He whakataetae ki te whanaketanga te pakanga ki ngā mate pāwera. Ka whakawhanakehia e ngā huakita te ātete ki ngā paturopi, ā, ka tere haere te whanaketanga o ngā huaketo kia horapa. Ko ngā mate e ahu mai ana i ngā pepeke tētahi atu pakanga whanaketanga: kei te whakawhanakehia e ngā pepeke te ātete ki ngā paitini e whakamahia ana e te tangata hei patu i a rātou.
Ina koa, e mate ana te neke atu i te 600,000 tāngata i ia tau i te mate malaria e kawea ana e te waeroa. Mai i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao,ngā patu pepeke—kua whakamahia ngā patu matū i hangaia hei patu i ngā waeroa Anopheles i pangia e te pirinoa malaria—hei whawhai ki te malaria.
Heoi, ka tere te whakawhanake a ngā waeroa i ngā rautaki hei whakaputa i ēneingā patu pepeke kāore i te whai hua, e whakaatu ana i te miriona tāngata ki te pikinga ake o te mōrearea o ngā mate urutā. E whakamārama ana taku rangahau i whakaputaina tata nei, i mahia tahitia me ōku hoa mahi, he aha ai.
Hei tohunga ira whanaketanga, ka ako ahau i te kōwhiringa taiao—te pūtake o te whanaketanga urutau. Ko ngā rerekētanga ira e tino whai hua ana mō te oranga ka whakakapi i ngā mea kāore e whai hua ana, ka arahi ki ngā huringa o ngā momo. He tino whakamiharo ngā āheinga whanaketanga o te waeroa Anopheles.
I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1990, ko te nuinga o ngā waeroa Anopheles i Āwherika i pāngia e ngā patu pepeke pyrethroid, i ahu mai i ngā chrysanthemum i te tīmatanga. Ko te whakahaere i ngā waeroa i whakawhirinaki ki ngā tikanga pyrethroid e rua: ngā kupenga waeroa i rongoatia ki ngā patu pepeke hei tiaki i ngā waeroa e moe ana, me ngā rehu patu pepeke toenga ki ngā pakitara whare. Ko ēnei tikanga e rua anake i ārai pea i te neke atu i te 500 miriona ngā take o te malaria i waenga i te tau 2000 me te tau 2015.
Heoi, kei te whanake haere te ātete o ngā waeroa mai i Ghana ki Malawi ki ngā patu pepeke, he 10 ngā wā teitei ake i te horopeta whakamate o mua. Haunga ngā mahi hei whakahaere i ngā waeroa Anopheles, ka taea e ngā mahi ahuwhenua te whakaatu pōrearea i ngā waeroa ki ngā patu pepeke pyrethroid, ka nui ake te kaha o tō rātou ātete.
I ētahi wāhi o Āwherika, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā waeroa Anopheles te ātete ki ngā momo patu pepeke e whā e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te malaria.
Kei waho atu o Āwherika anō hoki ngā waeroa Anopheles me ngā pirinoa malaria, ā, he iti ake te kitea o ngā rangahau ātete ki ngā patupatu.
I te nuinga o Amerika ki te Tonga, ko te waeroa Anopheles darlingi te kaikawe malaria matua. He tino rerekē tēnei waeroa i ngā kaikawe malaria i Āwherika, nō tētahi atu momo pea—ko Nyssorhynchus. I te taha o ngā hoa mahi mai i ngā whenua e waru, i tātarihia e au ngā ira o ngā waeroa Anopheles darlingi neke atu i te 1,000 kia mārama ai ki ō rātou kanorau ira, tae atu ki ngā huringa i puta mai i ngā mahi a te tangata i ēnei wā tata nei. I kohia e aku hoa mahi ēnei waeroa mai i ngā wāhi 16 puta noa i tētahi rohe whānui e toro atu ana mai i te takutai moana o te Moana Ataratiki o Brazil ki te takutai moana o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa o ngā Andes i Colombia.
I kitea e mātou, pērā i ōna whanaunga Āwherika, he tino nui te kanorau ira o *Anopheles darlingi*—neke atu i te 20 ngā wā i tō te tangata—e tohu ana i tētahi taupori tino nui. He pai te urutau o ngā momo he nui te puna ira ki ngā wero hou. Ina nui rawa te taupori, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te putanga mai o ngā whakarerekētanga tika e whakarato ana i te painga e hiahiatia ana. Kia tīmata te horapa o tēnei whakarerekētanga, nā te painga tau, ahakoa te mate ohorere o ētahi waeroa e kore e arahi ki tōna ngaronga katoa.
He rerekē, ko te ēkara pakira, nō te Hononga o Amerika, kāore i ātete ki te DDT patu ngārara, ā, i te mutunga ka ngaro. Ko te whai huatanga whanaketanga o ngā miriona pepeke he nui ake i te whai huatanga o ētahi mano manu. Inaa, i roto i ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, kua kite tātou i ngā tohu o te whanaketanga urutau i roto i ngā ira e pā ana ki te ātete rongoā i roto i ngā waeroa Anopheles darlingi.
Ko ngā piretiroi me te DDT, me ētahi atu patu pepeke, ka mahi i runga i te whāinga ngota kotahi: ngā awa katote ka taea te whakatuwhera me te kati i roto i ngā pūtau io. Ina tuwhera ēnei awa, ka whakaohokia e ngā pūtau io ētahi atu pūtau. Ka akiakihia ēnei awa e ngā patu pepeke kia noho tuwhera, kia haere tonu te tuku i ngā kare ā-roto, ka arahi ki te pararutiki me te mate o ngā pepeke. Heoi, ka taea e ngā pepeke te whakawhanake i te ātete mā te whakarerekē i te āhua o ngā awa.
Kāore i kitea i roto i ngā rangahau ira o mua a ētahi atu kaipūtaiao, me tā mātou rangahau anō hoki, tēnei momo ātete i roto i te Anopheles darlingi. Engari, i kitea e mātou he rerekē te whanaketanga o te ātete: mā roto i tētahi huinga ira e whakamārama ana i ngā whākōkī e wawahi ana i ngā matū paitini. Ko te kaha nui o ēnei whākōkī, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā P450, te take o te whanaketanga o te ātete ki ngā patu pepeke i roto i ētahi atu waeroa. Mai i te taenga mai o te whakamahinga o ngā patu pepeke i waenganui o te rautau 20, kua rerekē motuhake te huinga ira P450 kotahi i te iti rawa i te whitu ngā wā i Amerika ki te Tonga.
I Guiana Wīwī, i whakaatuhia anō hoki e tētahi atu huinga ira P450 tētahi tauira whanaketanga rite tonu, e whakaū ana i te hononga tata i waenga i ēnei whākōkī me te urutau. I tua atu, i te wā i whakanohoia ai ngā waeroa ki roto i ngā ipu hiri me te whakakīia ki ngā patu pepeke pyrethroid, i hono ngā rerekētanga o ngā ira P450 i waenga i ngā waeroa takitahi ki tō rātou wā ora.
I Amerika ki te Tonga, he tūpono noa iho ngā kaupapa whakahaere malaria nui i whakamahia ai ngā patu pepeke, ā, kāore pea i te tino pūtake o te whanaketanga o ngā namu. Engari, tera pea i pāngia ngā namu e ngā patu pepeke ahuwhenua. He mea whakamīharo, i kitea e mātou ngā tohu whanaketanga tino kitea i ngā rohe ahuwhenua kua whanakehia.
Ahakoa te taenga mai o ngā kano ārai mate hou me ētahi atu whanaketanga ki te whakahaere i te malaria i ngā tau tata nei, ko te whakahaere i ngā waeroa te mea nui tonu hei whakaiti i te horapa o te malaria.
He maha ngā whenua kei te whakamātautau i te hangarau ira hei whawhai i te malaria. Ko tēnei hangarau he whakarerekē ira i ngā taupori waeroa hei whakaiti i tō rātou tokomaha, hei whakaiti rānei i tō rātou ātete ki te pirinoa malaria. Ahakoa he wero pea te āheinga urutau whakamiharo o ngā waeroa, he pai ngā tūmanakohanga.
Kei te mahi tahi mātou ko aku hoa mahi ki te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga mō te kimi i te ātete ki ngā patu pepeke e puta ake ana. He mea nui tonu te raupapatanga ira mō te kimi i ngā urupare whanaketanga hou, ohorere rānei. Ko te mōrearea urutau te mea tino nui i raro i te pēhanga whiriwhiri roa me te kaha; nō reira, mā te whakaiti, te whakarerekē, me te whakatārewatanga i te whakamahinga patu pepeke ka āwhina i te aukati i te whanaketanga o te ātete.
He mea nui te aroturukitanga ngātahi me ngā urupare tika hei ārai i te ātete rongoā e whanake haere ana. He rerekē ki te whanaketanga o te ao, ka taea e te tangata te matapae i te heke mai.
I whiwhi pūtea a Jacob A. Tennessen mai i ngā National Institutes of Health mā te Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health me te Broad Institute.
Wā tuku: 21 Paenga-whāwhā 2026
