturia anō e ia ko ngā whenua ahuwhenua tonu he pūtake nui o ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā pepeke, me te whakahē i te whakaaro roa e kīia nei ko ngā nohonga āhua-tūturu anake ka whai wāhi nui ki te whakahaere pepeke.
Ko tētahi atu mea nui ko te hiahia kia whakahaere tonu. Mā te kore e tika te whakamahere i te tapahi, i te hauhake rānei, ka taea te tango ohorere i ngā rauemi nui o ngā tipu, ka whakararuraru i ngā taupori kaipahua i ngā wā tino nui. Mā te whakarerekē i ngā wā tapahi, te whakaroa rānei i te mahi mara, ka taea te ārai i ēnei momo whakararuraru ohorere i te tohatoha rauemi.
I mea atu a Mansell, "Kāore e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakarerekē katoa i ā rātou whenua pāmu. Ko ngā whakarerekētanga iti, i te wā tika—pērā i te whakaroa i te tapahi tarutaru mō ētahi wiki—ka pā nui ki te oranga o ngā kaipahua."
Mā te rangahau a Munsell ka whakaratohia he aratohu pūtaiao mō te waihanga whenua hei whakatairanga i te oranga tonutanga me te tipu haere o ngā hoariri tūturu o ngā pepeke. Mā te whakauru i ngā tipu rakau, ngā rīpene putiputi i hoahoatia kia ātaahua, me ngā hua tautoko, ka taea e ngā kaimahi pāmu te whakarei ake i te whakahaere pepeke tūturu, te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā patu pepeke, me te tautoko i te kanorau koiora.
I mea atu a Mansell, "Ehara te ahuwhenua tauwhiro i te mea ko te hoki ki ngā wā o mua, engari ko te whakamahi i ngā mātauranga taiao hou hei mahi ahuwhenua me te mohio ake. Ina hoahoa tātou i ngā whenua e tautoko ana i ngā hiahia o ngā pepeke whai hua, ka hangaia e tātou he pūnaha kai pakari mō te whanaketanga mō te wā roa."
Laura Mansell: *Ngā Oranga Whakamiharo o ngā Hoariri Taiao: Te Tūranga o te Whakakotahitanga o te Whenua i roto i te Whakahaere i ngā Pepeke Taiao*. Kaiwhakahaere: Tākuta ARM Janssen. Kaiwhakahaere-ā-ringa: Tākuta PKJ van Rijn me Tākuta JA ten Brink.
Ka whakamahia e te Whare Wānanga o Amsterdam (UvA) ngā pihikete hei ine, hei arotau, hei whakarite hoki i te mahi tika o te paetukutuku. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā pihikete hei whakaatu i ngā ihirangi a te hunga tuatoru, hei hokohoko hoki. Mā te pāwhiri i te "Whakaae," e whakaae ana koe ki te whakamahinga o ngā pihikete katoa. Tērā atu rānei, ka taea e koe te tīpako i te "Whakakore" hei whakaae i ngā pihikete mahi me ngā pihikete tātari anake. Ka taea e koe te whakarerekē i ō manakohanga i ngā wā katoa mā te pāwhiri i te hononga "Tautuhinga Pihikete" kei raro o ia whārangi. Tirohia hoki te Kaupapahere Tūmataitinga a te Whare Wānanga o Amsterdam.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-23-2026
