He tino kino ngā pōpokorua ahi whero (Solenopsis invicta) i te Hononga o Amerika mai i te kitenga mai i te kaipuke i waenga i te tau 1933 me te tau 1945. He tino mamae te mamae o ō rātou wero, ā, neke atu i te $8 piriona te utu mō te Hononga o Amerika i ia tau. I ēnei rā, e kitea ana ngā pōpokorua ahi whero i roto i ngā kawanatanga 19, ko te nuinga kei te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, engari kei California anō hoki. He nui hoki ā rātou uri i Ahitereiria me Haina.
I te tau 1958, i whakatūria e te Hononga o Amerika tētahi tikanga karantini ā-motu mō te kawemai i ngā pōpokorua ahi hei aukati i te nekehanga o ngā tipu me ngā mea ka horapa i ēnei pepeke. E whakapono ana te nuinga o ngā kairangahau me ngā āpiha he hononga te horapa o ngā pōpokorua ahi ki te kawe i ngā tipu. I mua, i rehuhia e ngā kaiwhakahaere whakatipu tamariki ngā pakiaka tipu ki ngā patu pepeke hei whakahaere i ngā pōpokorua ahi, engari kua herea te whakamahinga o te maha o aua patu pepeke (pērā i te chlorpyrifos) ināianei, ā, he utu nui ēnei matū.
I rangahauhia e tētahi rōpū rangahau mai i te USDA Agricultural Research Service, te Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, me te Tennessee State University ngā tikanga hei whakaiti i ngā taupori pōpokorua ahi mā te whakamahi i ngā patupatu kore-aukati i pania ki ngā pakiaka o ngā tipu.ngā patu pepekeka whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te pānga ki ngā pōpokorua ahi, ā, ka taea te whakawhiti i ngā matū paitini ki ētahi atu pōpokorua i roto i te kōhanga. Ko ngā hua o te rangahau, i whakaputaina i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi i roto i te Journal of Economic Entomology, i whakaatu ko te patupatu kore-aukatifipronilkua tino whakaitihia te taupori o ngā pōpokorua ahi i roto i ngā pōro pakiaka o ngā tipu.
I whakanohoia e ngā kairangahau ngā koroni pōpokorua ahi (tae atu ki ngā pōpokorua mahi, ngā hua manu, ngā torongū, ngā pupa, me te kuīni) ki roto i ngā pōro pakiaka o ngā tipu Buxus microphylla. Ko te haurua o ngā pōro pakiaka i rongoatia ki te patupatu pepeke bifenthrin. E whā ngā patupatu pepeke rerekē kāore e ārai—fipronil, indoxacarb, imidacloprid, me te fipronil—i whakamahia hei mana whakahaere, me te wai. I tirotirohia hoki ngā pānga o ngā kukū rerekē o ngā patupatu pepeke kāore e ārai, ā, i whakatauhia te whai huatanga o ngā patupatu pepeke toenga ki te aukati i ngā whakaekenga pōpokorua.
I whakaatuhia e Fipronil te whai huatanga pai rawa atu mō te patu pepeke, me te toharite o te whai huatanga whakahaere pepeke o te 99.99%, ā, i muri mai ko te indoxacarb (99.33%) me te imidacloprid (99.49%). I te whakakotahitanga o ēnei patu pepeke kore-aukati e whā me te bifenthrin, i tino heke te whai huatanga patu pepeke (haunga te fipronil, i eke ki te whai huatanga whakahaere o te 94.29%). Hei whakamātautau i te whai huatanga utu o te fipronil i roto i te whakahaere pepeke, i whakamātauhia e ngā kairangahau ngā kukū iti iho, ā, i kitea kua heke te whai huatanga patu pepeke neke atu i te 90%, ā, kāore he pānga nui o ngā kukū fipronil rerekē ki te maha o ngā pepeke. Mā te whakamahi i te kukū i tūtohutia o te fipronil i ārai i te whakaekenga pepeke mō te ono marama, i te whakamahinga o te haurua o te horopeta ka hua ake he pepeke toenga i roto i ngā pakiaka tipu.
I tuhituhi ngā kairangahau: "I roto i ngā maimoatanga patu pepeke kore-whakakore, ko te dinotefuran (me te bifenthrin, kāore rānei) te mea i tino rite ki te whakahaere i te taumata karantini, me te 75% (8) o ngā puku pakiaka i noho kore-pangia. Ko ngā puku pakiaka i rongoatia ki ētahi atu patu pepeke kore-whakakore (imidacloprid, indoxacarb, me te fipronil)... he 0-38% te maha o ngā kore-pangia."
I kite ngā kairangahau he nui ake te utu o te fipronil i ngā patupatu e rua kua whakaaetia i raro i ngā ture karantini pōpokorua ahi ā-motu—ko te chlorpyrifos me te bifenthrin. Nā te whakaiti i te nui o te fipronil i whakamahia i hua mai he hua whakatenatena, engari i tuhia e rātou, "Me nui ake ngā whakamātautau tāruarua hei whakatau i te pānga o ngā kukū rerekē o te fipronil ki te maha o ngā puku pakiaka kāore i pangia me ngā puku pakiaka kua pangia."
Heoi anō, he āwangawanga anō hoki mō te fipronil. He ngāwari te wairewa i roto i te wai, he paitini ki ngā pī (Apis mellifera), ā, ka taea te horapa mā roto i ngā rerenga wai, ngā rehu, me ngā tipu. Kei te whakamahia ngā ture me ngā here tapanga hei whakaiti i te pānga o tēnei patu ngarara ki ngā pī. I kī ngā kairangahau, "Mō ngā whare whakatipu, ko te paninga o te fipronil ki ngā pūtake o ngā rākau kua tuaina i mua i te pua ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te pānga ki ngā pī." I tāpiri atu rātou me rangahau anō kia kitea ai te huarahi pai rawa atu mō te whakamahi i aua patu ngarara kore-aukati hei whakahaere i ngā pōpokorua ahi whero.
"He whai hua ngā patu pepeke kore-aukati ki te whakahaere i ngā pōpokorua ahi whero (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) i runga i ngā tipu i kohia i te mara."
Andrew Porterfield is a writer, editor, and communications consultant working with academic institutions, companies, and nonprofits in the life sciences. He currently resides in Camario, California. You can connect with him on LinkedIn or by email at aporterfield17078@roadrunner.com.
Ka pai ake te hauora o ngā koroni pī honi ina nui ake te propolis e whakaputaina ana e rātou (he kapia ware pi e whakamahia ana hei hiri i te pūreirei). I whakamātauhia e tētahi rangahau hou ētahi tikanga māmā ka taea e ngā kaipāmu pī te whakamahi hei whakanui ake i te hanga propolis i roto i te pūreirei.
He ahorangi emeritus a Ben Puttler i Te Whare Wānanga o Missouri, he tohunga pepeke hoki, ehara i te mea mō āna takoha nui ki te whakahaere pepeke koiora anake, engari mō tana tautoko atawhai hoki i te tini o ngā ākonga pepeke me ōna hoa mahi. I roto i tētahi arotake whakamuri o tana mahi, e rua ngā hoa mahi e whakaaroaro ana ki ngā whakatutukitanga me ngā takoha a Puttler.
He nui te kino o te pītara khapra ki ngā witi kua rongoatia, ā, he tino whāinga tēnei i ngā tauranga me ngā whakawhiti rohe. Kua kitea e ngā kairangahau o Kanata tētahi pāmahana paepae e patu ana i te pītara i ngā wāhanga katoa o tōna huringa ora, tae atu ki te diapause.
Wā tuku: 13 Paenga-whāwhā 2026
